破裂腹主动脉瘤的外科诊治及死因分析

[目的]探讨破裂腹主动脉瘤的诊断、治疗方法及死亡原因.[方法]回顾分析我院1999年4月～2007年12月外科手术治疗破裂腹主动脉瘤27例,男性20例,女性7例,年龄35～80岁,平均年龄66岁,自知有腹主动脉瘤者6例,有腹部搏动性包块者6例,15例通过术前急诊彩超或CT确诊,采用急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管移植术,其中分叉型人工血管17例,直型人工血管10例.[结果]破裂腹主动脉瘤行急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管移植手术30d围手术期死亡率33.3%(9例),死亡原因为出血性休克所致急性肾功能衰竭4例,多器官功能衰竭3例,呼吸循环衰竭2例.[结论]手术治疗是对破裂腹主动脉瘤的有效治疗,快速早期确定破裂腹主动脉瘤诊断、紧急外科手术治疗,尽快控制出血,术后加强围手术期管理是降低破裂腹主动脉瘤死亡率的关键.急性心脑血管疾病、急性肾功能衰竭及肺部并发症是术后的主要并发症及死亡原因.     

腹主动脉瘤流行病学研究进展

腹主动脉瘤为腹主动脉壁发生永久性、局限性扩张,与 临近的正常腹主动脉相比直径扩大50％以上或腹主动脉直径＞3 cm,是受遗传与环境因素共同影响的复杂性疾病[1].腹主动脉瘤的进程隐匿,并且一旦破裂具有极高死亡率,严重威胁中老年人的生命健康.随着影像和外科技术的提高,可通过超声检查筛检腹主动脉瘤患者,并及早进行干预和治疗,能够有效预防腹主动脉瘤破裂,降低相关疾病的病死率.     

1例高龄腹主动脉瘤内漏腔内修补术围手术期护理

2006年10月,我科收治1例高龄腹主动脉瘤支架术后内漏患者,取得了较好的治疗、护理效果,现报告如下。1临床资料患者,男,93岁,因患腹主动脉瘤于2001年6月行腹主     

住院患者腹主动脉瘤破裂的急救与围手术期护理体会

目的探讨住院患者腹主动脉瘤破裂的术前急救与围手术期护理体会。方法回顾性分析24例住院腹主动脉瘤破裂患者的临床资料。结果腹主动脉瘤破裂的治疗关键在于早发现、早诊断、早手术;术前尽快做好术前准备,术后主要做好循环系统的维护、下肢远端血循环的观察、呼吸道和胃肠道护理,预防及早期发现感染、出血等并发症,并及时处理,可提高抢救成功率,降低死亡率。结论为了提高腹主动脉瘤破裂的存活率,破裂前及早诊断,尽早手术,及时急救,合理周密的护理尤为重要。     

腹主动脉瘤介入术后的护理体会

腹主动脉瘤(Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)是腹主动脉壁的扩张膨出,为常见的动脉扩张性疾病,多发生于60岁以上的老年人。大多数为动脉粥样硬化所致,一般位于肾动脉远端。现其发病率呈上升趋势,65岁以上老年人发病率高达8.8%。腹主动脉瘤如出现破裂出血一般后果很严重,死亡率高达80-90%。因瘤体较小者也可能出现急性破裂出血,故腹主动脉瘤未破裂时原则上应行择期手术。1991年Parodi首先开展了而腹主动脉瘤腔内隔绝术(Endovascular Aneurysm Repair,EVAR)[1],随着介入技术的进展,作为一新兴的治疗方法,其对于治疗尚无破裂征象的腹主动脉瘤有着显著的疗效,且手术风险较小,但介入术后的护理不同于一般术后护理,现将我院护理体会总结如下。     

急性胰腺炎早期内科治疗与护理

目的：探讨急性胰腺炎早期内科治疗的护理。方法：总结笔者所在科130例急性胰腺炎患者内科治疗的护理情况。给予患者持续胃肠减压、灌肠、补液、静脉营养、调节水电解质平衡、生长抑素类药物、胰腺抑制剂及预防性抗生素药物等治疗。结果：3例患者由于急性出血而导致坏死性胰腺炎,要求转上级医院治疗。2例患者因多器官功能衰竭放弃治疗自动出院。1例患者死亡,其他患者经过内科早期治疗及护理后痊愈出院。结论：有效的治疗及内科护理可以提高急性胰腺炎的治愈率,降低病死率。     

浅谈胃溃疡的内科治疗

胃溃疡是临床常见的胃肠道疾病,其主要症状有腹痛、上腹饱胀,若不及时治疗则会出现出血、穿孔、幽门梗阻,甚至癌变.目前内科治疗多采用抗HP、胃黏膜保护剂、质子泵抑制剂以及H,受体抑制剂、止血,其内科治疗的疗效和易复发性至今难以解决.     

医药

哮喘药物或可治疗主动脉瘤 瑞典最新研究成果显示,治疗哮喘的药物具有治疗主动脉瘤的潜能.研究人员介绍说.主动脉瘤血管壁中的酶含量很高,它促进形成一种名为半胱氨酰白三烯的物质.这种物质缓慢分解血管壁组织中的蛋白质等多种成分,诱发主动脉瘤     

腹主动脉瘤:人体的定时炸弹

<正>也许大家对腹主动脉瘤还比较陌生,但实际上这种病并不少见,爱因斯坦、李四光得的病就是腹主动脉瘤。腹主动脉,就是人体腹部的大动脉。而腹主动脉     

人工血管置换术治疗腹主动脉瘤25例分析

目的 评价人工血管置换术对腹主动脉瘤的治疗效果.方法 总结25例腹主动脉瘤切除、人工血管置换术的经验.结果 25例术后均痊愈出院.围手术期并发症:肺内感染3例、急性心功能不全2例、乳糜漏1例、血小板减少3例.术后1、3.5年生存率分别为97.1%、85.4%、77.2%,随访中未发现与人工血管相关的并发症或死亡病例.结论 人工血管置换术是治疗腹主动脉瘤安全、有效的方法.手术适应证的合理选择、精细的手术操作及严密的围手术期管理均为治疗成功的关键.     

关于缩短医院平均住院日的探讨

为充分利用医疗资源,降低患者住院的总体医药费用,缓解大型三甲综合性医院看病贵、看病难的问题,缩短平均住院日是有效的途径之一。医院实施临床路径管理、加强平均住院日管理、压缩检查化验等候时间、技术创新和诊治创新、开展"双向转诊"服务、改变患者传统看病治病意识等措施,能达到缩短平均住院日的目的。     

Cost-effectiveness of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES: A systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair was conducted. Although open surgery has been considered the gold standard for prevention of AAA rupture, emerging less-invasive endovascular treatments have led to increased interest in evaluating the cost and cost-effectiveness of treatment options. METHODS: A systematic review of studies published in MEDLINE between 1999 and 2005 reporting the cost and/or cost-effectiveness of endovascular and/or open surgical repair of nonruptured AAAs was conducted. Case series studies with less than fifty patients per treatment were excluded. RESULTS: Of twenty eligible articles, three were randomized controlled trials, twelve case series, four Markov models, and one systematic review. Regardless of time frame, all studies found that endovascular repair costs more than open surgery. Although the high cost of the endovascular prosthesis was partially offset by reduced intensive care, hospital length of stay, operating time, blood transfusions, and perioperative complications, hospital costs were still greater for endovascular than open surgical repair. For patients medically fit for open surgery, mid-term costs were greater for endovascular repair with no difference in overall survival or quality of life. For patients medically unfit for open surgery, endovascular repair costs more than no intervention with no difference in survival. CONCLUSIONS: Although conclusions regarding the cost-effectiveness of AAA treatment options are time dependent and vary by institutional perspective, from a societal perspective, endovascular repair is not currently cost-effective for patients with large AAA regardless of medical fitness.     

Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta: a 20-year study.

One hundred and eighty-eight patients in whom the diagnosis of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta (AAA) was established after 1 January 1960 were followed until their deaths or to 31 December 1979. By the actuarial method, the cumulative 5-year risk of an intact aneurysm progressing to rupture was 35%; the observed 5-year survival rate for patients who had medical management for intact AAA was 30%, for patients who had elective surgery for AAA 74%, for patients who had emergency surgery for ruptured AAA 35%, and for those who did not have surgery for ruptured AAA 0%. Comparison of the non-operated and electively-operated groups of patients showed that the former was disproportionately weighted with older higher-risk patients, suggesting that the difference in survival rates for the two groups might be a reflection of patient selection rather than of surgical intervention. Comparison of the cumulative 5-year risk of rupture of an intact AAA with the cumulative 5-year mortality rate associated with elective surgery for intact AAA showed that elective surgery for intact AAA might be expected to result in a reduction in the cumulative 5-year mortality rates of patients with intact AAA.     

苯接触后急性再生障碍性贫血的临床特点及其意义研究

目的探讨苯接触史急性再生障碍性贫血(AAA)的临床特点及意义。方法对1989～2004年我院收治的39例苯接触史AAA患者,按疗效分为有效组、无效组,与7例原发性AAA作比较,分析骨髓造血多项指标,并调查可能引起AAA的过去史。结果有效组患者的骨髓造血指标明显优于无效组及原发组,而无效组与原发组相似。部分苯接触史AAA病例用过氯霉素、解热镇痛药及患有肝炎。结论有效组属于苯中毒AAA,无效组可能为原发性AAA。苯接触史及良好的骨髓造血指标,对治疗有效,可作为苯中毒AAA的诊断依据。骨髓造血指标可判断此类患者的预后。     

Bolus下空腔对各向异性分析算法计算精度影响

目的 基于蒙特卡罗算法研究Bolus下不同大小空腔对各向异性分析算法(AAA)计算浅层组织剂量精度的影响.方法 在Eclipse中构建上表面位于加速器源轴距、中心与射野中心轴重合的30 cm×30cm×30 cm水模体,其上表面构建不含或含有不同大小空腔的1 cm厚Bolus,采用AAA分别计算不同空腔下水模体中心轴和...     

Risk as feelings in the effect of patient outcomes on physicians' future treatment decisions: a randomized trial and manipulation validation

The present study tested predictions derived from the Risk as Feelings hypothesis about the effects of prior patients' negative treatment outcomes on physicians' subsequent treatment decisions. Two experiments at The University of Chicago, U.S.A., utilized a computer simulation of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patient with enhanced realism to present participants with one of three experimental conditions: AAA rupture causing a watchful waiting death (WWD), perioperative death (PD), or a successful operation (SO), as well as the statistical treatment guidelines for AAA. Experiment 1 tested effects of these simulated outcomes on (n = 76) laboratory participants' (university student sample) self-reported emotions, and their ratings of valence and arousal of the AAA rupture simulation and other emotion-inducing picture stimuli. Experiment 2 tested two hypotheses: 1) that experiencing a patient WWD in the practice trial's experimental condition would lead physicians to choose surgery earlier, and 2) experiencing a patient PD would lead physicians to choose surgery later with the next patient. Experiment 2 presented (n = 132) physicians (surgeons and geriatricians) with the same experimental manipulation and a second simulated AAA patient. Physicians then chose to either go to surgery or continue watchful waiting. The results of Experiment 1 demonstrated that the WWD experimental condition significantly increased anxiety, and was rated similarly to other negative and arousing pictures. The results of Experiment 2 demonstrated that, after controlling for demographics, baseline anxiety, intolerance for uncertainty, risk attitudes, and the influence of simulation characteristics, the WWD experimental condition significantly expedited decisions to choose surgery for the next patient. The results support the Risk as Feelings hypothesis on physicians' treatment decisions in a realistic AAA patient computer simulation. Bad outcomes affected emotions and decisions, even with statistical AAA rupture risk guidance present. These results suggest that bad patient outcomes cause physicians to experience anxiety and regret that influences their subsequent treatment decision-making for the next patient.     

腔内隔绝术治疗肾下型腹主动脉瘤24例疗效分析

目的 探讨腔内隔绝术治疗肾下型腹主动脉瘤的疗效、适应证及其并发症的防治.方法 回顾性分析2006年4月至2008年9月经CT血管造影或磁共振血管造影确诊为肾下型腹主动脉瘤24例患者的临床资料.切开双侧股动脉,经股动脉将覆膜支架置于肾动脉下方,支架自膨张开,使血流经人造血管流向髂总动脉.结果 支架植入全部成功,术后即刻造影20例无内漏,4例存在轻度Ⅰ型内漏.无支架移位,无脏器及双下肢缺血表现.术后6个月复查CT增强扫描示全部病例支架形态完好,动脉瘤消失,支架外血栓形成.结论 腔内隔绝术治疗腹主动脉瘤具有简捷、微创、并发症少、术后恢复快等优点,为老年患者治疗肾下型腹主动脉瘤的首选方法.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the efficacy and the indication and the management of perioperative complications in treatment of infra- kidney abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) by using endovascular graft exclusion (EVGE). Methods From April 2006 to September 2008, 24 patients with infra- kidney abdominal aortic aneurysms were diagnosed by contrast-enhanced CT or MRI scan. Vascular access was obtained through the bilateral femoral artery after arteriotomy and stent-graft was deployed into AAA of below the renal artery to occlude the left over cavity of AAA. The stent- graft was extended and anchored to the both side wall of AAA, the blood flow enter into the arteria iliaca communis through the sten't.Results Stent-graft deployment was successfully performed in all the patients. Immediate aortography after the procedure showed no leakage in 20 patients and the type Ⅰ minor leakage in 4 patients. No stent movement or organ and both lower extremities ischemia was found at the early post operative stage in all the patients. Six months after the operation, in all the 24 patients, contrast-enhanced CT scan showed the disappearance of the aneurysm and thrombosis at the level of the stent. Conclusions EVGE is simple,minimally invasive,less complication and quick recovery after operation. Thus it becomes first choice for the treatment of AAA for the elder patients.     

前列腺癌患者调强放疗计划中不同算法计算结果分析

目的 分析前列腺癌患者调强放疗计划设计时PBC和AAA算法计算得到的剂量学参数差异。方法 对13例术后接受调强放射治疗的前列腺癌患者进行调强放疗计划设计时,分别用Eclipse Version 8.10治疗计划系统提供的PBC和AAA算法进行剂量计算并用二维电离室矩阵进行验证测量,比较两种算法获得的HI、CI、PTV_DP、PTV_mean、直肠和膀胱V₅₀等参数差异,并将二维电离室矩阵测量的剂量分布与两种算法的计算结果分别进行比较获得γ通过率、单次照射时的及DD_mean等参数差异。结果 两种算法得到的靶区HI、CI、PTV_DP、PTV_mean平均相差分别为0.003、0.004、2.2%、10 cGy,直肠和膀胱V₅₀值平均差异分别为0.3%和1.3%。γ通过率、DD_max及DD_mean平均差异分别为0.9%、1.2%(2.4 cGy)和0.85%(1.7 cGy)。两种算法所获得的剂量学参数差异不大。结论 对前列腺癌患者进行调强放疗计划设计时,PBC和AAA两种算法均可使用。     

萧山区医疗机构内镜清洗消毒现状分析与对策

目的：探讨萧山区医疗机构内镜清洗消毒现状,并提出相应的对策。方法：萧山区疾病预防控制中心于2009年8-10月对辖区内开展内镜诊治的11家医疗机构进行了现场检查及问卷调查,并对消毒后内镜进行了采样监测。结果：81.82%的医院设置了专用洗消间,72.73%的医院由专人负责清洗消毒工作并经过了培训,90.91%的医院开展消毒剂有效浓度和消毒灭菌效果监测;三级医院内镜使用量均超负荷运行,二级医院内镜超负荷运行亦占37.5%;内镜内腔面的合格率明显低于外表面。结论：杭州市萧山区医疗机构内镜消毒管理比较规范,但在某些环节上仍存在一些问题,应加大对内镜诊室基本设施的投入,进一步规范操作规程,并加强对工作人员的培训力度。     

Normalization of abnormal electroencephalograms in beagles with portacaval anastomosis by infusion of solutions rich in branched-chain amino acids

The effects of intravenous infusions of amino acid solutions on the electroencephalograms (EEG) and biochemical indices of 12 beagle dogs with a portacaval anastomosis (PCA) were studied in unanesthetized and unrestrained conditions. EEGs were recorded everyday from 2 days after the operation. When the EEGs showed predominant delta and theta frequency bands (slow-wave), solutions of amino acids were infused intravenously at 5 ml/kg/hr for an hour. Blood was withdrawn immediately before and after the infusion to determine plasma amino acids and ammonia. Infusion of amino acid solutions enriched in branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) with restricted aromatic amino acids (AAA) normalized the predominantly slow-wave EEGs. These solutions reduced the increased plasma AAA and ammonia concentrations and increased the lowered plasma BCAA concentrations. The abnormal EEGs were not improved by infusion with a balanced and AAA-enriched amino acid solution for nutritional support of surgical patients and became worse on infusion of AAA solution. Significant correlations were found between percent changes in the incidence of slow-waves and plasma AAA concentrations. These results suggest that infusion of solution with low AAA and high BCAA concentrations may be suitable for treatment of cirrhotic patients with abnormal EEG or with hepatic encephalopathy.