胰十二脂肠及肾一期联合移植的体会

作者报告了３例糖尿病并发尿毒症患者行胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植的经验。患者术后胰腺和肾功能均恢复良好，停用胰岛素，血肌酐、尿素氮降至正常。２例术后１周并发胰周脓肿，经引注痊愈。作者认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿和尿毒症。本组２例胰肾有功能存活分别为３年和１年１１个月。     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植三例体会

报告３例Ⅰ型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者接受全胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植，术后术移植胰及肾功能恢复良好，停用胰岛素后，停用胰岛素后，血肌酐、尿素氮降至正常。本组其中２例胰肾有功能存活分别为３年和２年。例３因移植肾急性排斥，多器官衰竭于术后第２２天死亡。作者认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿病和尿毒症。     

胰,十二指肠及肾一期联合移植：（附一例报告）

本文报告１例Ｉ型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者行胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植。术后移植物及肾功能恢复良好，停用胰岛素，血肌酐（Ｃｒ）、尿毒氮（ＢＵＮ）降至正常，术后１周并发胰周脓肿，经引流痊愈。故认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿病和尿毒症。     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植5例报告

目的开展和进一步总结胰肾一期联合移植术的经验。方法回顾性总结４年来共实行胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植术５例的方法、疗效及并发症的预防和治疗。结果本组５例于术后移植胰腺和移植肾均发挥了正常功能,术后第１～１０天均停用胰岛素,空腹血糖在正常范围。术后并发症常见,计本组出现的并发症为胰周感染或脓肿３例,十二指肠残端瘘１例,化学性或细菌性膀胱炎４例,移植胰巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）感染１例,代谢性酸中毒２例,肺部感染２例和急性排斥反应１例。并发症经处理后大多都能得到控制。本组中有２例已分别存活４年６个月和３年５个月,１例术后３周死于移植肾急性排斥反应多器官功能衰竭。结论胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植对治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病并发晚期尿毒症具有肯定的临床疗效,较其它移植有许多优点。术后并发症的预防和正确治疗是影响病人长期存活的重要因素     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植（附二例报告）

报告２例Ⅰ型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者施行全胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植。２例胰腺肾取自同一供体。术后移植胰及肾功能恢复良好，停用胰岛素后血肌酐，尿素氮降至正常。侄Ⅰ术后移植物有功能，存活已二年，生活自理，能做家务劳动，生活质量较术前明显提高，如同正常人生活。     

胰液肠内引流式胰及肾一期联合移植：附1例报告

为1例2型糖尿病并尿毒症患者实施胰液肠内引流式胰及肾一期联合移植，患者术后1周内脱离胰岛素及透析治疗，随访4个月，胰腺及肾功能恢复正常。提示胰液肠腔引流式胰肾联合移植更符合正常生理状态，是治疗2型糖尿病并发尿毒症的有效方法。预防并发症的发生能有效提高生存率。     

胰液肠腔引流式胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植一例报告

目的 总结胰液肠腔引流式胰肾联合移植的经验，探讨联合移植用药量，减少并发症。方法 对1例I型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者施行胰液肠腔引流式一期联合移植，术后早期应用他克莫司（FK506）、霉酚酸酯（MMF）、皮质激素和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG）进行免疫抑制治疗。监测胰腺、肾的功能恢复情况。结果 术后第3d，受者血肌酐、尿素氮恢复正常，术后第4d出现FK506中毒，致尿量减少，经调整FK506用量及进行血液透析过度无尿期，术后第10d，肾功能恢复正常；术后第5d停用胰岛素，移植胰内外分泌功能正常，术后第20d并发消化道出血，使用善得定及施他宁治疗痊愈。无其它外科并发症。结论 （1）胰液肠腔引流术式优于胰液膀胱引流术式；（2）胰液肠腔引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植是治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的有效方法；93）优质的供者及良好的配型可减少并发症的发生。     

改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、肾一期联合移植(附2例报道)

目的 报告2例改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植的外科技术和治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒平的效果。方法 2000年6-9月,2例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的患者接受胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植,移植胰的外分泌采用空肠内引流,不作Roux-en-Y型吻合,结果 移植后,立即停用胰岛素,肾功能1-5d恢复正常,无外科并发症,未发生排斥反应,患者目前已分别存活5个月和2个月,移植胰和移植肾功能均正常,一般情况良好。结论 改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植技术简单、安全,是治疗I型糖尿病并发尿毒症的较好术式。     

胰肾联合移植治疗糖尿病合并终末期肾病（附7例报告）

目的总结7例胰肾一期联合移植治疗糖尿病肾病合并尿毒症的疗效。方法2005年1月至2008年9月我中心完成7例胰肾联合一期移植,采用空肠引流方式。免疫抑制治疗方案术后早期采⒚四联诱导方案：他克莫司（FK506）＋霉酚酸酯（MMF）＋甲基强的松龙（MP）＋抗CD25单抗（赛尼哌或舒莱）,后改为逐渐过渡至单⒚FK506维持治疗。结果回顾分析以上7例患者围手术期及长期随访情况：7例手术均获得成功,移植肾功能术后即刻恢复,6例患者术后第10天血糖降至正常水平,并完全停⒚外源性胰岛素。共发生急性排斥4例,除1例患者在连续肾脏替代疗法（CRRT）过程中并发心脑血管意外后家属放弃治疗外,其余3例患者经抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG）＋MP冲击治疗后移植肾功能均逆Κ恢复。早期的并发症包括伤口感染和出血。结论胰肾联合移植是治疗糖尿病合并终末期糖尿病肾病的有效方法。     

临床胰肾联合移植进展

胰肾联合移植（SPK）是治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症及尿毒症合并有糖尿病的有效方法，胰腺移植之后可获得正常的糖代谢，不需要外源性胰岛素并可逆转糖尿病的并发症和提高生活质量，采用外源性胰岛素的替代疗法并不能防止糖尿病并发症的发生，肾脏移植之后使尿毒症得到纠正，自1966年首例临床胰腺十二指肠移植成功以来，到1994年底，全球单一胰腺移植1600例。有131个移植中心施行胰肾联合移植5628例，移植患者1年与5年存活率分别为91％和78％目前，胰肾联合移植仅次于肾，肝、心移植，居第4位，现将胰肾联合移植进展分述如下：一、…     

Mycotic aneurysm after kidney transplantation

PURPOSE: The study aim was to report six cases of mycotic aneurysms in renal transplant patients and to review the literature on this subject. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Six patients, aged from 13 to 59 years, who had undergone renal transplantation 4 months to 16 years earlier, developed a mycotic aneurysm after bacteremia. The diagnosis was based on morphological investigations (echotomography, arteriography, spiral computed tomography) and bacteriological studies (blood culture, culture of the aneurysmal wall and content). The aneurysm was located in five cases at the anastomosis of the renal artery with the iliac axis, and in one case on the popliteal artery and tibioperoneal trunk. All patients were treated surgically: five reconstructions were performed using two arterial iliac prostheses, three hypogastric artery autografts and one saphenous vein graft (combined with an iliac prosthesis); one repair was impossible because of profuse local suppuration, and endoaneurysmorraphy with multiple ligatures of the popliteal vessels was performed. Postoperative radiological control was performed in all cases of arterial repair. All patients received antibiotic therapy during three to six months after the operation. RESULTS: No postoperative mortality occurred. All kidney transplants were salvaged. Anatomical results of arterial reconstructions were satisfactory in all cases and remained so during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Mycotic aneurysms after renal transplantation are rare since only six observations with a kidney transplant in place have been published in the literature with a single long-lasting kidney salvage. Surgical treatment is mandatory to prevent rupture. Survival of patients occurred exclusively in operated cases.     

Implantation of pancreatic islets in arteriolar epiploic flap. Preliminary note on 3 cases

Presently, no long-term insulin withdrawal after islet graft in a diabetic patient has been reported. From October 1988 to December 1989 we have performed 3 pancreatic islet grafts in 3 type I diabetic patients. Islets were isolated from pancreatic glands collected during multiple organs harvesting. Implantation was conducted in an original site, by an arteriolar embolization of an epiploic flap pedicled from the right gastroepiploic vessels. Those grafts were combined twice with a kidney and in one occasion with a liver transplant. After 15 months, this last case is an unique metabolic success with complete insulino-independence. Endogenous insulin-secretion determined by C-peptide measurement was not detectable before surgery but was normalized and stimulable 6 months after the graft. Insulin injections were stopped one month later. Blood glucose is fully normal since 8 months without insulin. For the two other cases with kidney transplants after two months, endogenous insulin is already detectable. Compared with 3 segmental pancreatic grafts performed during the same period, islet graft in diabetic patients appears as a promising approach.     

肾移植患者术后并发原肾恶性肿瘤3例报告及文献复习

目的探讨肾移植术后患者并发原肾恶性肿瘤的临床特点及治疗方法。方法 1988年5月至2011年10月,在解放军第309医院器官移植中心接受同种异体肾移植手术的患者2016例,其中3例患者移植术后并发原肾恶性肿瘤,对这3例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并结合文献进行复习。结果 3例患者中男性2例,女性1例,中位年龄43岁。肾移植术后采用钙调磷酸酶免疫抑制剂(CNI)+麦考酚吗乙酯(MMF)或硫唑嘌呤+泼尼松三联免疫抑制方案,术后1个月内移植肾功能均恢复正常。发生恶性肿瘤距肾移植术后时间分别14个月、16个月和54个月。首发症状分别为腰部疼痛1例、无痛肉眼血尿2例。3例患者均采用肾癌根治手术,病理结果分别为胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤并黏液性脂肪肉瘤1例、血管肉瘤1例和透明细胞癌1例。在保证移植肾功能的情况下均调整了免疫抑制剂用量。随访发现前2例患者发生远处转移,确诊半年内死亡,最后1例长期存活。结论肾移植患者术后原肾发生恶性肿瘤是一种严重的并发症,病死率极高。需要早期诊断,早期治疗。治疗上以肾癌根治术为主,术后保证移植肾功能正常的同时减少免疫抑制剂用量,同时辅以其他综合治疗。     

动静脉内瘘关闭修复术在肾移植中的应用

目的：探讨动静脉内瘘关闭修复术对心功能的影响,以扩大同种异体肾移植适应证。方法：对８例长期血液透析反复出现心力衰竭者在肾移植前５个月行动静脉内瘘关闭修复术。结果：心腔恢复正常７例,心腔内径在正常上限１例。肾移植成功６例,肝功能衰竭死亡１例,自发性肾破裂作肾切除１例。结论：肾移植前先行动静脉内瘘关闭修复术有利于改善患者心、肺功能,扩大手术适应证,减少并发症,为肾移植创造有利条件。     

肝肾联合移植 22 例报告

目的 对临床肝肾联合移植(CLKT)进行总结. 方法 为22例肝功能衰竭合并尿毒症患者实施CLKT,每例受者所移植的肝脏和肾脏来自同一供者,采取原位灌注、多器官联合快速切取.10例行经典式原位肝移植术,12例行背驮式肝移植术,均未行静脉转流,肾移植采用常规术式,均为一期移植.术后采用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白或(和)抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导治疗,采用他克莫司、吗替麦考酚酯和泼尼松预防排斥反应. 结果 22例手术全部成功,移植肝和移植肾功能恢复良好.术后发生移植肝急性排斥反应1例,移植肾急性排斥反应2例,他克莫司中毒1例,上消化道出血1例,腹腔继发性出血1例.胸腔积液6例,肺部感染2例,腹腔感染1例.本组随访6个月至7年11个月,死亡3例,其中2例患者分别在术后第7个月和第10个月死于肺部巨细胞病毒感染,1例患者在术后第9个月死于急性心肌梗死.受者术后1、3、5年存活率分别为86.4%、81.3%和72.7%. 结论 CLKT是治疗终末期肝病合并肾功能衰竭的有效方法.     

Partial nephrectomy for renal tumors

We performed partial nephrectomy in 5 patients with renal tumors. In 1 patient with synchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma, radical nephrectomy was conducted simultaneously for the contralateral kidney. The second patient had a transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis of the contralateral side, for which the pelvis was resected simultaneously. In the remaining 3 patients the contralateral kidney was normal. In these patients the tumor was less than 3.0 cm in size and localized in either the upper pole or peripheral region, for which partial nephrectomy was performed. The weight of the resected kidney ranged 6 to 35 g with a mean of 18.2 g. The tumor size was 1.8 to 4.0 cm, the mean being 2.4 cm. Tumor grading was renal cell carcinoma grade 1 in 2 patients, grade 2 in 2 patients and oncocytoma in one patient. In all patients the tumor was encapsulated with a pseudocapsule with no involvement of the perinephric fat, venous or regional lymph nodes, and the tumor was diagnosed as pT2V0N0M0, stage I. In none of the patients intraoperative or postoperative complications developed with renal function of the operated kidney normal. The follow up interval after the operation was 5 years in 1 patients and 6 months to 1 year and 2 months in the remaining 4 patients. All patients have survived without metastasis or local recurrence in the operated kidney. We believe that partial nephrectomy is worth performing in selected patients with renal cell carcinoma not only in those having lesion in solitary kidney or bilateral kidneys but also in those whose function of the contralateral kidney is normal.     

Restoration of kidney function after prolonged renal artery occlusion

An 11-month-old child developed renal artery occlusion (RAO) and anuric renal failure following an unsuccessful transluminal renal artery angioplasty of a solitary kidney. Despite the prolonged period of anuria, kidney viability was suspected based upon preservation of kidney length and the absence of glomerulosclerosis. At 19 months of age, revascularization of the kidney was performed. During the 7 months following revascularization, renal function gradually improved so that dialysis was no longer necessary. This improvement occurred in spite of significant tubular atrophy. Kidney viability may have been preserved, despite prolonged ischemia, as a result of the decreased renal oxygen consumption that existed during subfiltration glomerular perfusion pressures. The low normal blood erythropoietin level may have reflected the lack of renal hypoxia. The ability of the kidney to adapt to chronic ischemia underscores the importance of considering vascular reconstruction in all patients with RAO despite a long period of non-function.     

Sirolimus monotherapy as maintenance immunosuppression: single-center experience in 50 kidney transplant patients

INTRODUCTION: Chronic allograft nephropathy, cardiovascular mortality, and posttransplant malignancy are complications of conventional immunosuppression after kidney transplantation. We reported the feasibility of maintenance monotherapy with sirolimus (SRL) in a pilot experience. The aim was to study safety and feasibility of SRL maintenance monotherapy in 50 kidney transplant patients. METHODS: All patients from our center with at least 6 months follow-up on SRL monotherapy were included. During the first month after start of SRL monotherapy, follow-up visits were performed weekly, then each month for the following 2 months. Each follow-up visit included a physical exam and laboratory screening. RESULTS: Mean follow-up on SRL monotherapy was 34.7 +/- 14.9 months. The time between transplantation until start of monotherapy was 7.7 +/- 3.3 years. No rejections occurred. During follow-up, two patients died of cardiovascular disease (already diagnosed before monotherapy); one, of previously diagnosed posttransplant malignancy and one, of hepatitis C-related liver failure. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 53 mL/min x 1.73 m2 at start of monotherapy and 50 mL/min x 1.73 m2 after 4 years. Proteinuria was 632 +/- 562 mg/24 hours at 4 years. During the follow-up, no significant changes in the lipid profile, glycemia, or hemoglobin occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Sirolimus monotherapy is safe in a selected group of immunological low-risk patients without increasing the risk of rejection.     

结核性无功能肾的腹腔镜切除(附9例报告)

目的探讨后腹腔镜切除无功能结核肾的应用价值。方法我院2003年10月-2006年11月为9例肾结核行后腹腔镜下结核肾包膜外切除术。用超声刀游离肾脏与输尿管，Endo-GIA或Hem-o-10k阻断肾蒂，把肾放入肾袋后取出。结果9例均成功完成单纯肾切除。无一例中转开放手术，手术时间90—180min，平均110min。术中失血量20—200ml，平均94．4ml。术后住院时间3—8d，平均5．5d。术中1例肾包膜撕破造成少量干酪样脓液外渗，腹膜损伤1例。切口一期愈合。9例随访1—38个月，平均22个月，对侧肾功能正常。结论后腹腔镜结核肾切除术创伤小、出血少、恢复快，对于无功能结核肾是一种比较安全、可靠的手术方法。