Superficial venous thrombosis of the lower extremities co-existing with deep venous thrombosis. A phlebographic study on 57 cases

The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) coexistent in patients suffering from superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) has not been well documented. In a series of 57 consecutive patients with SVT of the lower extremities treated in our Department in the last five years without any obvious clinical signs of co-existing DVT, an ascending phlebographic study was performed. Co-existent DVT was disclosed in 19.6% of the patients. There was no correlation between the location or the length of thrombus and the co-existence of DVT. Patients in whom SVT developed in existing varicose veins were younger in age and the incidence of co-existence of DVT was lower. Our findings show that SVT does not always have a benign course. The disclosure of a high incidence of co-existing DVT in our series suggests the necessity of the examination of the deep venous system in all the cases of SVT by using ultrasonic technics, triplex and preferably of the ascending phlebography. The disclosure of DVT in those cases makes the application of anticoagulant treatment mandatory.     

下肢深静脉血栓形成的治疗现况

下肢深静脉血栓形成是常见的周围血管疾病,如果患者得不到及时、有效的治疗,将导致下肢淤肿、色素沉着,严重者可引起股青肿、肢体缺血坏死,患者丧失部分或全部劳动力。还有部分患者可随病情发展出现血栓脱落,引起肺栓塞,重者危及生命。目前下肢深静脉血栓形成的治疗分为非手术方法和手术方法,本文对近年治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的方法进行综述。     

Frequency of malignant diseases in deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities.

A retrospective investigation was carried out in a total of 200 patients (100 women, 100 men) with an average age of 61.0 years (19-97 years) with a phlebographically verified deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs. It was examined whether and how frequently acute phlebothromboses are associated with a malignant underlying disease not detected up to that time. Specific diagnostics showed that a malignancy could be detected in 11.5% of all patients. As expected, the number of freshly discovered malignant diseases rose with increasing age. Seventy-one percent of all patients with a phlebothrombosis and a simultaneous tumor condition were more than 60 years old. The results clearly show that screening for occult malignant diseases should be carried out systematically and routinely in patients with etiologically unclear acute deep vein thromboses, at least from the 50th year of life onwards.     

Popliteal venous aneurysm. Apropos of 3 cases

The popliteal venous aneurysm is a rare cause of recurrent phlebitis and pulmonary embolus. In reference to 3 personal cases, their etiology, their role in the occurrence of phlebitis, the place of phlebography and vascular sonotomography respectively, are discussed. The treatment is essentially surgical.     

急性下肢深静脉血栓形成腔内治疗的疗效分析

目的:探讨腔内治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效。方法:分析2009年1月年至2011年5月,采用导管溶栓和支架治疗16例急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床资料,采用静脉节段性病变评分和静脉临床程度评分评估手术疗效。结果:16例患者中,中央型静脉血栓14例,混合型下肢深静脉血栓形成2例。合并髂静脉压迫综合征11例。病史中位数为5 d(范围1～14 d)。患者均行静脉导管溶栓,其中12例接受髂静脉支架。随访中位数为6个月(范围1～24个月),术后30 d静脉通畅程度评分平均(1.38±0.90)分,低于术前〔(5.5±2.6)分;P=0.001〕,术前静脉临床程度评分平均(4.69±0.7)分,术后1个月、6个月静脉临床程度评分分别为(1.44±1.27)分、(1.42±0.9)分,低于术前(P=0.001,P<0.01)。术后1个月,6个月髂静脉支架通畅率均为83%。结论:选择性腔内治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓可显著改善患者临床症状,远期疗效有待进一步确定。     

Primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland. Diagnostic and therapeutic discussion. Apropos of 4 cases

Non Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) of the thyroid are rather uncommon and account for about 7.7 p.100 of the tumours of the gland. They are remarkable by their usual occurrence in patients with Hashimoto's disease and by controversy about their therapy. The clinical features and the course of four additional cases occurring in four female patients (ages ranged from 61 to 73 years) are reported. The clinical picture was that of a quickly growing diffuse or multinodular goiter, squeezing surrounding neck structures. Antithyroid antibodies were present in 3 cases; microscopical examination showed cytologic features of lymphocytic thyroiditis. Two patients died within a few months, the follow-up is about two years for the others. Two main problems are discussed. First, NHL of the thyroid usually occurs in patients with Hashimoto's disease: how to confidently recognize lymphomas by fine needle biopsy in such cases? Second, which is the best treatment? The authors think that lymphomas of the thyroid have to be considered rather as lymphomas than thyroid tumours. Therefore the cure of the disease may need chemotherapy, in some cases associated with radiotherapy according to careful staging and grading in each case.     

下肢深静脉血栓介入治疗观察与护理

目的观察我院下肢深静脉血栓介入治疗的效果,并对其实施的护理模式进行探析。方法选取我院2012年1月至2013年12月期间收治的46例下肢深静脉血栓的患者为研究对象。将其分为两组,即试验组与对照组。两组患者均采用相同的治疗方法进行治疗,其中对照组患者在治疗的过程中采用传统的护理模式,而试验组患者在对照组的基础上实施综合护理干预。对比两组患者的临床效果,主要包括:护理满意度、患者治疗前后不良情绪评分等。结果试验组患者对护理的总满意率为95.65%,对照组患者对护理的总满意率为69.57%。试验组患者的护理满意程度要高于对照组患者,两组患者比较情况具有统计学差异(P0.05)。同时护理后试验组患者的不良情绪评分要优于对照组患者,两组患者比较情况具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论通过加强基础护理,注重心理护理、健康教育以及病情观察,对下肢深静脉血栓介入治疗患者恢复起到重要作用。     

Prevalence and prevention of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities in high-risk pulmonary patients

Information is lacking about the prevalence of, and the best method of preventing deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities in patients forty years or older with pulmonary disease that keeps them in bed for three consecutive days or more and who are thus at high risk of developing DVT or pulmonary embolism (PE). In this study, 192 high-risk patients, aged forty to ninety-two, received 125I fibrinogen and had daily radioactive scans, venous Doppler, and strain gauge plethysmography. Four preventive methods were used until patients became ambulatory: graded compression stockings (GCS) in 39, elastic bandages (EB) in 33, subcutaneous administration of 5,000 USP units of heparin (HEP) bid in 39, and oral administration of 0.5 g of acetylsalicyclic acid (ASA) bid in 35. Results were compared with those in 46 patients in a control group (CG). Twelve patients in CG, none in GCS, 4 in EB, 1 in HEP, and 2 in ASA developed DVT proved by contrast venography. There was a statistically significant difference between GCS and CG (P less than 0.0003), HEP and CG (P less than 0.0022), and ASA and CG (P less than 0.0148) but not between EB and CG (P greater than 0.10); no significant differences were found between any pair of prophylaxis groups. The significant differences could not be attributed to differences in age, sex, or length of stay in bed. PE occurred in 3 patients in CG and 1 in EB. Hemorrhagic complications occurred in 7 patients in HEP and 4 in ASA, requiring exclusion of 2 patients and 1 patient, respectively, from the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Controlled cryosurgery of varices of the lower extremities. A new therapeutic approach. Apropos of 350 cases

The idea of applying cryosurgery to the treatment of lower extremities varicose veins originated in 1978 from three developments: The increasing abundance of experimental and clinical observations of the vascular effect of low temperatures. The development of a more suitable, flexible instrumentation, in collaboration with the Atomic Energy Commissary. The intrinsic advantages of cryosurgery, a painless and less aggressive method, which may be applied to fragile or elderly patients, without general anesthesia. In a first phase (1979-1981) fifty, fragile, elderly or obese patients were treated. All presented a long saphenous reflux. The method demonstrates its feasibility and validity. Two obstacles limit a broader application to the ambulatory treatment of surgical varicose veins: The absence of a strict per-operative control of the ice ball forme at the tip of the cooling device. The conditions of surgery, painful for the patient and un for the physician, because of a bulky, rigid or flexible, instrumentation, which is not very adapted to venous catheterization and does not permit treatment above the knee fold. A second phase of clinical applications started in 1982. Vascular cryoprobes were developed. Because of a better adaptation, they permit the catheterization of most saphenous trunks, in their entirety, and also the control of tissues freezing by measuring the low frequency bioelectric impedance. This study describes: The biological and experimental bases on which rest the venous applications. Cryosurgical instrumentation that we have created and developed. An endoluminal controlled cryosurgical technique of the saphenous trunks. This technique was applied since 1982 to three hundred patients suffering from reflux with ostial incontinence. The results are analyzed in view of clinical and histological findings. The correlation between the absence of venous repermeation and the elevation of per-operative low frequency impedance values, and a follow-up beyond five years for the first patients seem sufficient to justify the present publication, the presentation of this material and to co-ordinate the start of a multicentric study.     

Cerebral venous thrombosis in adults. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects in 20 cases

The authors have reported on 20 cases of cerebral venous thrombosis and reviewed the literature. In most of these 20 cases, CT scan findings were non-specific. Digital subtraction angiography was used for diagnosis in 6 cases. In 7 cases, no etiology was found. 12 patients received anticoagulant treatment despite CT scan showed hemorrhagic infarct in 4 of them. No neurological complication was reported after anticoagulation. Venous thrombosis was fatal in 3 non-anticoagulated patients. 4 others showed mild or severe sequellae after discharge.     

Deep venous insufficiency of the lower extremities

Lower limbs chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a widespread pathologic condition. Prevalence of venous ulcer in Europe ranges between 0.5% and 1.0%. Venous ulceration can be due to insufficiency of the superficial system, although deep venous insufficiency is responsible for 75% of the cases. Morbidity and socio-economic costs are exceedingly high especially because of frequent recurrences. CVI recognises mainly two causes: 1) increased influx, due to arteriovenous fistulas; 2) difficult outflow usually secondary to postphlebitic or primitive valvular incompetence. The prevalence of CVI and venous ulceration is difficult to assess. Surgical treatment tends to cure the underlying hemodynamic problem. Homans in 1916 first introduced surgical treatment of CVI and venous ulceration: excision of the cutaneous lesion and ligature suprafascial of the communicating veins. Since then different various techniques have been introduced in the clinical practice: Linton in 1938 supported subfascial interruption of the perforating veins but still reported a recurrence rate of 47%. Stripping of internal saphenous vein associated with division of perforating veins is still controversial, because lacks evidence of its real effectiveness in preventing recurrences. Felder's surgical technique is preferred by some authors to Linton's technique, because of the possibility to divide and section incompetent perforating veins without a cutaneous incision in the severely diseased postphlebitic tissues. In personal experience (56 patients) treated by Felder's techniques, we reached a cutaneous ulceration healing rate of 36% has been obtained. Subfascial interruption of perforating veins under endoscopic vision associated to the stripping of the internal saphenous vein could be a valuable option in the treatment of CVI because of the shorter duration of the operation and hospital stay and lesser postoperative complications. Repair and/or replacement of deep venous valves, originally described by Kistner in 1968, could be curative of venous hypertension due to primitive valvular insufficiency (primitive or postphlebitic): the same author in 1975 reported positive results (80% at 5 years). Major advantages of indirect valvuloplastic surgical technique are: 1) venotomy is not necessary; 2) it does not introduce extraneous material in the vasal lumen; 3) clamping of the vein is avoided; 4) heparine or other antithrombotic measures are usually not necessary. Although preliminary encouraging results, subsequent clinical experiences have demonstrated that correction of the reflux of the main axial venous system alone is not curative and durable resolution of venous symptoms also depends on the concomitant correction of all incompetent perforating veins. Venous valves transplantation is theoretically good to correct the deep long reflux and to improve calf pump function, although clinical results are still limited and follow-up not prolonged enough in terms of symptoms resolution and complete ulcer healing.     

Has phlebography become useless in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities?

It is now widely accepted that the clinical diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.) is unreliable. Many venous thrombi are nonobstructive and not associated with vessel wall inflammation or inflammation of the surrounding tissues and consequently have no detectable clinical manifestations. Moreover, none of the symptoms or signs of venous thrombosis are unique to this condition and all can be caused by non thrombotic disorders. On the other hand, in most of the D.V.T., the calf is the site in the legs where a thrombus starts. This thrombus begins commonly in valve pockets throughout various deep veins of the leg and in saccules of soleal veins. Several non invasive techniques have been developed for diagnosing D.V.T.: 125I, fibrinogen, impedance plethysmography, Doppler ultrasound, Duplex scanning. Many publications document the correlation between venography and these non invasive tests for D.V.T. Unfortunately it appears that, excepted 125I. Fg, these techniques are poorly reliable at the level of the calf. Moreover the diagnosis of D.V.T. may occur in particular and difficult situations such as a recurrent deep vein thrombosis. Considering all above the authors believes that contrast venography remains the standard and that it is less dangerous to do unnecessary venography than not to recognize a deep vein thrombosis.