229例肝功能衰竭病因与转归分析

目的根据最新指南回顾性分析肝功能衰竭患者的病因及转归。方法收集北京佑安医院人工肝中心2008年5月—2014年7月收治的229例肝功能衰竭患者的临床资料,分析肝功能衰竭患者病因学及转归的临床特征。结果病毒性肝炎尤其是乙型肝炎病毒是全部肝功能衰竭患者的主要病因,HBV相关肝功能衰竭者占全部肝功能衰竭患者比例为53.3%。急性肝功能衰竭(ALF)前3位的病因是:HBV(3).8%),药物性(30.8%),酒精性(1 5.4%);亚急性肝功能衰竭(SALF)前3位的病因为药物性(52.6%)、HBV(1 5.8%)、自身免疫性和不明原因性均为(10.5%);慢加急性肝功能衰竭(ACLF)前2位的病因为HBV(71.1%)、酒精性(1 5.6%);慢性肝功能衰竭(CLF)前2位病因为HBV(43.0%)、酒精性(33.6%)。老年肝功能衰竭患者好转率17.3%,中青年肝功能衰竭患者好转率47.9%。结论 HBV相关肝功能衰竭在全部肝功能衰竭中占比例最多,且.以ACLF及CLF为主,ACLF、C、LF前2位病因均为HBV、酒精性。故乙型肝炎防治及成酒很重要。肝功能衰竭患者老年人较中青年预后差。     

陕西地区肝衰竭病因构成及变迁特点分析

目的 探讨陕西地区肝衰竭的病因构成及变迁特点。方法 回顾性收集2008年1月-2017年12月在西安交通大学第一附属医院住院的来自陕西省的975例肝衰竭患者的临床资料并进行分析。根据肝衰竭临床类型,分为急性肝衰竭(ALF)(n=115)、亚急性肝衰竭(SALF)(n=165)及慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)(n=695)3组。计量资料多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料组间比较采用χ^2检验。结果 ALF的首要病因为药物(25.22%,29/115),其次为HBV感染(21.74%,25/115);SALF的首要病因为HBV感染(35.15%,58/165),其次为药物(27.27%,45/165);ACLF的首要病因为HBV感染(87.19%,606/695),其次为酒精(3.45%,24/695)。HBV感染、酒精性及药物性肝衰竭患者的年龄分布区间主要以20~60岁(595/689)、30~40岁(22/32)及30~70岁(67/89)为主。近5年HBV感染相关的肝衰竭比例较前5年显著下降(61.52% vs 81.33%,χ^2=45.87,P<0.001);药物性及酒精性肝衰竭的发病率较前5年显著升高(药物:13.14% vs 4.44%,χ^2=22.10,P<0.001;酒精:4.76% vs 1.56%,χ^2=7.85,P=0.005)。进一步分析发现近5年HBV相关肝衰竭发病年龄显著高于前5年患者发病年龄[(45.3±13.0)岁 vs (42.5±12.9)岁,t=-2.567,P=0.011]。结论 慢性HBV感染的管理仍然是控制肝衰竭的重要环节,同时需加强药物性及酒精性肝病的防治,高龄肝衰竭患者的救治需重视。     

2012至2021年北京佑安医院肝衰竭住院患者流行病学特征

目的阐述肝衰竭流行病学特征及其变化趋势, 以期为肝衰竭防治策略提供循证依据。方法回顾性收集北京佑安医院2012年至2021年收治的肝衰竭住院患者流行病学信息, 应用趋势检验分析其年龄、性别, 以及急性肝衰竭(ALF)、亚急性肝衰竭(SALF)的急性病因和慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)、慢性肝衰竭(CLF)的慢性肝病基础病因的逐年变化。结果在研究期间, 共收集8 512例肝衰竭住院患者信息, 年龄为(51.3±13.5)岁, 男性患者为主(71.9%), 肝衰竭类型的比例从高到低依次为ACLF 4 023例(47.3%)、CLF 3 571例(42.0%)、SALF 670例(7.9%)、ALF 248例(2.9%)。肝衰竭整体人群中前5位的病因依次是乙型肝炎3 199例(37.6%)、酒精性肝病2 237例(26.3%)、隐源性肝病906例(10.6%)、乙型肝炎+酒精性肝病603例(7.1%)、药物488例(5.7%), 共占比87.6%。不同类型肝衰竭患者的前3位病因分别是:ALF的急性病因, 依次为药物107例(43.1%)、乙型肝炎47例(19.0%)、不明原因36例(14.5%)...     

乙型肝炎患者并发慢加急性肝衰竭诱因及转归分析289例

目的:探讨乙型肝炎并发慢加急性肝衰竭的诱因及其转归.方法:回顾289例乙型肝炎并发慢加急性肝衰竭患者临床资料,对其病因、转归等进行分析.结果:HBV活动及变异为乙型肝炎并发慢加急性肝衰竭最主要诱因(占50.52%),感染(非病毒性)、消化道出血、药物、腹泻、酒精、HEV分别占:24.57%、4.50%、4.15%、3.46%、2.42%、2.42%.289例患者中(年龄40-70岁之间的达80.28%)226例接受了人工肝治疗,总好转率为45.33%,死亡率为44.98%.结论:HBV活动及变异居乙型肝炎并发慢加急性肝衰竭所有诱因之首.乙型肝炎基础上的HEV、HBV活动及变异免、自身疫性肝病诱发的慢加急性肝衰竭好转率高于肝癌诱发慢加急性肝衰竭好转率.     

580例肝硬化住院患者病因分析

目的 分析肝硬化的病因组成情况,为肝硬化的合理防治提供一些线索。方法 按照感染性肝病、自身免疫性肝病、酒精性肝病、遗传性代谢性肝病、药物性和环境因素肝损伤、非酒精性脂肪性肝病及原因不明肝病对住院肝硬化患者进行病因分析,采用描述性统计分析。结果 580例肝硬化患者中,病因仍以感染性疾病,以HBV、HCV感染最常见,单纯HBV感染占64.8%,单纯HCV感染占5.3%,HBV和（或）HCV合并其他病因占10.3%。单纯HBV感染引起肝硬化的组成比呈现下降的趋势,自身免疫性肝病、酒精性肝病导致的肝硬化的比例较高,其中酒精性肝病占6.7%,自身免疫性肝病占6.2%。结论 感染性肝病诊断和治疗逐渐规范化的同时,应注重非病毒性肝病的诊治,以减少越来越常见的非病毒性肝病导致的肝硬化。     

乙型肝炎肝衰竭的抗病毒治疗

我国2006年《肝衰竭诊疗指南》根据病理组织学特征和病情发展速度,将肝衰竭分为急性肝衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)、亚急性肝衰竭(subacute liver failure,SALF),慢加急性肝衰竭( acute - on - chronic liver failure,ACLF)以及慢性肝衰竭[1].在我国,感染是导致肝衰竭的主要因素,其中HBV感染导致的慢性乙型肝炎急性炎症活动是主要原因.我们回顾性分析了2002至2006年来自北方十三个省市自治区1977例肝衰竭病因构成及变化趋势,HBV感染占所有肝衰竭的82.8％[2].我国大部分HBV感染相关性肝衰竭以内科综合治疗为主,包括支持、免疫调节和防治并发症等.由于肝衰竭极为复杂的病理生理过程和临床症候群,缺乏特异性治疗手段,病死率居高不下.此类患者体内往往存在高水平的HBVDNA,因此近年来对于应用抗病毒治疗提高本病的生存率进行了有意义的临床探索.     

急性/亚急性肝衰竭合并急性肾损伤的临床特征分析

目的初步明确急/亚急性肝衰竭(ALF/SALF)合并急性肾损伤(AKI)患者的临床特征。方法回顾性分析解放军第三〇二医院2015年1月-2016年12月收治的115例ALF/SALF患者临床资料,根据是否发生AKI分为AKI组(n=36)和无AKI组(n=79)。比较两组患者的年龄、性别、肝功能、外周血WBC水平、凝血功能、MELD评分及并发症发生情况等,观察发生AKI患者的预后情况。计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验。结果导致ALF/SALF的病因以药物性最为多见(49.57%),其次为不明原因(28.70%)。115例ALF/SALF患者中共36例合并AKI,AKI发生率为31.3%,其中1、2及3期发生率分别为11.30%、14.78%、5.22%。与未发生AKI的患者相比,AKI组患者年龄、WBC、中性粒细胞比值、腹水、腹腔和肺部感染率以及MELD评分均显著增高,血清Alb水平显著降低(P值均<0.05)。发生AKI的患者无效/死亡率明显高于无AKI患者(69.4%vs38.0%,χ2=9.815,P=0.002),且随AKI严重程度的增高,病死率升高,1、2及3期AKI患者无效/死亡的比例分别为61.5%、70.6%和83.3%。结论肝衰竭患者发生AKI时多存在感染或炎症反应,且AKI的发生与肝衰竭患者的病死率相关。     

中医治疗乙型肝炎相关性肝衰竭的经验与进展

肝衰竭(liver failure)是临床常见的严重肝病症候群,病死率极高.各国学者对肝衰竭的定义、分类、诊断和治疗等问题进行多年研究,但仍无一致意见.2006年中华医学会感染病学分会和中华医学会肝病学分会制订的《肝衰竭诊疗指南》根据肝衰竭的病理组织学特征和病情发展的速度,将其分为急性肝衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)、亚急性肝衰竭(subacute liver failure,SALF)、慢加急性(亚急性)肝衰竭(acute-on-chronic liver failure,ACLF)和慢性肝衰竭(chronic liver failure,CLF)[1].     

慢加急性肝衰竭前期的概念及预警模型

肝衰竭( liver failure)是由各种原因所导致的一种严重肝功能失代偿状态.在我国,绝大多数肝衰竭病例是在慢性HBV感染基础上发生的慢加急性肝衰竭(acute - on - chronic liver failure,ACLF),所以HBV相关的ACLF( ACLF - HBV)一直是学界关注和研究的重点.有关肝衰竭的分类、定义与诊断标准,国内外肝病学术界至今尚未达成统一的意见.2005年美国肝病学会(AASLD)将既往无肝病基础者突然出现的肝功能丧失定义为急性肝衰竭(ALF),其标准是:(1)既往无肝硬化基础;(2)凝血酶原时间国际化比率(INR)≥1.5;(3)存在不同程度的肝性脑病;(4)从起病至肝性脑病的时间小于26周[1].     

酒精性肝衰竭患者临床特征分析

目的分析酒精性肝衰竭患者临床特点。方法回顾性分析456例酒精性肝衰竭患者的临床特点,与同期394例HBV相关慢加急肝衰竭患者(HBV related acute-on-chronic liver failure,HBV-ACLF)临床特点及转归进行比较。结果酒精性肝衰竭占所有肝衰竭患者的比例呈逐年上升趋势,并且酗酒已成为肝衰竭第二大病因。白蛋白、血红蛋白、血小板、甲胎蛋白、胆碱酯酶、住院时间和MELD等水平酒精性肝衰竭患者比HBV-ACLF患者低(均P0.01),而GGT水平酒精性肝衰竭患者比HBV-ACLF患者高(P=0.043),而年龄、胆红素、D/T在统计学上无差异(P值分别为0.201、0.094、0.567)。虽然酒精性肝衰竭和HBV-ACLF患者两组间出院好转率比较无差异(P=0.142),但是酒精性肝衰竭相对HBV-ACLF具有更高的住院死亡率(P=0.006)。结论酒精性肝衰竭患者住院占比呈逐年上升趋势,酒精性肝衰竭患者转归差。     

四类肝衰竭的临床特点及转归分析

目的研究各类肝衰竭的临床特点及转归。方法回顾性调查急性肝衰竭（ALF）25例、亚急性肝衰竭（SALF）34例、慢加急性肝衰竭（ACLF）121例、慢性肝衰竭（CLF）206例患者的实验室检查结果、常见并发症和预后。结果四类肝衰竭在临床生化指标（包括白蛋白、转氨酶、胆碱酯酶和胆红素）、并发症和预后方面均有差异,预后的优良顺序为CLF〉ACLF〉SALF〉ALF。结论四类肝衰竭的临床特点及其预后均有差异。肝衰竭指南符合国情,有较强的科学性及临床应用价值。     

Changing etiology of liver failure in 3,916 patients from northern China: a 10-year survey

Purpose

To investigate the etiological characteristics of patients with liver failure in the past 10 years.

Methods

Clinical and investigational data in hospitalized patients with liver failure admitted from 2002 to 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. Standard definitions and criteria were used to assess disease etiology.

Results

Of these 3,916 patients, 3,429 (87.6 %) had acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), 114 (2.9 %) acute liver failure (ALF), and 373 (9.5 %) subacute liver failure. Viral infection was the most common cause of liver failure in the 3,295 patients (84.1 %). Hepatitis of unknown etiology was deemed responsible for 371 cases of liver failure (9.5 %). Drug-induced liver injury, alcoholic hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis led to 120 cases (3.1 %), 109 cases (2.8 %), and 19 cases (0.5 %), respectively. The most common cause of ACLF was HBV infection (87.3 %), while the main causes of acute and subacute liver failure were hepatitis of unknown etiology (39.4 %), viral infection (36.6 %), and drug-induced liver injury (19.3 %). Our data showed that the incidence of liver failure caused by HBV gradually decreased from 86.5 % in 2002 to 69.2 % in 2011. However, the incidence of hepatitis of unknown etiology, drug-induced liver injury, and alcoholic hepatitis was increased.

Conclusions

HBV infection is the main cause of liver failure in China. However, the incidence of HBV-related liver failure has gradually decreased in the past 10 years. Hepatitis of unknown etiology has replaced HBV infection as the most common apparent cause of acute liver failure.     

Mammillary body atrophy in acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure of nonalcoholic etiology

The most common cause of atrophy of mammillary bodies (MBs) is thiamine deficiency, which is very common in patients with alcoholic liver disease. The purpose of this study was to look for changes in MBs using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with acute liver failure (ALF), acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and chronic liver failure (CLF) of non-alcoholic etiology. Volumes of MBs and caudate nuclei (CNs) were quantified in nine patients with ALF, 17 with ACLF, 18 with CLF and in 24 healthy controls. Volume of these structures was quantified again three weeks after clinical recovery in five patients with ALF who had survived their illness. Volume of left, right and both MBs was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in patients with ALF and ACLF whereas there was no change in patients with CLF, when compared with healthy controls. However CN volumes did not change significantly compared to controls in any of the three patient groups. In the follow-up study significant recovery in volume of MBs was noted compared to baseline values in the ALF patients. We conclude that significant volume loss occurs in MBs in patients with ALF and ACLF of non-alcoholic etiology but not in CLF. This loss of MBs volume recovers substantially in patients with ALF who survive their illness.     

CLIF-C OFs在乙型肝炎相关慢性肝病急性失代偿患者中鉴别慢加急性肝功能衰竭的临床研究

目的探究欧洲肝病学会提出的适用于以酒精为病因引起的慢加急性肝衰竭诊断标准(CLIF Consortium Organ Failure score,CLIF-C OF)是否适用于乙型肝炎相关的慢加急性肝衰竭。方法筛选并纳入2005年1月至2010年12月上海瑞金医院乙型肝炎相关慢性肝病急性失代偿患者854例,按CLIF-C OF标准分为ACLF组和非ACLF组。分析ACLF组和非ACLF组的临床和实验室指标、病情严重程度和短期病死率。结果 ACLF组262例和非ACLF组592例。ACLF组较非ACLF组年龄大,肝、肾、脑、凝血、循环、呼吸功能衰竭情况均显著高于入院非ACLF组(P0.01),28 d和90 d病死率均显著升高(27.1%比3.1%、39.6%比4.9%,P0.01),提示病情更重。结论欧洲肝病学会所提出的评分标准可从乙型肝炎相关慢性肝病合并急性失代偿患者中筛选出一组病情更为危重、病死率更高的慢加急性肝衰竭患者群体。乙型肝炎相关慢性肝病并发急性失代偿患者中确实存在一群疾病程度更严重的ACLF群体,CLIF-C OF标准可将ACLF患者从乙型肝炎相关慢性肝病并发急性失代偿患者中区分出来,以指导临床医生治疗决策。     

Etiology and outcome of acute liver failure: Retrospective analysis of 50 patients treated at a single center

Background and Aim:  Acute liver failure (ALF) remains a devastating disease carrying considerable mortality. Since deceased donor liver transplantation is rarely performed in Japan, the artificial liver support system (ALS) and living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) are the main modalities used for treatment of ALF. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome of ALF patients and to evaluate therapies for ALF according to etiology.
Methods:  Fifty consecutive patients with ALF were treated between January 1990 and December 2006. Prior to 1997, patients received ALS only. After 1997, ALS and/or LDLT were applied. LDLT was performed in 10 patients.
Results:  Four of 15 (27%) pre-1997 ALF patients survived, and 16 of 35 (46%) post-1997 ALF patients survived, including eight who underwent LDLT. The causes of ALF were acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in 18%, severe acute exacerbation (SAE) of chronic HBV infection in 18%, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in 8%, and cryptogenic hepatitis in 44%. In total, 67% of the patients with ALF caused by acute HBV infection and AIH were cured without LDLT; only 11% of patients with ALF caused by SAE of HBV and 24% of cryptogenic hepatitis were successfully treated without LDLT. Notably, 80% of patients with cryptogenic hepatitis who underwent LDLT survived.
Conclusion:  Since 1997, the survival rate of ALF patients has increased, mainly due to the introduction of LDLT. Liver transplantation should be performed especially in patients with ALF caused by SAE of HBV and cryptogenic hepatitis.     

Acute liver failure in pregnancy: an overview

Acute liver failure (ALF) in pregnancy is a common challenging clinical problem both in terms of correct diagnosis and management. Acute viral hepatitis is the most common cause of jaundice in pregnancy. The course of acute viral hepatitis is unaffected by pregnancy, except in patients with hepatitis E (HEV), particularly from endemic countries like India, where ALF carries a high mortality. In both HEV infection and herpes simplex infections, maternal and fetal mortality rates are significantly increased. ALF specific to pregnancy including pre-eclampsia, associated with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and hepatic infarction result in increased maternal and fetal mortality if not recognized and acted on early. Early recognition of possible causes and prompt treatment are crucial for successful outcome of ALF in pregnancy. Treatment involves prompt delivery, whereupon the liver disease quickly reverses. This review article addresses the present understanding of ALF in pregnancy reviewing the common causes of ALF and their management in pregnancy.     

Plasma exchange in patients with acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: A systematic review

BACKGROUND Acute liver failure(ALF)and acute-on-chronic liver(ACLF)carry high short-term mortality rate,and may result from a wide variety of causes.Plasma exchange has been shown in a randomized control trial to improve survival in ALF especially in patients who did not receive a liver transplant.Other cohort studies demonstrated potential improvement in survival in patients with ACLF.AIM To assess utility of plasma exchange in liver failure and its effect on mortality in patients who do not undergo liver transplantation.METHODS Databases MEDLINE via PubMed,and EMBASE were searched and relevant publications up to 30 March,2019 were assessed.Studies were included if they involved human participants diagnosed with liver failure who underwent plasma exchange,with or without another alternative non-bioartificial liver assist device.RESULTS Three hundred twenty four records were reviewed,of which 62 studies were found to be duplicates.Of the 262 records screened,211 studies were excluded.Fifty-one articles were assessed for eligibility,for which 7 were excluded.Twenty-nine studies were included for ALF only,and 9 studies for ACLF only.Six studies included both ALF and ACLF patients.A total of 44 publications were included.Of the included publications,2 were randomized controlled trials,14 cohort studies,12 case series,16 case reports.All of three ALF studies which looked at survival rate or survival days reported improvement in outcome with plasma exchange.In two out of four studies where plasma exchange-based liver support systems were compared to standard medical treatment(SMT)for ACLF,a biochemical improvement was seen.Survival in the non-transplanted patients was improved in all four studies in patients with ACLF comparing plasma exchange vs SMT.Using the aforementioned studies,plasma exchange based therapy in ACLF compared to SMT improved survival in non-transplanted patients at 30 and 90-d with a pooled OR of 0.60(95%CI 0.46-0.77,P<0.01).CONCLUSION The level of evidence for use of high volume plasma exchange in selected ALF cases is high.Plasma exchange in ACLF improves survival at 30-and 90-d in nontransplanted patients.Further well-designed randomized control trials will need to be carried out to ascertain the optimal duration and amount of plasma exchange required and assess if the use of high volume plasma exchange can be extrapolated to patients with ACLF.     

Hepatitis B infection in patients with acute liver failure in the United States

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been reported in 30% to 50% of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) in small case series. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of occult HBV infection in a large series of ALF patients in the United States and the prevalence of precore and core promoter variants in patients with ALF caused by hepatitis B. Sera from patients in the US ALF study and liver, when available, were tested using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers in the HBV S and precore regions. PCR-positive samples were sequenced. Sera and/or liver from 139 patients (39 males, 100 females; mean age, 42 years) enrolled between January 1998 and December 1999 were studied. Twelve patients were diagnosed with hepatitis B, 1 with hepatitis B+C+D coinfection, and 22 had indeterminate etiology. HBV DNA was detected in the sera of 9 (6%) patients; all 9 had ALF caused by hepatitis B. HBV genotypes A, B, C, and D were present in 4, 3, 1, and 1 patients, respectively. Seven of these 9 patients had precore and/or core promoter variants. Liver from 19 patients were examined. HBV DNA was detected in the liver of 3 patients with ALF caused by hepatitis B, but in none of the remaining 16 patients with non-B ALF. Contrary to earlier reports, occult HBV infection was not present in this large series of ALF patients in the United States. HBV precore and/or core promoter variants were common among US patients with ALF caused by hepatitis B.     

In vivo1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy‐derived metabolite variations between acute‐on‐chronic liver failure and acute liver failure

Background and Aims: Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF), acute liver failure (ALF) and chronic liver disease (CLD) are common forms of liver failure and present with similar clinical profiles. The aim of this study was to compare brain metabolite alterations in all the three groups of patients with controls, using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and to look for any significant differences in metabolites that may help in differentiating between these three conditions. Methods: Nine patients with ACLF, 10 with ALF, 10 patients with CLD and 10 age‐matched controls were studied. The relative concentrations of N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), glutamine/glutamate (Glx) and myoinositol (mI) with respect to creatine (Cr) were measured. Results: ACLF (3.07±0.72), ALF (4.39±1.25) and CLD (3.15±0.69) patients exhibited significantly increased Glx/Cr ratios compared with controls (2.14±0.42). The NAA/Cr ratio was significantly decreased in both ACLF (mean=0.84±0.28) and CLD (mean=0.97±0.21) patients as compared with that in controls (mean=1.24±0.20). No significant difference among ALF, ACLF and CLD patients was noted in the Cho/Cr ratios. ACLF patients showed significantly lower mI/Cr and Glx/Cr ratios compared with the ALF group. Conclusion: In vivo proton MRS‐derived cerebral metabolite alterations in hepatic encephalopathy owing to ALF are significantly different from the one owing to ACLF and CLD; these may be due to the differences in the pathogenesis of these two overlapping clinical conditions.