精氨酸布洛芬有效缓解术后牙痛较布洛芬起效更快

布洛芬是一种安全有效的镇痛药，但一些剂型起效缓慢。精氨酸布洛芬为一可被迅速吸收的盐，用来促使镇痛作用起效更快。对226名术后牙痛的患者进行临床试验，将精氨酸布洛芬盐与一种市售的布洛芬制剂相比较，对其镇痛效果和起效速度进行评估。在该双盲随机试验中，给予患者单剂量的精氨酸布洛芬(200mg或400mg)，布洛芬(200mg或400mg)或安慰剂。为测定该研究药物的起效时间，要求患者使用双停表法来记录疼痛开始缓解的时间和疼痛显著缓解的时间。疼痛强度和缓解程度用传统的为期6h的绝对等级表来评估。精氨酸布洛芬200mg和400mg疼痛完全缓解所需的时间，分别为42min和24min，而布洛芬200mg和400mg分别为50min和48min(P＜0．05)。镇痛效果测量的结果[(疼痛强度差异之和、疼痛完全缓解(TOTPAR)、最大疼痛缓解和综合的治疗评估)]均表明，200mg和400mg剂量的精氨酸布洛芬及同样剂量的布洛芬均显著优于安慰剂；200mg，400mg剂量的精氨酸布洛芬在缓解最大疼痛方面均优于200mg布洛芬。在30min和60min时，布洛芬的血浆平均浓度分别为：精氨酸布洛芬200mg，13．9和15．7i／ml；精氨酸布洛芬400mg，29．5和29．3μ／ml；布洛芬200mg，2．5和5μ／ml；布洛芬400mg，2．3和7．4μ／ml(P＜0．05)。精氨酸布洛芬不良反应与布洛芬治疗组交叉相似。结果表明，当精氨酸布洛芬与市售的布洛芬制剂用相同的剂量时，前者镇痛作用起效更快。     

AccQ-Tag法测定复方精氨酸胶囊中精氨酸的含量

目的：建立测定复方精氨酸胶囊中精氨酸含量的AccQ—Tag法^[1,2,3]。方法：以6-氨基喹啉-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基甲酸酯(AQC)为衍生剂，与复方精氨酸胶囊中精氨酸柱前定量衍生，用Waters HPLC仪，AccQ—Tag^TM氨基酸分析柱，以pH4．95醋酸钠缓冲液为流动相A，乙腈—水(3：2)为流动相B，进行梯度洗脱，检测波长为248nm。结果：线性范围：0．1006～0．9054μg，r=0．9995(n=5)。回收率：99．7％，RSD0．38％(n=5)。结论：本法快速、简便，辅料无干扰，结果满意。     

精氨酸布洛芬糖浆与布洛芬片剂人体药动学及生物等效性比较

目的:比较精氨酸布洛芬糖浆与布洛芬片在健康人体中的药动学及生物等效性。方法:采用液相色谱法测定18位健康男性受试者交叉服用精氨酸布洛芬糖浆和布洛芬片后的血浆中布洛芬浓度。结果:糖浆剂的药动学参数为:AUC_(0-10)=(150±s 17)mg·h·L~(-1),C_(max)=(47±9)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)=(0．6±0．3)h;布洛芬片剂的药动学参数为:AUC_(0-10)=(136±13)mg·L~(-1),c_(max)=(28±4)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)=(2．7±1．0)h,相对生物利用度为 (98±7)％。结论:精氨酸布洛芬糖浆和布洛芬片生物等效。     

高效液相色谱法测定布洛芬片中布洛芬含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定布洛芬片中布洛芬的含量。方法色谱柱为Zorbax—Extend C18柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），甲醇-0．01m01／L磷酸二氢钾一磷酸（700：300：0．1）为流动相，流速为1．0mL／min，检测波长为263nm。结果布洛芬质量浓度线性范围是100～800μg／mL，r=0．9999，其低、中、高3个量级的平均回收率分别为99．4％，98．8％，100．2％，RSD分别为0．8％，0．7％，1．0％。结论该法测定布洛芬中布洛芬的含量，结果可靠、简便、准确。     

紫外分光光度法测定布洛芬的含量

目的：用紫外分光光度法测定布洛芬的含量。方法：以0．1mol/l的氢氧化钠为溶剂,采用紫外分光光度法进行布洛芬的含量测定,建立含量测定的质量控制方法。结果：布洛芬含量测定平均回收率为100．35％,RSD＝0．31％（n=6)。结论：用本法测定布洛芬含量简便、快速,结果与药典法基本一致。     

HPLC法测定布洛芬片的含量

目的 测定布洛芬片的含量。方法 检测波长：263nm流动相：醋酸钠缓冲液-乙腈(40：60)柱温：25℃。结果 平均回收率为100．9％，RSD：0．75％(n=5)。结论 此法准确；专属；精密。     

HPLC测定精氨酸布洛芬注射液的含量及有关物质

目的 采用HPLC法测定精氨酸布洛芬注射液的含量及有关物质.方法 采用Waters C18色谱柱(150 mm×3.9 mm,5μm),流动相为水(磷酸调pH2.5)-乙腈(67∶34),检测波长214 nm,流速2.0 mL· min-1.结果 布洛芬0.1 ～0.8 mg·mE-1与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9986);最低检测限为28.2 ng;方法精密度RSD =0.63％ (n =6)；平均回收率为99.9％(n=9).结论 所用方法准确、灵敏、简便、快速,可用于精氨酸布洛芬注射液的含量及有关物质的测定.     

右旋布洛芬缓释胶囊的含量及左旋体的高效液相色谱测定

目的：建立右旋布洛芬缓释胶囊含量及左旋体检查的测定方法。方法：采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂的色谱柱，醋酸钠的缓冲液（pH2．5）～乙腈（40：60）为流动相，检测波长为263nm，测定右旋布洛芬缓释胶囊中右旋布洛芬的含量；左旋体检测波长为360nm，柱子为15cm×4mm，填料为L1（5μm）。结果：含量测定回归方程为Y=31557X＋17436，r=0．9998，在10．0～60．0mg·L^-1质量浓度范围内，右旋布洛芬浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系；左旋体的含量均小于1．5％。结论：本测定方法快速、准确可靠，重复性好，可用于右旋布洛芬缓释胶囊的质量控制。     

柱前衍生化HPLC法测定人纤维蛋白原中精氨酸的含量

目的：建立人纤维蛋白原中精氨酸的含量测定方法。方法：以丙氨酸为内标，2，4-二硝基氟苯（DN—FB）为柱前衍生刺，50％乙腈-0．05mol／L醋酸盐缓冲液（35：65）为流动相，紫外362nm处检测。结果：精氨酸在0.16～0．80mg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9998），平均空白加样回收率为102．4％，RSD为1.4％。结论：方法准确、简便，费用低，可用于人纤维蛋白原中精氨酸含量的控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定右旋布洛芬缓释栓的含量及有关物质

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定右旋布洛芬缓释栓中右旋布洛芬含量及有关物质。方法：色谱柱ODS-C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5um）；以乙腈-0．02mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（pH2．50）（53：47）为流动相；检测波长为264nm。结果：线性范围为4～128mg·L^-1（r=1．0000），平均回收率为99．9％，RSD为0．3％（n=9）。结论：方法重复性好，准确度高，适于右旋布洛芬缓释栓的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.