Cartilage grafts in functional and aesthetic rhinoplasty

Complications after rhinoplasty could often be prevented if less of the support structures of the nose were resected and cartilage transplants were used to give stability. Long-term complications depend heavily on the nasal anatomy, Which is why the surgeon must be able to identify anatomical variants and adapt the surgical technique as necessary. Thus, rhinoplasty techniques have moved away from excisional methods and shifted toward repositioning and restructuring existing tissues. Conservative reduction and preservation of support structures will maximize the aesthetic and functional results. Checking the shape of the tip of the nose is the critical step, and stabilization of the nasal base in particular leads to a good long-term outcome with preservation of the nasal tip projection. The surgeon needs to stabilize the structure of the nose by building up the structure and must also anticipate the effects of scar contracture. This entails structural grafting with autologous cartilage. In this paper, the authors present the grafting techniques most commonly used to sculpt the nasal framework; in primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Tried and tested grafts are presented, with the appropriate nomenclature relating to each and also the anatomical locations of and clinical indications for each.     

功能性鼻整形解剖学基础及进展

鼻整形按照手术目的可以分为美容性鼻整形和功能性鼻整形。功能性鼻整形是通过调整鼻部框架结构来改善鼻子的通气功能,手术过程中,外观也会发生改变。常见的功能性鼻整形病种有歪鼻、尾段鼻中隔偏曲、陈旧性鼻骨骨折、鼻软骨畸形、内外鼻瓣的塌陷和狭窄等。现将对功能性鼻整形的解剖学基础与进展作一综述,以提高对功能性鼻整形的认识。     

The 'butterfly' graft in functional secondary rhinoplasty

OBJECTIVE: To describe a surgical technique (the conchal cartilage "butterfly" graft) which, when used in properly selected patients, has been found to be a dependable method for alleviation of postrhinoplasty internal nasal valve dysfunction. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: Analysis of consecutive patients with weakness and/or collapse of the upper lateral cartilages following rhinoplasty. Seventy-two patients (37 women and 35 men, age range 17-76 y) had severe nasal obstruction and were found to have indications for this procedure. All patients had undergone at least one rhinoplastic procedure. All patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years after surgery. RESULTS: All 72 patients experienced significant subjective improvement in relative nasal obstruction. Two patients (3%) reported less than total resolution of their difficulty breathing through their nose; the remaining 70 patients (97%) reported complete resolution of their nasal airway problems. No patients reported their postoperative nasal obstruction as the same or worse than their preoperative baseline. Sixty-two patients (86%) reported improvement in the appearance of their nose, 8 patients (11%) felt that their appearance was unchanged, and 2 patients (3%) felt that the appearance of their nose was made worse by the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Patients presenting with nasal obstruction after rhinoplasty are frequently found to have collapse and/or weakening of their upper lateral cartilages with resulting nasal valve dysfunction. The conchal cartilage "butterfly" graft is a technique which, when properly performed during revision rhinoplasty, yields predictable functional and cosmetic results with minimal morbidity.     

Treatment outcomes of pediatric rhinoplasty: The Asan Medical Center experience

Objective

Performing rhinoplasty in children has been an issue of some debate due to concerns about potential harmful effects on nasoseptal growth. However, there is a paucity of evidence describing the outcomes of pediatric rhinoplasty. This study presents our experience of performing this procedure in children of 17 years of age and younger.

Methods

The study population consisted of 64 Korean children between 4 and 17 years of age who underwent rhinoplasty between May 2003 and August 2011. Forty-six of the patients were boys and 18 were girls with a mean follow-up period of 59 months. The diagnosis of the patients, the extent of the surgical maneuver performed, and the surgical outcomes were reviewed. Subjective satisfaction of the patients was investigated by telephone interview. Surgical outcomes, which were judged by two independent ENT surgeons, were evaluated by comparing preoperative and postoperative photographs. Satisfaction scores were graded using a visual analog scale (from 1 = satisfied, to 4 = dissatisfied). Anthropometric measurements of nasal parameters were performed preoperatively and postoperatively.

Results

Rhinoplasty was performed in our patient cohort due to a deviated nose (32.8%), nasal bone fracture (18.8%), flat nose (6.3%), nasal mass (4.7%), hump nose (3.1%), nasal dermoid sinus cyst (1.6%), and additional cosmetic rhinoplasty for planned septoplasty (32.8%). The median patient satisfaction score was 2.09 compared with a median doctor satisfaction score of 1.81. Anthropometric measurements showed statistically significant improvements in nasal tip projection, nasal length, dorsal height, and radix height after rhinoplasty. Seventeen patients (26.6%) experienced esthetic dissatisfaction such as deviation, tip depression, bulbous tip, short nose, and nostril asymmetry. Eight patients (12.5%) experienced postoperative difficulty in nasal breathing, and two patients (3.1%) complained of transient nasal pain after rhinoplasty. Six patients (9.4%) underwent revision surgery, and four patients (6.3%) were seriously considering a revision operation.

Conclusions

The outcome analysis in our series reveals that rhinoplasty in children is complicated by a high rate of revision and esthetic dissatisfaction. The results of this study may indicate that surgeons should have a conservative attitude and apply strict indication in selecting pediatric rhinoplasty candidates.     

Illusions in rhinoplasty.

A good rhinoplasty surgeon attempts to enhance nasal performance through airway and appearance improvement. The great rhinoplasty surgeon routinely improves not only nasal performance but endeavors to achieve a higher level of overall facial aesthetic enhancement by manipulating the surgical illusions of the face. This cohesive interplay of science between the eyes, cheeks, nose, lips, and chin is known all to well by the master facial plastic surgeon who defines the art of rhinoplasty.     

Ethnic rhinoplasty

Rhinoplasty is one of the main facial plastic procedures performed worldwide. Ethnic patients today are mainly mixed-race patients. Diagnosis is based on anatomical findings and surgery should be planned based on patients’ needs and what they define as beautiful. Different surgical techniques are presented where a structural approach to rhinoplasty is explained. Very little tissue is resected and support structures of the nose are strengthened with sutures and grafts. A gradual approach to the nasal tip is also presented progressing from simple predictable techniques to more complex unpredictable ones. The final result should be noses with greater definition and refinement that are harmonious and blend in with patients’ faces.     

Knorpeltransplantate bei der funktionell-ästhetischen Rhinoplastik

Complications after rhinoplasty could often be prevented if less of the support structures of the nose were resected and cartilage transplants were used to give stability. Long-term complications depend heavily on the nasal anatomy, Which is why the surgeon must be able to identify anatomical variants and adapt the surgical technique as necessary. Thus, rhinoplasty techniques have moved away from excisional methods and shifted toward repositioning and restructuring existing tissues. Conservative reduction and preservation of support structures will maximize the aesthetic and functional results. Checking the shape of the tip of the nose is the critical step, and stabilization of the nasal base in particular leads to a good long-term outcome with preservation of the nasal tip projection. The surgeon needs to stabilize the structure of the nose by building up the structure and must also anticipate the effects of scar contracture. This entails structural grafting with autologous cartilage. In this paper, the authors present the grafting techniques most commonly used to sculpt the nasal framework; in primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Tried and tested grafts are presented, with the appropriate nomenclature relating to each and also the anatomical locations of and clinical indications for each.     

New trends in rhinoplasty

Rhinoplasty is one of the most interesting and complex aesthetic surgeries. It's main aesthetic and artistic goal is to enhance beauty by creating a harmonious natural looking face. There isn't one and only standard rhinoplasty procedure, but as many rhinoplasties as there are individual patients. Everyone seeks for more wellbeing and self-confidence in the quest of beauty. Along with facial aesthetic, rhinoplasty aims to improve the nasal breathing function, another important factor for patients. Rhinoplasties have evolved in much the same way as other plastic surgeries: more radical; more preserving of the function; and more simple both in concept and in procedure. Rhinoplasty procedures are simplified with the objective of reducing surgical trauma and optimising down time. It remains a surgical act, but newer fields of aesthetic medicine modify its philosophic and technical approach. Furthermore, approaches which propose an external approach and large dissection are now becoming less common. The developpement of aesthetic medicine is also one of the most recent and important "evolution corner" in the indication strategy. We can now modifiy and "sculpt" the nose by using fillers, with or without the use of botulinum toxin. In this article, the author describes his personal surgical strategies and the position of non-surgical solutions in the modification of the nose appearance.     

Assessing outcome in aesthetic rhinoplasty

In the measurement of outcome, rhinoplasty surgery suffers from the lack of easily calculable data such as recurrence rates or survival figures, which are inherent in other branches of the speciality and surgical practice in general. We have reviewed methods utilized for the assessment of outcome following aesthetic rhinoplasty, and have developed an instrument by which a pre- and postoperative assessment of nasal and facial appearance can be made from standard frontal, lateral, basal and oblique photographs, the Rhinoplasty Assessment Scale (Photographic) (RASP). It is our intention that this will act as a template for methodical and standardized photographic assessment of the nose prior to rhinoplasty. This will highlight the changes required and provide a quantitative measure of nasal aesthetics, which will be complimentary to existing measures of subjective patient benefit.     

Surgical anatomy of the nose

A good anatomical knowledge is a pre-requisite to all surgeries. In rhinoplasty, where many steps are performed without visual control and are only guided by palpation, anatomy must be mastered. Based on classical static anatomy and dynamic surgical modifications of the nose, this study analyses anatomical and surgical correlation and reports their technical implications. Correction of the shape of the nose is to be able to conceptualize the underlying skeleton and to program adapted surgical procedure for each case.     

Crooked nose: outcome evaluations in rhinoplasty

A crooked nose is the result of deformities that might involve the bony nasal pyramid, the upper and lower lateral cartilages, and nasal septum, causing complaints of aesthetic and/or functional nature.PurposeTo evaluate how satisfied are those patients who underwent rhinoplasty to correct crooked nose, through the questionnaire Rhinoplasty Outcomes Evaluation (ROE).Material and methodA longitudinal study with retrospective analysis of preoperative satisfaction and prospective analysis of postoperative satisfaction of patients who underwent rhinoplasty. ROE questionnaire was applied twice in the same visit aiming at measuring patient satisfaction in both pre and postoperative periods. Nineteen patients who underwent rhinoplasty answered the ROE.ResultsFor all patients who underwent rhinoplasty, the average preoperative satisfaction score was of 24.6±11.3, while the average postoperative score was of 76.1±19.5 (p<0.0001). Average differences between pre and postoperative satisfaction scores in patients younger than 30 years of age were lower than those reported by ≥30-year-old patients (p=0.05).ConclusionFrom the Rhinoplasty Outcomes Evaluation questionnaire, it is possible to demonstrate the impact that rhinoplasty to correct a crooked nose determines the quality of life of patients. Approximately 90% of patients undergoing rhinoplasty believed they achieved a good or excellent postoperative result.     

Management of the keel nose and associated valve collapse

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the anatomical abnormality of the keel nose and correlate the findings with etiologic maneuvers of a routine rhinoplasty procedure; to identify the contributing factors and offer suggestions to avoid or decrease the severity of these surgical complications; and to present an effective revisional procedure to correct the functional and cosmetic consequences of this deformity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 47 patients (31 women and 16 men; age range, 18-71 years) with a keel-appearing nose presented for revision rhinoplasty. All had undergone at least 1 rhinoplasty procedure, and 39 had undergone 2 or more previous nasal procedures. All patients had bilateral lateral nasal wall collapse and an associated severely compromised internal nasal valve. All patients underwent reconstruction with a conchal cartilage overlay graft. RESULTS: All patients had a moderate to excellent cosmetic improvement; the subjective improvement in nasal airway was more dramatic. Since patients with a keel nose have an associated internal valve collapse, both abnormalities are addressed simultaneously with the conchal cartilage overlay repair, which results in minimal morbidity with no major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Conchal cartilage overlay repair uses a cartilage graft from the auricle with a recommended external rhinoplasty for placement. Appropriate sizing and fashioning precede the precise placement and suture fixation. This technique addresses both functional and cosmetic abnormalities.     

Grafts amd implants in rhinoplasty and nasal reconstruction

The quest for nasal symmetry and balance with the face often mandates the need for implantable materials to sculpt and rebuild the nasal skeleton and the overlying tissues. A suitable implant must be biocompatible, strong, and elastic. Implant materials that may be used in the nose can be divided into four groups: autografts, homografts, xenografts, and alloplasts. Each type of implant is reviewed and discussed in the context of rhinoplasty and nasal reconstruction.     

Postoperative sequelae and complications of rhinoplasty

This article has overviewed complications of rhinoplasty. Generally, these complications fall into two categories: aesthetic (that is, cosmetic sequelae that may require a revision rhinoplasty) and nonaesthetic. Of the nonaesthetic complications, infection has the widest span of severity. A localized Staphylococcus aureus abscess or Pseudomonas infection of the nose may occur postoperatively. Owing to the proximity of the nose to the cranium, a cavernous sinus thrombosis or basilar meningitis may result. Postoperative toxic-shock syndrome is a rare occurrence that surgeons should be aware of; most cases have occurred with the presence of nasal packing, but a case using only plastic nasal splints has been reported also. Bacteremia seems to be uncommon during rhinoplasty. Infection after rhinoplasty is generally much less frequent than one would expect from an operation in an unsterile field. Antibiotics are frequently utilized electively. Postoperative nasal-periorbital edema and ecchymosis are regarded as unavoidable but may be lessened significantly by postoperative head elevation and cold packs. The possibility of postoperative bleeding must be evaluated by the surgeon preoperatively. This sequela usually occurs either within 72 hours postoperatively or at around 10 days postoperatively. Many different causes exist for chronic postoperative nasal obstruction, from poorly supported nasal valves closing upon inspiration to an enhanced allergic rhinitis leading to chronic nasal mucosal edema. The latter may be treated by injection of steroid into the turbinates. Among aesthetic complications, supratip prominence, saddle deformity, and persistent hump are among the more commonly reported. Supratip prominence--"polly-beak"--can be caused by inadequate reduction of tip cartilaginous or soft-tissue elements, especially in relation to the reduction of the dorsum. An over-reduced dorsum will leave an otherwise normal nasal tip with a relative prominence. An accumulation of blood or a mucous cyst occurring under the skin of the tip will produce a prominence. Poor tip projection, tip ptosis, and alar collapse are the result of overreduction of tip elements. A dislocated alar cartilage can appear as an asymmetric nasal bossa. Saddle-nose deformity occurs after overaggressive bony and/or cartilaginous hump removal. Infractured nasal bones that subsequently drop into the piriform aperture can create a bony saddle. Persistent hump is due to inadequate reduction of a bony or cartilaginous hump. If the septal cartilage reduction is disproportionate to the bony septum reduction, the appearance of either a hump or a saddle is possible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Open rhinoplasty

Excellent exposure of the nose is possible using the open rhinoplasty technique. This technique improves surgical control of the maneuvers employed, leading to better surgical results. However, thorough understanding and skill in application of rhinoplasty technique are necessary to acquire these better results. The stigma of the columellar incision is slowly being put to rest, as surgeons, employing the technique relate their satisfaction and their patients' lack of dissatisfaction with the scar. Increasingly, surgeons are utilizing this technique, thereby learning more about rhinoplasty and enhancing the teaching and performance of this art. Acceptance is increasing, even to the point of popularity. Open rhinoplasty has survived its infancy and is enjoying a vigorous growth in North America.     

开放鼻整形术在歪鼻畸形矫正中的应用

目的探索开放鼻整形术在歪鼻畸形矫正中的应用。方法采用鼻开放入路,在直视下根据鼻梁畸形情况,对畸形的鼻骨性支架结构和软骨支架结构等对症处理,矫正鼻梁歪斜,改善通气功能。结果临床应用68例,效果满意。结论开放鼻整形术具有操作灵活、术野清晰、效果确切的临床效果。对歪鼻畸形,尤其是严重的歪鼻畸形,手术效果确切可靠。     

Correction of crooked noses by external rhinoplasty

External rhinoplasty is considered as the approach of choice in correcting nasal deformity following injury, either accidental or surgical. The advantages of a good exposure, lack of injury to the skin, osteotomies under direct vision, and the accurate placing of grafts giving a good anatomical and physiological correction are discussed. Pictorial demonstration of results is accompanied by drawings showing the nasal pathology as seen through the external approach.     

开放性鼻整形切口治疗儿童先天性鼻中线囊肿及瘘管4例及文献复习

目的 探讨开放性鼻整形切口在治疗儿童先天性鼻中线囊肿及瘘管的手术适应证及预后.方法 回顾分析4例先天性鼻中线囊肿及瘘管的儿童[男3例,女1例,2～6岁(平均4岁)]的临床资料、影像学资料、治疗效果及预后情况,所有患儿均在接受全身麻醉下开放性鼻整形切口入路切除病灶,术后规律随访,随访参数包括病灶复发情况、切口瘢痕情况、鼻...     

The external (combination) rhinoplasty approach for the problem nose

The external (combination) rhinoplasty approach has gradually gained acceptance as an approach to expose the nasal infrastructure. Its wide exposure has sharpened diagnostic skills by correlating pre-operative clinical impressions with specific anatomic deformities found at surgery. Its wide access has greatly increased as well as simplified the range of surgical maneuvers used in reconstruction. Following a review of the external approach, attention is focused on some of the problem nasal deformities where this approach has been helpful in obtaining good results. Nasal valve obstruction, nasal tip problems, nasal pyramid depression, and the crooked nose are discussed in terms of pathological anatomy and techniques of repair.