医疗领域内艾滋病病人被歧视现状的定性研究

[目的]了解艾滋病病人/感染者艾滋病相关知识掌握情况、在医疗领域内遭受歧视的态度,以发现歧视的产生原因及探索消除歧视的方法。[方法]利用个人访谈、角色扮演、现场观察等方法,对48名HIV感染者/AIDS患者进行调查。[结果]HIV感染者/AIDS患者存在自我歧视,医疗领域内普遍遭受歧视。[结论]应对艾滋病病人进行心理干预以减少歧视现象。     

上海市某自助小组HIV感染者/AIDS患者心理需求调查

目的了解上海市某自助小组内HIV感染者/AIDS患者的心理需求情况,为HIV感染者/AIDS患者的心理干预提供参考。方法采用定性调查方法,通过个人深入访谈获取研究资料,调查内容包括社会人口学特征、感染HIV/AIDS后的心理变化、现实困境、对艾滋病知识的知晓、人际关系现状以及对心理辅导的看法。结果感染HIV者对社会支持包括心理干预的需求强烈;除对艾滋病本身的恐惧之外,他们还存在健康状况波动、社会歧视、就医用药等具体问题的困扰;艾滋病病毒感染者在克服社会歧视和自我歧视、获得自我发展方面尚存在问题。结论了解HIV感染者/AIDS患者的心理需要和生存现状,才能有的放矢地开展心理干预工作。     

菏泽市部分HIV/AIDS患者资料调查

[目的]了解HIV/AIDS患者的心理,分析减少歧视对预防和控制艾滋病的作用。[方法]对已确认的HIV/AIDS患者,在知情、保密的情况下进行个人访谈;选择存在HIV/AIDS患者的村庄或附近村庄的村民,调查这部分村民对HIV/AIDS患者存在的相关歧视及原因。[结果]124例HIV/AIDS患者中,108人（87.0%）为有偿献血者,46人（37.1%）有过报复社会的想法。48.4%的感染者表示生活中的主要压力为经济困难,43.8%的感染者感受到村民对他们的歧视,79.2%（305/385）的人认为可以通过宣传教育来降低歧视。[结论]应有计划、有步骤地扩大全民健康教育,宣传歧视和不尊重HIV/AIDS病人权利的危害性,从而通过减少歧视来预防和控制艾滋病。     

淮安市HIV/AIDS患者及其配偶艾滋病知识、态度、行为及心理状况调查

目的了解HIV/AIDS患者及其配偶艾滋病知识、态度、行为及心理状况,为开展家庭内行为干预提供依据。方法采用一对一问卷调查形式,对53对艾滋病单阳家庭中的HIV/AIDS患者及其配偶进行调查。结果艾滋病知识知晓率为85.85%,71.70%的调查对象认为艾滋病感染者身份应该保密,86.79%的HIV/AIDS患者能平静接受感染事实,有81.82%与配偶发生性行为时能坚持使用安全套。37.74%的调查对象存在抑郁症状。结论应加强艾滋病健康教育及反歧视宣传,开展关怀技能培训,为HIV/AIDS患者提供心理支持,提高生活质量。     

医学院校学生艾滋病歧视现状调查

目的 了解医学院校学生对艾滋病相关知识、歧视态度情况,为进一步开展艾滋病反歧视干预工作提供科学依据.方法 以班级为单位采用分层整群抽样法,从某医学院本科生中抽取2844名,采用自行设计的问卷以学生自填方式进行调查,采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析.结果 共收集有效问卷2501份.调查对象艾滋病相关知识知晓率为73.1%(1828/2501);对HIV感染者和AIDS患者不同问题的歧视率不同,对不良性行为、共用针具感染艾滋病的歧视态度高达83.1%(2078/2501)、77.7%(1943/2501),对于身体接触、接触其生活用品、共用课桌、个人社交的歧视率均在40%以上.结论 医学院校学生对HIV感染者/AIDS患者歧视严重,亟须加强医学院校学生艾滋病反歧视教育.     

某社区HIV/AIDS社会歧视现状分析

目的通过对HIV/AIDS受到社区相关歧视分析,探讨建立社区关怀和支持体系、减少社会歧视,达到预防和控制艾滋病的目的。方法采用随机抽样的方法,用统一的问卷调查表对社区居民350名、社区居委会干部58名进行调查,分析城市社区对HIV/AIDS相关歧视现状特征。结果城市社区对HIV/AIDS的歧视现象仍然存在:31.1%的人认为感染艾滋病与不良道德品质有关;52.9%的人认为艾滋病感染者或病人应该继续工作或学习;16.7%的人对艾滋病持害怕态度;愿意与艾滋病病毒感染者/病人的亲戚朋友继续交往的为40.0%;愿意与艾滋病病毒感染者/病人共同生活的为15.7%;主张艾滋病感染者/病人应该被隔离的为36.0%。结论应进一步加强社区艾滋病反歧视的宣传,通过减少社会歧视来预防和控制艾滋病。     

菏泽市艾滋病病毒感染者生存现状的研究

[目的]了解HIV感染者及AIDS病人的生存环境和生活质量,以建立适合我市实际的家庭和社会关怀及支持体系。[方法]采取典型调查的方式调查已确认的HIV/AIDS患者,在知情、保密的情况下进行个人访谈;另外采用现况调查的方法,选择存在HIV感染者和AIDS病人的村庄或附近村庄的居民,调查社区内存在的相关歧视及原因。[结果]HIV/AIDS患者存在着健康状况恶化、就医困难、经济窘迫、遭受歧视等的生存危机。[结论]应有计划、有步骤地扩大全民健康教育;认识和重视歧视及不尊重HIV/AIDS病人权利的危害性,真正消除对艾滋病恐惧;建立对感染者和病人的保护机制;提供关怀、护理、社会和情感支持等的预防控制措施。     

河南省HIV感染者/AIDS患者社会支持现状分析

目的了解河南省艾滋病(AIDS)高发区艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/AIDS患者社会支持状况及其影响因素,为进一步制定政策提供依据。方法采用一般调查问卷和社会支持量表(SSRS)对146例HIV感染者/AIDS患者进行调查。结果 HIV感染者/AIDS患者社会支持各领域评分及总评分均低于国内常模,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),AIDS患者社会支持得分为(32.93±5.74)分,低于HIV感染者的(35.90±7.27)分,差异有统计学意义(t=2.412,P=0.017);多元线性回归分析结果表明,未婚、离婚和丧偶(t=-3.513,P=0.002)、AIDS患者(t=-3.516,P=0.001),抑郁状况较重(t=-4.184,P=0.000)是社会支持的不利因素,不受歧视(t=4.279,P=0.000)、家庭经济收入>10 000元(t=4.918,P=0.000)、身体状况好(t=3.006,P=0.003)是社会支持的有利因素。结论河南省AIDS高发区HIV感染者/AIDS患者社会支持状况低于健康人群,社会支持的影响因素包括婚姻状况、疾病阶段、抑郁状况、歧视状况、家庭经济收入状况和健康状况。     

某高校医学生艾滋病相关知识态度现状对应分析

目的了解医学生艾滋病相关知识及态度的现状,探讨医学生学历、艾滋病相关知识与态度之间的关系。方法通过整群抽样,对郑州大学医学院696名医学生进行问卷调查,采用多重对应分析探索医学生学历、艾滋病相关知识与态度之间的关联性。结果医学生艾滋病知识知晓率为91.8%,对HIV感染者及艾滋病患者的正向态度持有率低于50%;医学生学历、AIDS知识与态度之间既存在关联也存在脱节现象。结论医学生AIDS认知水平较高,但仍对HIV感染者及AIDS患者存在歧视,应对其加强艾滋病反歧视教育。     

某高校医学生生艾滋病相关知识态度现状对应分析

目的 了解医学生艾滋病相关知识及态度的现状,探讨医学生学历、艾滋病相关知识与态度之间的关系.方法 通过整群抽样,对郑州大学医学院696名医学生进行问卷调查,采用多重对应分析探索医学生学历、艾滋病相关知识与态度之间的关联性.结果 医学生艾滋病知识知晓率为91.8%,对HIV感染者及艾滋病患者的正向态度持有率低于50%;医学生学历、AIDS知识与态度之间既存在关联也存在脱节现象.结论 医学生AIDS认知水平较高,但仍对HIV感染者及AIDS患者存在歧视,应对其加强艾滋病反歧视教育.     

艾滋病防治干预模式与社区能力建设

HIV感染已成为全球最严峻的公共卫生问题之一。以社区为基础的艾滋病综合防治干预可以普及艾滋病防治知识,并为个人、家庭、社区及艾滋病防治干预服务提供者之间的相互合作提供平台,为艾滋病患者提供物质、心理、经济、法律及医疗等服务并建立良好的反歧视环境。社区能力是影响艾滋病社区综合防治干预可持续发展的关键因素,影响社区为艾滋病患者提供全面、持久、完善服务和支持。此文对艾滋病防治模式的发展和社区能力建设途径及关键环节作综述。     

HIV / AIDS and STDs control: new policy perspectives

The prevention and control of HIV/AIDS is a social as well as a public health issue. This approach is reflected in new policy initiatives developed by the Government of India's National AIDS Control Organization in 1997. Future strategies will be based on a multisectoral, partnership-oriented approach. Bilateral agencies are encouraged to establish interventions in areas such as sexually transmitted disease (STD) control, condom distribution, counseling, health care, and hospice care. Special campaigns focused on youth and adolescents, including the inclusion of HIV/AIDS in the school curriculum, are planned. New strategies will be developed to address the HIV risk associated with drug abuse. The home- and community-based care of HIV/AIDS patients will be promoted, with emphasis on emotional and social support needs. Other areas to be addressed include the integration of STD control with primary health care, a blood transfusion policy, education for commercial sex workers, an end to discrimination against people with AIDS, and expansion of the national sentinel surveillance system.     

公众对艾滋病患者的认知心理

艾滋病(AIDS)自1981年被发现后,已在全球肆虐蔓延,在我国也是保持着增长的流行趋势,截至2004年9月底,全国累计报告艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者89 067例,此报告只是冰山一角.面对这么一个特殊的大群体,中国对HIV/AIDS罹患者的社会心理容忍、支持和关怀程度是低于罹患者本人社会心理支持需求的,这种强烈反差已成为目前我国社会公共卫生和精神障碍问题之一.公众对HIV/AIDS医学问题的社会认知水平普遍认识不高、心理认知不正确是产生偏见、歧视的社会根源.提高社会心理认知水平,促进社会对患者的心理支持,从心理学的角度指导公众关爱这个群体,正确对待AIDS病人,认识AIDS关传播知识,患者和公众齐心协力,使社会和谐发展,进而达到控制和预防AIDS的目的.     

HIV discrimination and the health of women living with HIV

Women living with HIV are especially vulnerable to discrimination because of the stigma associated with the disease, as well as their race, gender and class status. To investigate the association between self-reported HIV discrimination and health outcomes among African- American and white women living with HIV, 366 women living with HIV were recruited from HIV/AIDS clinics in Georgia and Alabama. In this cross-sectional study, participants completed an interview that assessed self-reported HIV discrimination and depressive symptomatology, suicidal ideation, self-esteem, stress, quality of life, sexual health and HIV/AIDS related health care seeking. Nearly a sixth of the sample reported experiencing HIV discrimination. Women reporting HIV discrimination had higher mean scores for stress, suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, number of unprotected sexual episodes; they had lower mean scores for self-esteem, and quality of life, and were more likely to have not sought medical care for HIV/AIDS. In race-specific analyses, none of the relationships between HIV discrimination and health outcomes were significant for white women. African-American women who reported HIV discrimination had higher mean scores for stress, suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, number of unprotected sexual episodes; they had lower mean scores for self-esteem, and quality of life, and were more likely not to have sought medical care for HIV/AIDS. The findings indicated that HIV discrimination adversely affects women's mental, sexual and physical health. However, separate race-specific analyses indicated that compared to white women, African-American women were markedly more likely to experience the adverse affects of HIV discrimination. Eradication of HIV discrimination remains an important public health priority.     

HIV Discrimination and the Health of Women Living with HIV

ABSTRACT

Women living with HIV are especially vulnerable to discrimination because of the stigma associated with the disease, as well as their race, gender and class status. To investigate the association between self-reported HIV discrimination and health outcomes among African-American and white women living with HIV, 366 women living with HIV were recruited from HIV/AIDS clinics in Georgia and Alabama. In this cross-sectional study, participants completed an interview that assessed self-reported HIV discrimination and depressive symptomatology, suicidal ideation, self-esteem, stress, quality of life, sexual health and HIV/AIDS related health care seeking. Nearly a sixth of the sample reported experiencing HIV discrimination. Women reporting HIV discrimination had higher mean scores for stress, suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, number of unprotected sexual episodes; they had lower mean scores for self-esteem, and quality of life, and were more likely to have not sought medical care for HIV/AIDS. In race-specific analyses, none of the relationships between HIV discrimination and health outcomes were significant for white women. African-American women who reported HIV discrimination had higher mean scores for stress, suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, number of unprotected sexual episodes; they had lower mean scores for self-esteem, and quality of life, and were more likely not to have sought medical care for HIV/AIDS. The findings indicated that HIV discrimination adversely affects women's mental, sexual and physical health. However, separate race-specific analyses indicated that compared to white women, African-American women were markedly more likely to experience the adverse affects of HIV discrimination. Eradication of HIV discrimination remains an important public health priority.     

基于农村社区HIV/AIDS患者关怀支持活动模式的研究

目的探讨基于农村社区HIV/AIDS患者关怀支持活动模式。方法以农村社区为基础,由艾滋病防治专家、志愿者、社区医务人员、患者家属等组成关怀支持团队,通过开展培训、社区宣传教育、心理支持、患者交流、营养支持活动,为HIV/AIDS患者提供情感关爱和心理支持。结果本活动目标人群为150例HIV/AIDS患者,平均年龄为(44.61±10.78)岁,男性65人,女性85人。活动结束后抽取目标人群60例,采用《生存质量测定量表简表》测量其生存质量情况。活动前生存质量总分为(74.30±12.64)分,活动后总分为(84.95±16.31)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论建立以社区为基础的关怀支持体系,对充分发挥社区在艾滋病控制方面的参与功能、互助功能、整合功能及动员社会力量控制艾滋病传播方面有重要意义。     

艾滋病对公安工作的挑战与应对(摘要)

艾滋病既是医学问题也是复杂的社会问题，对艾滋病感染者的管理已成为当前公安机关面临的新问题，提高公安机关的管理水平和公安民警的艾滋病预防知识，是公安机关需要研究和重视的问题。1.对公安民警加强艾滋病预防教育工作；2.加强对违法犯罪艾滋病病毒感染者的监管工作；3.甄别“病情证明”，严肃处理规避行为；4.正确处理对高危人群管理的几个法律问题。     

Response of religious groups to HIV/AIDS as a sexually transmitted infection in Trinidad

Background  

HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination are significant determinants of HIV transmission in the Caribbean island nation of Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), where the adult HIV/AIDS prevalence is 2.5%. T&T is a spiritually-aware society and over 104 religious groups are represented. This religious diversity creates a complex social environment for the transmission of a sexually transmitted infection like HIV/AIDS. Religious leaders are esteemed in T&T's society and may use their position and frequent interactions with the public to promote HIV/AIDS awareness, fight stigma and discrimination, and exercise compassion for people living with HIV/AIDS (PWHA). Some religious groups have initiated HIV/AIDS education programs within their membership, but previous studies suggest that HIV/AIDS remains a stigmatized infection in many religious organizations. The present study investigates how the perception of HIV/AIDS as a sexually transmitted infection impacts religious representatives' incentives to respond to HIV/AIDS in their congregations and communities. In correlation, the study explores how the experiences of PWHA in religious gatherings impact healing and coping with HIV/AIDS.