Prevalence and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Chinese Qiang population

Our aim is to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with hypertension among the Chinese Qiang population. From September 2012 to March 2013, a cross-sectional study was conducted in urban and rural communities of the Qiang population using multistage cluster sampling. A total of 2676 people aged above 20 years were enrolled in the analysis. Standardized mercury sphygmomanometer was used to measure the blood pressure twice after a 10-minute seated rest, and the average blood pressure was obtained. The hypertension prevalence among the population aged above 20 years was 13.9%, and age-standardized prevalence was 12.3%. Male and female prevalence of hypertension, as well as the prevalence in urban and rural areas, all increased with age. There were no significant differences between males and females and between urban and rural residents. Among hypertensive patients, 44.2% were aware of their hypertension, 38.0% were undergoing antihypertensive treatment, but only 10.5% achieved blood pressure control. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of hypertension included age, low income, overweight and obesity, family history of hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension in Chinese Qiang adults is significantly lower than the national level. Awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension were low in the Qiang population. Thus, hypertension-related health knowledge should be more aggressively delivered to improve public awareness and the capacity of community health services should be strengthened.     

Factors influencing the decision to start drug treatment in hypertension. A questionnaire study comparing general practitioners and hypertension specialists in Denmark

Objective. To determine the factors influencing treatment decisions in patients with hypertension. Methods. A postal questionnaire based on five constructed cases with hypertension was sent to 122 general practitioners (GPs) in the area around Herlev University Hospital and to 46 Danish hypertension specialists. The cases varied in gender, age, blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes and smoking status and absolute risk for cardiovascular events. Results. Response rate was 46% for GPs and 59% for specialists. There were no significant differences in treatment decisions nor in drug choices for first-line monotherapy, which were diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists in both groups of physicians. Blood pressure alone was the most important factor for instituting drug therapy according to 59% of the GPs and 56% of the specialists. There was no association between pre-treatment risk assessment and instituting treatment in either group in four out of five cases. Conclusions. We found agreement with respect to all treatment decisions between GPs and hypertension specialists. The results from this study suggest that, in both GPs and specialists, a blood pressure threshold approach to treating hypertension is still dominating.     

江苏盛泽农村老年高血压患病现况及危险因素调查

目的调查江苏盛泽农村地区老年高血压患病率、治疗率、知晓率、控制率及相关危险因素。方法采用整群抽样的方法,随机抽取当地19个村≥60岁的全部居民进行现况调查,并根据性别、年龄分层从中随机抽取3181名居民进行配对病例对照研究,调查方法包括问卷调查、体格检查及血生化检查。结果该地区≥60岁人群高血压患病率达64.9%,高血压知晓率、治疗率及接受治疗患者血压控制率分别为73.5%、65.3%、53.4%。随着年龄的增长,高血压患病率逐渐升高(χ2=27.25,P0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示吸烟(OR=1.197)、饮酒(OR=1.181)、超重与肥胖(OR=1.252),腹型肥胖(OR=1.651)、血糖异常(OR=1.461)、高尿酸血症(OR=1.826)、高三酰甘油血症(OR=1.371)、高胆固醇血症(OR=1.227)是高血压发病的独立危险因素(P均0.05)。结论江苏盛泽农村老年高血压患病率较高,治疗率、知晓率及控制率有待进一步提高,应通过健康宣教和规律体检进一步加强上述危险因素的防治。     

Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among Hui population in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on 30,565 study participants

Background:Hypertension (HTN) has been considered as a health concern in developing countries. And Hui is a minority group with a large population in China. Its genetic background, inadequate access to health services, eating habits, religious belief, ethnic customs, and other factors differ from that of other ethnic groups, which may influence the prevalence of HTN. However, there is no current meta-analysis on the prevalence and risk factors of HTN among Hui population. Thus we conducted a systematic review aiming to estimate the pooled prevalence and risk factors of HTN among Hui population.Methods:PubMed, The Cochrane library, Web of science, CINAHL Complete, Weipu Database (VIP), China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI), Wanfang Database, and SinoMed were systematically searched from inception to February 28, 2020 with publication language restricted to English and Chinese. We included cross-sectional, case–control, or cohort studies that focused on prevalence and risk factors of HTN among Hui population. Two investigators independently assessed the risk of bias of the studies included in the review using tools developed by JBI. Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 12.0 software package.Results:Twenty-three studies were identified with a total of 30,565 study participants. The overall pooled prevalence of HTN was 28% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24%–32%, I² = 98.8%, P < .001). Stratified by gender, the pooled prevalence of HTN in Hui was 26% (95%CI: 20%–33%, I² = 97.6%, P < .001) for males and 30% (95%CI: 23%–37%, I² = 98.3%, P < .001) for females. Pooled prevalence of HTN in Hui was 2% (95%CI: 2%–6%, I² = 70.6%, P = .065), 10% (95%CI: 3%–17%, I² = 83.7%, P < .001), 22% (95%CI: 12%–32%, I² = 87.9%, P < .001), 37% (95%CI: 20%–53%, I² = 94.0%, P < .001), 39% (95%CI: 24%–54%, I² = 97.7%, P < .001) and 42% (95%CI: 29%–56%, I² = 95.6%, P < .001) for those aged 18 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and ≥70 years, respectively. Pooled prevalence of HTN in Hui was 22% (95%CI: 14%–29%, I² = 97.9%, P < .001) in urban areas and 23% (95%CI: 16%–30%, I² = 95.8%, P < .001) in rural areas. Daily salt intake (odd ratio [OR] = 3.94, 95%CI: 3.03–5.13, I² = 90.2%, P < 001), family history (OR = 3.50, 95%CI: 2.60–4.71, I² = 95.3%, P < .001), smoking (OR = 1.84, 95%CI: 1.61–2.09, I² = 59.6%, P < .001), drinking (OR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.26–2.39, I² = 95.3%, P = .001), weekly meat intake (OR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.04–3.54, I² = 96.5%, P = .036), body mass index (OR = 2.20, 95%CI: 1.81–2.66, I² = 91.3%, P < .001), and areas (OR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.10–1.51, I² = 81.5%, P = .001) were risk factors of HTN in Hui, while physical exercise (OR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.66–0.88, I² = 62.7%, P < .001) was protective factor.Conclusions:The pooled prevalence of HTN among Hui people was 28%, daily salt intake, family history, drinking, smoking, weekly meat intake, body mass index, areas, and physical exercise were all risk factors for HTN among Hui population. Early screening and treatment of HTN among Hui population should be given due attention.     

Uncontrolled hypertension in a rural population of Jammu and Kashmir

AimEvaluation of the status of uncontrolled hypertension in diagnosed hypertensives who had been advised drug treatment in the rural areas of 6 districts in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) and also the risk factors associated with it.MethodsThe study was a cross-sectional observational study conducted between August 2020 to July 2021 in the form of health camps in six government health centres in 6 different rural districts. The camps were focussed on patients with hypertension, diabetes with or without heart disease. The areas included Machil in Kupwara, Khan Sahib in Budgam, Rajpora and Hawal in Pulwama, Rainawari in the Srinagar, Banihal in Ramban, and Jagti in Jammu.Enrolled patients were examined for body weight, blood pressure (BP), random blood sugar and serum lipid profile. The definition of hypertension was as per the eighth Joint National Committee (JNC-8) guidelines.ResultsA total of 600 patients (50.1% males) were evaluated. Of these 335 (55%) had history of being diagnosed hypertension and had been recommended drugs for BP control Male: Female ratio 1:0.8.211(63.5%) of these had un controlled blood pressures on measurement.Two or more drugs had been prescribed in 65 (30.8%) patients, 34 (16%) were taking only single drug and 112(53%) were not on any drug. Uncontrolled hypertension was seen more often in age group of 40–60 years (49%), subjects more than 60 years had it in 40%.The comparison of risk factors between patients with diagnosed hypertension with those without it revealed use of tobacco, consumption of salted tea, presence of diabetes, dyslipidaemia as significant factors for the presence of uncontrolled hypertension.ConclusionUncontrolled hypertension in known patients prescribed drugs is highly prevalent in the rural population of J&K. Steps to mitigate this problem are needed on top priority.     

Dose-response relationship between visceral fat index and untreated hypertension in Chinese rural population: the RuralDiab study

The study aimed to explore the association of visceral fat index (VFI) with untreated hypertension in different genders and evaluate the practicability of VFI as a marker for discriminating untreated hypertension in Chinese rural population. A total of 12,536 eligible participants aged 35 years and older were derived from the RuralDiab study in China. VFI was assessed with bioelectrical impendence methods and divided into sex-specific quartiles. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline regression were performed. Receiver operating characteristic curve was applied to analyze the discriminating performance of VFI. Meanwhile, a meta-analysis was conducted to validate the result of this study.Compared with the lowest VFI quartile, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) in the highest VFI quartile were 3.68 (2.91–4.66) in male and 2.63 (2.12–3.25) in female (P_trend < .01). Nonlinear increasing trends about the risk of untreated hypertension were observed with the continuously increasing VFI in both genders (P_linearity < .01). The sensitivity and specificity in the optimal cutoff values for VFI were 58.37% and 62.26% in male, and 49.09% and 66.67% in female. The area under the curves (95% CI) were 0.64 (0.63–0.66) in male and 0.61 (0.60–0.62) in female. Meta-analysis results displayed the pooled odds ratios (95% CI) of 2.65 (1.79–3.93) in male and 2.27 (1.74–2.95) in female. VFI was significantly positively correlated with the risk of untreated hypertension, and dose-response relationships were observed in both genders in Chinese rural population. However, VFI as a marker had limited potential for discriminating untreated hypertension.     

Assessment and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: an Australian perspective in 2006

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a group of diseases which forms a small subset of those with elevated pulmonary artery pressure (pulmonary hypertension). The recent development of selective pulmonary vasodilator has lead to a substantial resurgence of interest in what have been previously regarded as rare and incurable diseases. This review aims to describe the spectrum of pulmonary vascular diseases, the evolving understanding as to pathogenesis, the evolving evidence of efficacy for drug therapies, trying to put this into a contemporary Australian context. Several key pathogenic pathways may be involved: prostacycline, Nitric Oxide-cGMP-phosphodiesterase 5 and endothelin- all of which are exploited for therapeutic benefit by newly available drug therapies. A recently modified classification system reasserts the importance of precise diagnosis. The cardinal symptom of exertional dyspnea warrants careful evaluation in an attempt to prevent (frequently occurring) substantial delay in diagnosis. Echocardiogram is the cornerstone of screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension; however, a detailed evaluation including a carefully performed right heart catheterisation with sufficient data to allow calculation of pulmonary vascular resistance is key to accurate diagnosis. These new approaches to therapy are already substantially improving quality of life and prognosis.     

Reported treatment of hypertension by family physicians in Sweden and Minnesota: a physician survey of practice habits

Abstract. Objectives. To compare family physicians' reported practice habits on hypertension in Sweden and Minnesota, and to assess to what extent different national guidelines account for differences. Design. Random samples of family physicians were selected for telephone interviews on their practice of hypertension. Setting. Primary care in southern Sweden and in Minnesota. Subjects. Family medicine specialists. Participation rates were 236/264 (89%) in Sweden and 183/209 (88%) in Minnesota. Main outcome measures. Cut-off levels, and non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment of hypertension, related to three case scenarios: a 48-year-old man, a 65-year-old man and a 65-year-old woman. Results. Swedish physicians reported significantly higher levels of diastolic blood pressure than Minnesota physicians for the institution of treatment of hypertension for all case scenarios. In both countries, physicians adhered to the cut-off levels of their national guidelines in the case of the 48-year-old man. Minnesota physicians did not use age as a modifying factor for treatment cut-off levels, as did Swedish physicians. Swedish physicians emphasized alcohol, fat and stress reduction, and Minnesota physicians weight and salt reduction as non-pharmacological treatment. While Swedish physicians generally preferred beta-blockers, Minnesota physicians chose ACE inhibitors or calcium channel blockers as the first choice drug. Conclusion. Swedish and US guidelines on hypertension were identical except for higher cut-off level for drug treatment in Sweden. Minnesota physicians reported cut-off levels close to national guidelines. For 65-year-old patients, Swedish physicians reported applying a higher cut-off level than indicated by guidelines. Swedish physicians also reported preferring less expensive drugs. As a consequence of the differing national guidelines and the identified physicians' practice habits in the two medical communities, it is likely that the segments of the populations treated and the drug costs differ substantially.     

Modelling the impact of modifying lifestyle risk factors on dementia prevalence in Australian population aged 45 years and over, 2006–2051

Aim: To model impact of modifiable risk behaviour on dementia prevalence among the Australian population aged 45 years and over. Methods: A group‐based computer model was constructed to estimate the impact of modifying risk behaviour on dementia prevalence. Results: Based on population ageing, the number of people aged 45 years and over living with dementia is expected to triple from 187 000 in 2006 to 650 000 by 2051. A drop in proportion ever smokers by 5% every 5 years would lower population with dementia by 2% in 2051. If obesity rate drops by 5%, dementia prevalence would be lower by 6%. A decline in physical inactivity rate by 5% would reduce dementia by 11%. Persistence of the growing trend in obesity and physical inactivity would result in a larger than expected dementia epidemic. Conclusion: Improving the risk behaviours has potential to make a substantial reduction in the number of people with dementia.     

Prevalence,awareness, treatment,and control of hypertension among Chinese working population: results of a workplace-based study

We investigated the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and the related risk factors among Chinese working population. From 2012 to 2013, a total of 37,856 employees aged 18–60 years from 61 workplaces were sampled. Standard questionnaire surveys and physical examinations were undertaken. Multilevel logistic regression models were performed to identify the risk factors. Overall, the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 23.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.9%–23.7%). Among the hypertensives, 47.8% (95% CI: 46.8%–48.8%) were aware of their condition, 20.6% (95% CI: 19.8%–21.4%) were in treatment, but only 8.5% (95% CI: 7.9%–9.1%) had controlled hypertension. White-collar employees had a lower odds of hypertension compared with the blue-collar (odds ratio: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.71–0.84), whereas the state-owned enterprise employees had a higher odds compared with their private enterprise counterparts (odds ratio: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.07–2.65). Lower awareness and treatment were associated with being younger, higher education, and those from workplace without affiliated hospital. Higher occupation status individuals were more likely to be treated but no sign of better control. There is substantial room for improvement in hypertension diagnosis and treatment among the employees. Effective intervention programs are urgently needed at the workplaces.     

我国高血压社区防治进展——技术、策略与实施

面对严峻的高血压流行现况,我国高血压社区防治工作经过了40年的探索与实践,从最早的人群防治首钢模式,到规模化的全国高血压社区规范化管理,各种层面的高血压社区人群防治工作取得明显的试点成效。而且,以《中国高血压防治指南》的制订与推广为标志的高血压防治技术规范日趋成熟。预防为主,防治结合,实现高血压人群防治的战略前移和战线下移策略明确。实现我国高血压的防控,关键是社区人群防治由点及面地在全国层面推广实施。     

Differences in the treatment and control of hypertension in urban and rural residents of the northeastern region of the People’s Republic of China: a cross-sectional study

Background: Hypertension is a significant global public health problem and an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to determine treatment and control rates of hypertension and to explore related risk factors by urban and rural areas.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 14,956 participants (≥ 15 years) was conducted in Jilin Province, China from July 2014 to December 2015 using questionnaire forms and physical measurements.

Results: Total rates of hypertension treatment, control, and controlled blood pressure among treated subjects were 31.7%, 8.8%, and 27.9% in the Jilin Province. Rates of hypertension treatment, control, and controlled blood pressure among treated subjects were 35.9%, 13.7%, and 38.3% in urban areas and 28.4%, 5.0%, and 17.5% in rural areas, respectively. Higher treatment of hypertension was associated with older age, female sex, other races (except Han), and higher body fat percentage in both areas. Among urban residents, higher education was additionally associated with higher treatment of hypertension; among rural residents, a family history of coronary artery disease and unemployment were associated with higher treatment of hypertension. Higher control of hypertension was associated with unemployment, married status, higher education, healthy body mass index, lower abdominal waist circumference, non-smoking status, and lower visceral adiposity index in urban residents; higher control of hypertension was associated with younger age in rural residents.

Conclusion: Treatment and control rates of hypertension in urban and rural areas were lower than the national average; blood pressure control in patients taking antihypertensive drugs needs further improvement.     

Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in older U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988 to 2004

OBJECTIVES: To describe hypertension trends in U.S. adults aged 60 and older using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. SETTING: NHANES III (1988-1994) and NHANES 1999 to 2004. DESIGN: Cross-sectional nationally representative health examination survey. PARTICIPANTS: Participants in NHANES III (n=5,093) and NHANES 1999 to 2004 (n=4,710). MEASUREMENTS: Blood pressure (BP). RESULTS: In 1999 to 2004, 67% of U.S. adults aged 60 and older years were hypertensive, an increase of 10% from NHANES III. Between 1988 to 1994 and 1999 to 2004, hypertension control increased for men from 39% to 51% (P<.05) but remained unchanged for women (35% to 37%; P>.05). Non-Hispanic black men and women had higher prevalences of hypertension than non-Hispanic whites (odds ratio (OR)=2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.90-3.40 and OR=2.07, 95% CI=1.31-3.26, respectively), but men were less likely to have controlled BP (OR=0.60, 95% CI=0.41-0.86). Mexican-American men and women were less likely than non-Hispanic whites to have controlled BP (OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.33-0.91 and OR=0.63, 95% CI=0.40-0.98, respectively). Women and men aged 70 and older were significantly less likely to control their hypertension than those aged 60 to 69. In addition, women aged 70 and older were significantly less aware and treated. Having BP measured within 6 months was significantly associated with greater awareness, greater treatment in men and women, and greater control in women. A history of diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease (CKD) was significantly associated with less hypertension control. CONCLUSION: There was a significant increase in hypertension prevalence from 1988 to 2004. Hypertension control continues to be problematic for women, persons aged 70 and older, non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans, and individuals with diabetes mellitus and CKD.     

中国45岁及以上中老年人群握力与高血压的关联研究

目的 探讨中国45岁及以上中老年人群握力与高血压发病风险之间的关联,为高血压预防干预策略的制定提供科学依据.方法 数据来源于中国健康与养老追踪研究.采用多因素Logistic回归或多元线性回归分析握力与高血压及血压水平之间的关联.握力指标选用相对最大握力(最大握力/体质指数),并根据其三分位数分为低、中、高三组.结果 ...     

Clinical audit of adherence to hypertension treatment guideline and control rates in hospitals of different sizes in Thailand

A clinical audit of hospitals in Thailand was conducted to assess compliance with the national hypertension treatment guidelines and determine hypertension control rates across facilities of different sizes. Stratified random sampling was used to select sixteen hospitals of different sizes from four provinces. These included community (<90 beds), large (90–120 beds), and provincial (>120 beds) hospitals. Among new cases, the audit determined whether (i) the recommended baseline laboratory assessment was completed, (ii) the initial choice of medication was appropriate based on the patient''s cardiovascular risk, and (iii) patients received medication adjustments when indicated. The hypertension control rates at six months and at the last visit were recorded. Among the 1406 patients, about 75% had their baseline glucose and kidney function assessed. Nearly 30% (n = 425/1406) of patients were indicated for dual therapy but only 43% of them (n = 182/425) received this. During treatment, 28% (198/1406) required adjustments in medication but this was not done. The control of hypertension at six months after treatment initiation was 53% varying between 51% in community and 56% in large hospitals (p < .01). The hypertension control rate at last visit was 64% but varied between 59% in community hospitals and 71% in large hospitals (p < .01). Failure to adjust medication when required was associated with 30% decrease in the odds of hypertension control (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0. 50 to 0.90). Failure to comply with the treatment guidelines regarding adjustment of medication and lost to follow‐up are possible target areas to improve hypertension control in Thailand.     

辽宁省农村地区高血压患病率、知晓率和控制率

目的 评估辽宁省农村地区高血压患者的知晓、治疗、控制现状以及血压分布特征,为开展有效的防控手段提供依据.方法 2008年9-11月,对辽宁省农村卫生适宜技术6个示范县626个村35岁以上农村居民共153 481人开展了高血压知晓、治疗和控制现状方面的筛查和评估.结果 辽宁省农村地区高血压患病粗率为40.6%,标化患病率为38.7%,男女年龄在35～044岁、45～54岁、55～64岁、≥65岁患病率分另0为23.9%、36.6%、49.0%、63.8%和20.7%、40.0%、55.0%、68.9%.高血压患者中,知晓率为56.9%,治疗率为39.7%,控制率为3.9%,接受治疗的高血压患者控制率仅为9.8%.治疗组高血压患者的收缩压和舒张压水平分别高于未治疗组患者8.4 mm Hg(1 nnn Hg=0.133 kPa)和3.4 mm Hg.结论 辽宁省农村高血压患病率高,知晓率、治疗率和控制率低,药物治疗效果较差,急需建立有效的农村高血压综合干预和管理的策略.     

Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the elderly in a general practice experience. Study Group on Hypertension in the Elderly

In 3858 ambulatory elderly people (age greater than or equal to 65 years) prevalence of hypertension was 67.8%. The hypertensive status was unknown to both the doctor and the patient in 21.4% of cases. More than 90% of known hypertensives were treated, but hypertension could be considered as controlled in less than 30% of them.     

济宁市2004～2006年狂犬病疫情回升原因分析及防治对策

2004～2006年狂犬病疫情回升,城乡犬饲养量增多,管理措施不落实;犬的免疫率低,病毒携带率高;暴露后人群未及时采取必要的预防措施是主要原因。控制狂犬病流行应采取“管、免、灭”的综合性措施。