冠状动脉造影诊断心肌桥的临床分析

<正>本研究回顾性分析13例冠状动脉心肌桥患者的临床资料,结合其相关的心电图改变和冠脉造影特点,归纳心肌桥的临床特点。1资料和方法1.1一般资料:收集2009年7月到2012年3月行择期冠脉造影的381例患者,女132例,男249例。年龄25～90(62.78±11.52)岁。1.2方法:冠状动脉造影采用:Judkin法:对于左侧冠状动脉造影,采用了右前斜+足位、左前斜+足位、后前位+足位、后前位+头位、右前斜+头位、左前斜+头位6个不同的投影位置。对于右侧冠状动     

冠状动脉内支架术治疗心肌桥

目的　评价冠状动脉内支架术在治疗心肌桥中的可行性和疗效。方法　 5例冠状动脉左前降支心肌桥施行冠状动脉内支架植入术。首例先用球囊行预扩张 ,然后在长段心肌桥病变处植入 2枚支架 ;另 4例未行球囊预扩张而直接植入各 1枚支架。结果　 5例在支架植入后即刻行冠状动脉造影 ,结果显示 :有心肌桥在收缩期的挤压狭窄均消失 ,无明显残余狭窄。术后心绞痛症状均有明显缓解。术后随访 3～ 18个月 ,其间有 2例因出现胸闷症状分别在术后 1 5和 4个月行冠状动脉造影术 ,其中 1例为支架内再狭窄而再次行PTCA术。结论　冠状动脉内支架术治疗冠状动脉心肌桥是安全有效的 ,可以获得满意的造影结果和改善临床症状 ,但其远期疗效有待进一步更多病例的随访观察加以证实。     

冠状动脉造影时心肌桥的检出率及其临床意义

目的探讨冠状动脉造影时心肌桥的检出率及其临床意义。方法2655例接受冠状动脉造影的患者,根据造影显示冠状动脉管腔收缩期狭窄程度判定心肌桥,并根据收缩期狭窄程度分为3级。结果共检出69例心肌桥,检出率2.6%,部位均位于左前降支。其中1级狭窄59例(85.5%),2级狭窄9例(13.0%),3级狭窄1例(1.4%)。21例(30.4%)在心肌桥近端有粥样硬化病变,28例(40.6%)有不同程度的心绞痛。1例95%收缩期狭窄病例置入冠脉内支架,其他病例经药物治疗,临床症状消失。结论冠状动脉造影时收缩期狭窄是临床判定心肌桥的唯一依据。心肌桥可导致缺血性心脏事件,对于有缺血症状者应予适当治疗。     

心肌桥与冠状动脉粥样硬化关系的探讨

目的探讨心肌桥与冠状动脉粥样硬化之间的关系。方法回顾性分析接受冠状动脉造影的52例心肌桥患者,其中30例有肌桥近段血管粥样硬化者(A组),22例孤立性心肌桥患者(B组),观察A组患者肌桥近段置入支架后预后情况。结果肌桥的检出率1.41%,均发生在左前降支的中、远段,A组和B组的肌桥长度差异无统计学意义,但A组的肌桥收缩期狭窄程度明显重于B组(68.3±14.0)%和(53.2±15.0)%,P<0.05。随访中A组14例行支架置入者,9例出现心绞痛,复查造影,其中7例出现支架内再狭窄(再狭窄率为50%,7/14);B组预后良好。结论心肌桥有促进其近段冠状动脉发生粥样硬化病变的倾向,且与心肌桥的狭窄程度有关。     

冠状动脉血流储备分数指导下的心肌桥合并近端临界狭窄病变介入治疗疗效观察

目的评价冠状动脉血流储备分数(FFR)指导下的心肌桥合并近端临界狭窄病变介入治疗疗效。方法连续入选2018年6月—12月,就诊于本院的冠心病患者中经冠状动脉造影证实单纯心肌桥合并近端临界狭窄病变的28例患者,行FFR测定,对12例病变血管FFR 0. 80和6例FFR≤0. 80且近端狭窄压力陡峭回升≤15 mm Hg的患者纳入药物治疗组,暂不行经皮冠脉介入术(PCI)治疗而只给予药物治疗;对10例FFR≤0. 80且压力陡峭回升 15 mm Hg的患者纳入PCI+药物治疗组,于近端狭窄处植入至少一枚药物涂层支架并给予药物治疗。连续随访6个月后,比较两组患者主要不良心脏事件发生情况和复查冠状动脉造影情况。结果随访6个月,药物治疗组和PCI+药物治疗组主要不良心脏事件发生率和支架内再狭窄发生率差异无统计学意义。结论 FFR能可靠地预测心肌桥合并近端临界狭窄病变患者的心肌缺血风险并指导治疗决策,可避免不必要的支架植入。     

冠状动脉心肌桥与缺血性心脏病

目的　探讨冠状动脉心肌桥 (心肌桥 )的特征和心肌桥与缺血性心脏病 (IHD)的关系。方法　回顾性分析接受冠状动脉造影的 2 398例患者 ,其中共检出心肌桥 2 2例。结果　心肌桥检出率为 0 92 % ;心肌桥最常出现在左前降支 ;心肌桥段冠状动脉收缩期狭窄是最主要征象 :心肌桥近段冠状动脉粥样硬化检出率为 5 4 5 % ;有心肌桥患者临床均表现出不同程度心绞痛和心肌梗死。结论　冠状动脉收缩期狭窄是心肌桥最主要征象 ;冠状动脉心肌桥可导致缺血性心脏病。     

冠状动脉心肌桥的检出率及临床分析

目的:分析冠状动脉心肌桥的检出率及其临床特点。方法:回顾性分析冠状动脉造影检测出的53例心肌桥病例的临床资料。结果:冠状动脉造影发现心肌桥的检出率为3.29%(53/1610),心肌桥患者并发冠心病的发生率约为26.4%,孤立性心肌桥与心肌桥并发冠心病在传统的冠心病易患因素方面无统计学差异(P0.05),但在收缩期壁冠状动脉狭窄程度与心肌桥长度方面差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:经冠状动脉造影,心肌桥的检出率为3.29%,心肌桥患者心肌桥长度与收缩期壁冠状动脉狭窄程度可能是心肌桥并发冠心病的危险因素。     

冠心病可疑病人的静脉注射~(201)铊心肌显影

本文报道50例冠心病可疑病人的休息时静脉注射~(201)铊心肌显影结果,并与心电图、心室造影和冠状动脉造影相对比。方法:最初20例病人在休息时静脉注射2毫居里后立即作γ-照相,以后的病例则在注射20分钟后作γ-照相。最初26例病人用高分辨平行孔准直器,以后24例病人用聚合型“扩散-聚合”准直器,采用三镜头即时显象闪烁照相,总计数为300,000。照相位置为前位、左前斜位45°和左侧位。正常心肌在左前斜位呈圆形,中心透明区是心腔,周围的放射性分布区可划分为三     

壁冠状动脉心肌桥的造影和临床分析

目的:观察、分析壁冠状动脉(冠脉)和心肌桥的临床特点与诊断、治疗方法。方法:观察、分析经冠脉造影确诊的96例109处心肌桥患者的心肌桥分布特点、临床症状、心电图、心肌酶谱、肌钙蛋白T、心脏超声,评价药物或支架治疗心肌桥的疗效。结果:心电图、临床症状、心肌酶谱、肌钙蛋白T和心脏超声对心肌桥的诊断均无特异性。造影发现93.7%的心肌桥发生于冠脉前降支(LAD)。心肌桥患者临床症状与收缩期狭窄程度有关。药物治疗、手术治疗均有一定疗效。结论:冠脉造影发现"收缩期狭窄"为目前确诊心肌桥的主要方法。心肌桥与心绞痛、动脉粥样硬化、心肌梗死的发生有密切关系。药物治疗可选用肾上腺素β受体阻滞剂和Ca2+拮抗剂。     

冠状动脉支架断裂致极晚期支架内血栓形成1例

<正>1病例患者男性,69岁,主因“冠脉支架置入术后6年,再发胸痛9 d”。患者于2018年因“不稳定型心绞痛”于武汉亚心总医院心脏中心行冠状动脉（冠脉）造影显示：前降支近中远段弥漫、迂曲狭窄80%～95%;回旋支近段狭窄90%;右冠脉近段及中段轻度斑块浸润。介入手术步骤：右侧桡动脉路径,置入6Fr动脉血管鞘。送入6Fr指引导管EBU3.5,操控Runthrough指引导丝至左前降支（LAD）远段,送2.0 mm×20 mm Sprinter Legend预扩球囊至LAD病变处预扩张,送支架2.5 mm×36 mm Partner至LAD中远段病变处扩张植入支架,送支架3.0 mm×33 mm Firebird至LAD近中段病变处,扩张植入支架,再送入3.0 mm×15 mm Quantum后扩球囊至LAD支架内充分扩张使支架贴壁,重复造影LAD支架植入处,未见残余狭窄。术后坚持服用“拜阿司匹林、倍林达（18个月后停用）、辛伐他汀、美托洛尔”等药物,一直无胸闷、胸痛症状。     

Long term angiographic and clinical follow up in patients with stent implantation for symptomatic myocardial bridging

OBJECTIVE—To assess long term results of coronary stent implantation in patients with symptomatic myocardial bridging.
METHODS—Intracoronary stent implantation was performed within the intramural course of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 11 patients with objective signs of myocardial ischaemia and absence of other cardiac disorders. All had myocardial bridging of the central portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Quantitative coronary angiography was performed before and after stent deployment, and again at seven weeks and six months. Clinical evaluation was done at two years.
RESULTS—After stent deployment, quantitative coronary angiography showed absence of systolic compression along the left anterior descending coronary artery; the minimum luminal diameter (mean (SD)) increased from 0.6 (0.3) mm before stent implantation to 1.9 (0.3) mm after implantation (p < 0.05). Intravascular ultrasound showed an increase in cross sectional area from 3.3 (1.3) mm² at baseline to 6.8 (0.9) mm² (p < 0.005) after stent deployment. Coronary flow reserve was normalised from 2.6 (0.5) at baseline to 4.0 (0.5) (p < 0.005) after stent implantation. At seven weeks, quantitative coronary angiography showed mild to moderate or severe in-stent stenosis in five of the 11 patients; four of these underwent repeat target vessel revascularisation (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in two; coronary artery bypass grafting in two). At six months, all patients (n = 9) showed good angiographic results, including those who had target vessel revascularisation. On clinical evaluation at two years, all patients (including those with target vessel revascularisation) remained free of angina and cardiac events.
CONCLUSIONS—Intracoronary stent implantation prevents external compression of bridged coronary artery segments, with increase in luminal diameter and alleviation of symptoms. The incidence of in-stent stenosis requiring target vessel revascularisation (36%) is comparable with that of lesions of 25 mm length in coronary artery disease. The symptom free and event free two year follow up data suggest that stent implantation is a useful way of treating symptomatic patients with myocardial bridges.


Keywords: myocardial bridging; stent; restenosis     

心肌桥和心肌桥近端合并严重动脉粥样硬化病变的介入治疗疗效观察

目的通过与心肌桥本身介入治疗疗效的比较,观察心肌桥近端血管严重动脉粥样硬化病变的介入治疗疗效。方法试验组选择心肌桥近端动脉粥样硬化并严重狭窄（≥70％）者28例（A组）,对照组选择有症状的单纯心肌桥改变且收缩期严重狭窄（≥195％）者16例（B组）和单纯前降支动脉粥样硬化严重狭窄（≥70％）者54例（C组）,应用普通冠状动脉支架介入治疗。结果三组均成功行介入手术,三组支架置入后的血管内径及支架长度比较差异无统计学意义。A组6个月内4例（14．3％）再狭窄,B组6个月内7例（43．7％）出现再狭窄,C组8例（14．8％）再狭窄,A组和c组的再狭窄率差异无统计学意义,但均显著低于B组（P〈0．05）。三组中再狭窄患者均再次接受介入治疗。结论心肌桥近端严重动脉粥样硬化病变的介入治疗疗效未受心肌桥近端异常血流动力学的影响。但心肌桥病变本身的介入治疗远期再狭窄率较高。     

Vasospastic coronary occlusion associated with a myocardial bridge

A 53-year-old woman was admitted with unstable angina. Acute coronary angiography showed myocardial bridging and total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery in the middle one-third of its course. The occlusion was completely relieved by intracoronary administration of nitroglycerin. The occurrence of coronary spasm may explain angina and myocardial infarction in symptomatic patients with myocardial bridges.     

Aspiration thrombectomy for acute myocardial infarction resulting from the sequential occlusions of two major coronary arteries in a short time

A 49-year-old man was admitted to our hospital due to chest oppressive sensation. Coronary angiography showed total occlusion in the proximal right coronary artery even after intracoronary nitroglycerin, but no stenosis in the left coronary artery. He was treated with aspiration thrombectomy and stent deployment. After 23 hours, he suddenly had severe chest pain, and ECG showed marked ST elevation in leads I, aVL and V2-6. Surprisingly, coronary angiography showed total occlusion in the proximal left anterior descending artery even after intracoronary nitroglycerin where there had been no stenosis on first angiogram just 23 hours earlier. He was treated with aspiration thrombectomy.     

Systolic compression of the left anterior descending coronary artery: a case series, review of the literature, and therapeutic options including stenting.

Six cases in our institution of various presentations of left anterior descending (LAD) myocardial bridging were found on coronary angiography. Generally a benign condition, this finding can result in ischemia or infarction as seen in some of our cases. We found one case in which the bridge resulted in an anterior myocardial infarction in an elderly patient, one case with fixed stenoses at the entry and exit point of the bridge causing ischemia, another with vasospasm within the bridged segment, one case in which the patient was referred for intervention of a fixed stenosis which after intracoronary nitroglycerin (NTG) was found to be an LAD bridge, another case in which the thallium myocardial perfusion scan revealed a reversible anterior defect, and finally one case with anginal chest pain despite a normal coronary flow reserve proximal and distal to the bridged segment. Our treatments varied from stenting in three patients to medical therapy in the remaining patients. We concluded that a thorough evaluation in this population should include functional testing for ischemia, intravascular ultrasound to assess wall thickness, and coronary flow reserve measurements in order to determine the significance of the these bridges. Stenting may have a role in select patients. However, additional studies are needed.     

血管内超声与定量冠脉造影应用于冠脉临界病变诊治的比较

目的 研究血管内超声（intravascular ultrasound,IVUS）在优化民航飞行员冠脉临界病变诊断和治疗中的应用。 方法 通过定量冠脉造影（quantitative coronary angiography,QCA）和IVUS对120例飞行员患者165处冠脉临界病的最小管腔直径（minimal lumen diameter,MLD）、直径狭窄率（diamter stenosis,DS）与最小管腔面积（minimal lumen area,MLA）、面积狭窄率（area stenosis,AS）等参数进行对比分析;对IVUS提示管腔MLA<4 mm2飞行员患者的冠脉临界病变行支架植入术。 结果 ①同一临界病变处QCA显示的MLD,DS及MLA,AS值均小于IVUS相应的测量值,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,表明IVUS对冠脉病变狭窄定量测量方面准确性更高;②IVUS提高血栓病变（15.0% vs. 2.5%,P<0.05）和心肌桥（42.5% vs. 2.5%,P<0.01）的诊断率;③与QCA相比,IVUS直接显示介入治疗中支架的贴壁情况,指导支架扩张完全。 结论 IVUS较QCA能更准确地检测冠脉临界病变范围,更灵敏地诊断血栓和心肌桥,利于全面优化临界病变的诊疗。     

Angiographic restenosis after myocardial bridge stenting

Data on restenosis after stent implantation in myocardial bridges (MB) are very limited. Six-month angiographic results for 12 symptomatic patients who underwent stent implantation for myocardial bridges were compared retrospectively with those of 39 patients who underwent direct stent implantation for de novo atherosclerotic lesions in the left anterior descending artery. Diameter stenosis decreased from 69 +/- 8% to 4 +/- 5% in the MB group and from 79 +/- 8% to 7 +/- 6% in the control group after stent deployment. Systolic narrowing was abolished in all patients with MB. In follow-up, quantitative angiography revealed late loss of 1.8 +/- 1.3 mm in the MB group and 0.9 +/- 0.9 mm in the control group (P = 0.025). The in-stent restenosis rate was also higher in the MB group compared to the control group (67% versus 28%; P = 0.037). Despite favorable immediate results, stent implantation in MBs may not be promising because of the higher in-stent restenosis rate compared to stenting in de novo atherosclerotic lesions.     

冠状动脉心肌桥及其临床意义

目的　探讨冠状动脉造影的病人中心肌桥的发生率及其临床意义。方法和结果　 2 557例行冠状动脉造影术的人群中 ,共检出心肌桥 1 7例 ,发生率为 0 665% ,均为左前降支心肌桥。收缩期狭窄程度 >50 %的有 1 4例 ,均有心绞痛症状 ,心电图提示有ST段移位、T波改变等心肌缺血表现 ;5例行心肌核素显像的病人提示有前壁心肌缺血。有 1例患者为陈旧前壁心肌梗塞 ,心肌桥于收缩期致 1 0 0 %血流阻断。 1 7例病人中有 3例左心室造影提示有室壁肥厚。结论　冠状动脉造影中的心肌桥现象并非罕见。心肌桥的存在可引起心肌缺血及相应的心电图、核素心肌显像缺血改变 ,严重的心肌桥压迫可引起心肌梗塞。     

Rescue left main coronary artery stenting for acute myocardial ischemia after coronary angiography in a 7-year-old girl with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HFH), resulting from mutation of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene with subsequent defective catabolism of the LDL cholesterol, leads to premature atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. We report a successful urgent stent implantation in a 7-year-old patient with HFH and a severe left main coronary artery stenosis, who presented critical acute myocardial ischemia immediately after left coronary angiography. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography with stent implantation allowed for rapid coronary flow reestablishment without sequelae. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy with high doses statins and LDL-apheresis was maintained, together with lifelong antiaggregant acetylsalicylic treatment with good short-term patency of the stent at 1-year follow-up. In conclusion, coronary artery stent implantation may be considered as a valid rescue therapeutic alternative for pediatric patients with HFH and severe ostial coronary stenosis in case of emergency.     

Long‐term outcome of transcatheter polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stent implantation in a giant coronary aneurysm of a child with Kawasaki disease

We report the long‐term outcome of a child with Kawasaki disease (KD), who had a giant aneurysm with stenotic lesions in the right coronary artery, resulting in the transcatheter implantation of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)‐covered stent at the age of 8. Quantitative coronary angiography analysis later showed the increase of the diameter stenosis at both stent edges for the first 10 months after implantation; however, the stenosis did not develop thereafter. Coronary perfusion was still well maintained at follow‐up coronary angiography 5.5 years after implantation (diameter stenosis was 36.5% at proximal and 37.4% at distal edge, respectively). Although further follow‐up is necessary, the long‐term outcome of a PTFE‐covered stent implantation for a KD patient is satisfactory in this instance. Implantation of a covered stent in a giant aneurysm is considered a promising treatment option. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.