老年急性心肌梗死患者急诊冠状动脉支架术的临床评价

目的　探讨老年急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者急诊冠状动脉支架术的临床疗效和安全性。方法　共对 95例住院老年AMI患者的 10 4支靶血管、114处靶病变急诊植入冠状动脉支架 110枚。患者术前合并心源性休克 2 9例 ,心肺复苏 3例 ,急诊冠状动脉造影示多支病变 5 8例 ,梗死相关动脉 (IRA)狭窄 99%～ 10 0 % ,心肌梗死溶栓试验 (TIMI)血流 0级 72例 ,1～ 2级 2 3例。结果　IRA开通率 10 0 % ,110枚支架均植入成功 ,术后平均残余狭窄 (0 .4± 3.5 1) % ,全部恢复TIMI 3级血流 ,无操作并发症 ,即刻成功率 10 0 %。从入导管室至IRA开通时间平均 (17.6± 1.87)min。术后共 6例死亡 ,住院期间总病死率 6 .3% ,其中 4例死于不可逆心源性休克 (休克病死率 13.8% )。对出院的 89例随访 1～ 5 2个月 ,平均 (2 5 .1± 12 .3)个月 ,87例存活 ,存活率 97.8%。 2 8例造影随访者中 5例支架内再狭窄 (再狭窄率17.8% )。结论　急诊支架术对老年AMI患者具有理想的即刻和长期疗效。合理选择器械、操作技术熟练和围术期并发症处理经验是保证老年AMI急诊冠状动脉支架术获得高成功率的 3个关键。     

冠脉介入治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的初步临床观察

目的探讨冠状动脉介入治疗对老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心源性休克的疗效.方法急诊下对16例平均年龄(71.4±4.7)岁的AMI患者的16支梗死相关动脉(IRA)的21处靶病变进行介入治疗.术前IRA平均狭窄99.7%±0.3%,冠状动脉血流(TIMI)0级14例,1～2级2例.其中21处靶病变置入支架20枚,1例失败. 结果IRA和靶病变介入治疗的成功率分别为93.7%及95.2%,87.5%者TIMI血流恢复至3级.无手术并发症及术中发生死亡.平均开通时间(24.3±4.3)min,术后住院期间5例(31.2%)死亡.对出院的11例患者平均随访12个月全部存活.结论急诊冠状动脉介入治疗对高龄AMI合并心源性休克高危患者疗效显著.     

曲美他嗪对急性心肌梗死患者急诊PCI术后冠状动脉血流的影响

目的观察曲美他嗪对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者行急诊冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后冠状动脉血流的影响。方法将拟行急诊PCI的AMI患者90例随机分为观察组和对照组各45例,两组均行常规药物治疗,观察组于术前口服曲美他嗪。两组急诊PCI时行冠状动脉造影检查,记录两组再通后的心肌梗死溶栓试验血流(TIMI)分级、校正的TIMI血流帧数(CTFC)及TIMI心肌灌注分级(TMBG)。结果观察组TIMI分级0~Ⅱ级6例、Ⅲ级39例,对照组分别为9、37例;两组比较,P均>0.05。观察组CTFC为(21.7±5.38)帧,对照组为(27.1±6.34)帧,P<0.05。观察组TMBG分级0~Ⅱ级9例、Ⅲ级36例,对照组分别为15、30例,P<0.05。结论曲美他嗪可明显改善AMI患者急诊PCI术后的冠状动脉血流。     

急性心肌梗死患者静脉溶栓治疗的疗效观察

目的观察静脉溶栓对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者心肌梗死溶栓(TIMI)血流的影响。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2006年10月北京市顺义区医院AMI患者229例的病例资料,131例接受静脉溶栓(IVT)治疗(溶栓组),98例接受急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗(急诊PCI组),比较两组的治疗开始时间和近期预后。溶栓组104例接受补救或延迟PCI(溶栓 PCI组),与急诊PCI组比较,分析两组的TIMI血流情况。结果溶栓组溶栓开始时间明显早于急诊PCI组球囊扩张时间(67.79min对134.54min,P<0.01);冠状动脉造影时,溶栓 PCI组TIMI3级血流、TIMI3级和TIMI2级血流之和均明显高于急诊PCI组(分别为40.4%对24.5%,P=0.016;63.5%对36.7%,P<0.01);1个月内主要不良心血管事件发生率,溶栓组和急诊PCI组差异无显著性意义。结论静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死可以更快地实现早期再灌注达到TIMI2级血流以上,宜在基层医院推广。     

急性心肌梗死急诊冠脉介入治疗的近期疗效

目的观察冠心病急性心肌梗死(AMI)的急诊心脏介入(PCI)治疗效果。方法对30例急性心肌梗死的患者发病12小时内行急诊PCI。共植入支架48支:前降支25支,右冠脉18支,回旋支4支,左主干1支。结果28例术后血流达TIMIⅢ级,2例即刻达TIMIⅡ级,术后1例患者死于脑出血。结论急性心肌梗死行急诊PCI成功率高,效果好,并发症少。     

冠脉介入治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的初步临床观察

目的:探讨冠状动脉介入治疗对老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心源性休克的疗效。 方法:急诊下对16例平均年龄(71.4±4.7)岁的AMI患者的16支梗死相关动脉(IRA)的21处靶病变进行介入治疗。术前IRA平均狭窄99.7％±0.3％,冠状动脉血流(TIMI)0级14例,1～2级2例。其中21处靶病变置入支架20枚,1例失败。 结果:IRA和靶病变介入治疗的成功率分别为93.7％及95.2％,87.5％者TIMI血流恢复至3级。无手术并发症及术中发生死亡。平均开通时间(24.3±4.3)min,术后住院期间5例(31.2％)死亡。对出院的11例患者平均随访12个月全部存活。 结论:急诊冠状动脉介入治疗对高龄AMI合并心源性休克高危患者疗效显著。     

急诊介入治疗对老年急性心肌梗死并心原性休克的疗效观察

目的探讨急诊冠状动脉介入治疗对老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)并心原性休克的近期及中期疗效.方法对20例平均年龄(71.4±6.4)岁的老年AMI患者的21支梗死相关动脉(IRA)的29处靶病变行急诊介入治疗.术前IRA平均狭窄(99.9±0.4)%,心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)血流 0级15例,1～2级5例.对其中15处靶病变置入支架15枚.结果病例、IRA及靶病变的介入治疗成功率分别为95.0%、 95.2% 及96.6%,成功者94.7%恢复TIMI 血流3级.无因手术并发症及术中死亡发生者.平均开通时间(19.8±3.9)min,术后住院期间8例(40%)死亡.发病距治疗≤6h的10例全部存活,>6h者仅存活2例(P<0.01).对出院的12例患者随访7个月以上全部存活,无任何不良心脏事件发生.结论急诊介入治疗(尤其是急诊冠状动脉支架术)对高龄AMI并心原性休克高危患者有显著疗效,其主要优势为再通快、TIMI血流 3级率高、近期及中期病死率降低,发病≤6h者介入治疗疗效更为显著.     

急性心肌梗死心肺复苏后冠状动脉内支架治疗

目的探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)心肺复苏(CPR)后急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)的疗效。方法182例接受急诊PCI的AMI患者,9例有CPR史,对CPR的发生时间、CPR所需时间、冠状动脉造影结果、支架指标、CPR并发症进行回顾性分析。结果CPR所需时间2～13(5.4±3.0)min。梗死相关血管左前降支近段闭塞6例,右冠状动脉近段闭塞3例,均无侧支循环。每支梗死相关冠状动脉置入支架1枚,前向血流TIMI3级。脑复苏不全1例,应激性溃疡1例。结论急诊PCI治疗CPR后AMI是一种安全有效的方法。     

溶栓禁忌证的老年急性心肌梗死患者直接介入治疗的探讨

目的　探讨不能溶栓的老年急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者直接介入治疗的安全性与有效性。方法　对 31例 70岁以上的患者 ,3例 6 0～ 6 9岁有溶栓禁忌证的老年心肌梗死的患者进行了直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术 (PTCA)与冠状动脉内支架术。结果　有 34例梗死相关动脉 (IRA)心肌梗死溶栓试验 (TIMI)血流 0级 2 7例 ,1级 7例。 31例直接行PTCA成功 ,其中 4例患者直接PTCA后其残余狭窄 <10 %且无明显的内膜撕裂和夹层。 2 7例IRA具有支架置入的适应证 ,即刻造影IRATIMI血流达 3级。 2例行冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)。有 1例因IRA完全闭塞 ,PT CA未能成功。直接介入成功率 97%。 31例患者经过平均 (11.4± 3.7)个月随访 ,无再梗死及急诊再次血运重建 ,但 4例有心绞痛 ,造影证实为冠状动脉支架再狭窄再次行PTCA成功。结论　对溶栓有禁忌证的老年AMI患者行直接介入治疗 ,具有较高的成功率及安全性。     

冠状动脉内注射替罗非班对老年糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者的影响

目的探讨冠状动脉内注射替罗非班对老年糖尿病合并急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者急诊PCI的近期疗效和安全性。方法选择急诊PCI的老年糖尿病合并AMI患者97例,随机分为对照组(A组)49例、替罗非班组(B组)48例;另选择同期急诊PCI给予替罗非班治疗的非老年糖尿病合并AMI患者(C组)129例。对3组冠状动脉病变特征、并发症发生率等进行比较。结果与A组比较,B组和C组PCI术后TIMI 3级血流、心肌灌注3级明显升高(P<0.01),心肌灌注0～1级、2级、平均住院天数、梗死后心绞痛、恶性心律失常发生率明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。3组单支、双支和3支病变、入院到球囊扩张平均时间、住院期间再梗死、支架内血栓、心源性休克发生率和30d病死率等无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论替罗非班能有效改善老年糖尿病合并AMI患者的TIMI血流和心肌灌注分级,降低梗死后心绞痛、恶性心律失常等并发症的发生。并不增加严重出血并发症。     

Combined revascularization strategy for acute myocardial infarction in patients with intracoronary thrombus: preceding intracoronary thrombolysis and subsequent mechanical angioplasty

Thrombus in the infarct-related artery is one of the limitations for flow restoration in primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) treatment for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The present study investigated the benefit of preceding intracoronary thrombolysis (ICT) by retrospectively analyzing acute phase flow restoration in 80 AMI patients with intracoronary thrombus: 40 undergoing primary PTCA alone (primary PTCA group) and 40 treated with preceding ICT plus PTCA (combined group). Acute phase Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade flow was as follows: TIMI 0/1: 35.0% vs 12.5% for the primary PTCA group and the combined group, p=0.06; TIMI 2: 7.5% vs 15.0%, p=NS; TIMI 3: 57.5% vs 72.5%, p=NS). In the subgroup analysis, it was also less in the combined group among 33 patients with a left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) lesion (42.1 % vs 7.1%, p=0.08), but not among the remaining 47 with either a right coronary artery or left circumflex artery lesion. The combined therapy may potentially provide better acute phase flow restoration in AMI patients with an intracoronary thrombus in a LAD lesion.     

Predictors and prognosis of suboptimal coronary blood flow after primary coronary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

We hypothesized that certain clinical and angiographic characteristics on presentation predict suboptimal infarct artery flow after percutaneous intervention during acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The goal of angioplasty (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty [PTCA]) during AMI is the prompt restoration of normal flow to achieve myocardial reperfusion. However, inadequate epicardial coronary flow is observed in 10% to 20% of patients. From 2 large randomized trials-Global Use of Strategies To open Occluded arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes-IIb, and Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Blockade With Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction-patients undergoing primary PTCA during AMI were included in the analysis. A multivariate logistic model was used to identify factors associated with final Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade < or =2. The 891 patients were aged (mean +/- SD) 61 +/- 12 years, 75% were men, and 39% had an anterior wall AMI. Patients underwent PTCA within 4.8 +/- 3.2 hours from the onset of chest pain. The incidence of final TIMI 3 flow was 81%. TIMI flow grade < or =2 was independently associated with increasing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.39 for every 10 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19 to 1.62), increasing heart rate (OR 1.16 for every 10 beats, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.28), and presence of visible thrombus on baseline angiogram (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.05). Conversely, baseline TIMI 2 or 3 flow grade (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.75) and left circumflex intervention (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.79) correlated with normal postprocedural coronary flow. Mortality was significantly higher in patients with TIMI < or =2 than TIMI 3 flow grade (10.2% vs 1.5%, p <0.001, respectively). Thus, angiographic evidence of thrombus and 2 pivotal clinical characteristics, advanced age and elevated heart rate, predict lack of adequate coronary reperfusion. Conversely, the presence of normal or near-normal coronary flow before intervention correlates with a good angiographic result. Mortality risk is increased in patients with postprocedural suboptimal angiographic coronary flow.     

Safety of adjunctive intracoronary thrombolytic therapy during complex percutaneous coronary intervention: initial experience with intracoronary tenecteplase.

Intracoronary thrombus is associated with increased risk of in-laboratory vessel closure, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), urgent vessel revascularization, and death. There is a lack of consensus on what represents the ideal treatment for patients with thrombotic complications during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but the development of newer thrombolytic agents with increased fibrin specificity and longer half-life provides a potentially useful treatment option. In this study, the safety and efficacy of intracoronary tenecteplase (TNK) was evaluated in 34 patients (22 with acute ST elevation MI, 4 with rescue PCI, 6 with non-ST elevation MI, and 2 during elective PCI) who developed no-reflow, distal embolization, or visible intracoronary thrombus during PCI. The mean age was 57 years, 76% were Caucasian, and there were 14 women and 20 men. Cardiogenic shock was present in seven (21%) patients at baseline. All patients were being treated with aspirin and either unfractionated heparin (33 patients) or bivalrudin. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 76% of patients. Intracoronary TNK was used at a mean dose of 10.2 +/- 5.2 mg (median, 10 mg; range, 5-25 mg). There was one TIMI major bleeding event and three TIMI minor bleeding events. The mean hematocrit measured the morning following PCI was 35.5% +/- 4.9% in patients receiving TNK and 36.5% +/- 4.4% in a randomly selected sample of 150 consecutive patients undergoing PCI (P = 0.25). In conjunction with mechanical intervention, TNK was successful at dissolving angiographic thrombus and/or improving flow in 91% of patients. In conclusion, intracoronary TNK is safe and well tolerated in patients who develop thrombotic complications during complex PCI.     

老年急性心肌梗死患者急诊介入治疗联合应用替罗非班的安全性分析

目的探讨老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)联合应用替罗非班的安全性。方法150例AMI患者行急诊PCI时联合应用替罗非班。按年龄≥65岁和<65岁将患者分为老年组(40例)和非老年组(110例),分析两组患者出血并发症和血小板减少症的发生情况。并根据是否达到心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)出血标准将患者分为TIMI出血组(10例)和非TIMI出血组(140例),分析出血的相关危险因素。结果老年组达到TIMI出血标准的发生率有高于非老年组的趋势(12.5%vs4.5%,P=0.132)。logistic多因素分析提示仅有术后即刻的活化部分凝血酶原时间值是发生TIMI出血事件的独立危险因素(P=0.013,OR=1.458)。两组血小板减少症发生率无显著差异(0vs2.7%,P=0.565)。结论在≥65岁的老年AMI患者中,急诊PCI联合应用替罗非班是安全的。     

Export aspiration catheter thrombosuction before actual angioplasty in primary coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in lesions with a large thrombus load increases the procedural complication rate. We describe a thrombus reduction technique in this setting using the Export aspiration catheter (EAC) for primary thrombosuction before actual angioplasty. The EAC is a component of the GuardWire Plus system (PercuSurge, Sunnyvale, CA), which was originally developed for emboli containment in saphenous vein graft and peripheral vessel interventions. Primary EAC thrombosuction was performed successfully in 12 patients undergoing primary PCI, and gross thrombi were obtained from 9 patients (75%). After definitive treatment with balloon angioplasty and/or stenting, TIMI 3 flow was restored in all target vessels. There was no angiographic evidence of distal branch loss or vessel injury. No major procedural or in-hospital complication occurred in any patients. This primary EAC thrombosuction technique may offer a new, potentially effective method for thrombus burden reduction in treating AMI patients.     

Characteristics and mortality following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction in Spain. Results from the TRIANA 1 (TRatamiento del Infarto Agudo de miocardio eN Ancianos) Registry

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Although more elderly patients will experience acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in coming years, the best reperfusion strategy in these patients remains unknown. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The Spanish TRIANA (TRatamiento del Infarto Agudo de miocardio eN Ancianos) registry was set up to determine the feasibility of performing a randomized study of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus thrombolysis in AMI patients aged > or =75 years. The TRIANA 1 subregistry included consecutive patients of all ages with ST-segment-elevation AMI (< or =12 h from onset) who underwent PCI in selected hospitals. RESULTS: In total, 459 TRIANA-1 patients were included at 25 hospitals over 3 months. Some 11% had cardiogenic shock. PCI was performed as rescue therapy in 24% and, in 15% because thrombolysis was contraindicated. After PCI, 83% had TIMI grade-3 flow without significant residual stenosis. Mortality at 1 month was 10.8%. Independent predictors of mortality identified by multivariate analysis were: cardiogenic shock at admission (OR, 7.2, 95% CI, 2.2-23.3), age (OR, 1.05 per year, 95% CI, 1.005-1.100), maximum creatine kinase MB fraction (OR, 1.01, 95% CI, 1.004-1.270) and post-PCI TIMI grade <3 (OR, 2.8, 95% CI, 1.0-8.3). Of 104 participants aged > or =75 years (mortality, 24%), 58 (55.7%) fulfilled criteria for inclusion in a randomized study. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The TRIANA 1 subregistry probably reflects the reality of PCI for AMI in Spain. 2) Mortality at 1 month was associated with classic predictive factors. 3) Some 50% of patients > or =75 years old who underwent PCI could be included in a randomized study. These findings indicate that randomized study to determine the best reperfusion strategy in elderly AMI patients is feasible.     

急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者院内死亡因素分析

目的:分析急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)手术住院期间死亡的危险因素及死亡原因。方法:438例接受急诊PCI的AMI患者,根据住院期间存活与否,分为死亡组(21例)和存活组(417例),比较两组患者的临床特征和冠状动脉造影及介入治疗结果,分析发生院内死亡的原因及死亡预测因素。结果:死亡组患者中年龄65岁、心功能Killp分级≥Ⅱ级、心源性休克、广泛前壁梗死、多支闭塞(≥2支)、近段闭塞、梗死相关动脉(IRA)开通后即刻TIMI血流≤Ⅱ级、IRA开通后即刻血压下降与存活组相比较差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析表明年龄65岁、心功能Killp分级≥Ⅱ级、心源性休克、广泛前壁梗死、IRA开通后即刻TIMI血流≤Ⅱ级是急诊PCI患者围术期死亡的独立预测因素。死亡原因中,心源性休克8例(38.1%)、恶性心律失常6例(28.6%)分居第1和第2位。结论:年龄65岁、心功能Killp分级≥Ⅱ级、心源性休克、广泛前壁梗死、IRA开通后即刻TIMI血流≤Ⅱ级是急诊PCI患者围术期死亡的危险因素。心源性休克、恶性心律失常是急诊PCI手术住院期间主要死亡原因。     

血栓抽吸导管在急性心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中的应用

目的评价急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中应用Diver CE血栓抽吸导管的可靠性、实用性与安全性。方法选择我院2006年7月至2007年7月接受直接PCI的AMI患者64例,分成血栓抽吸后经皮冠状动脉介入治疗组(PT+PCI)与单纯PCI组,比较两组间TIMI血流、心肌灌注分级(TMP)(2.65±0.54)级、2 h ST段回落率56.07%±9.20%、左室射血分数(LVEF)及血管重建率。结果PT+PCI组的TIMI血流(2.54±0.18)级、TMP(2.65±0.54)级、2 h ST段回落率89.73%±9.43%、LVEF值56.07%±9.20%及血管重建率0%,明显优于单纯PCI组的TIMI血流(2.01±0.28)级、TMP(1.52±0.47)级、2 hST段回落率56.41%±12.59%、LVEF值51.11%±8.97%及血管重建率3.33%(P<0.05)。结论PCI中应用Diver CE血栓抽吸装置能明显减少冠状动脉血栓及远端栓塞,有效地改善心肌灌注,减少无复流发生,使用安全,效果明显。     

The effects of prior use of atorvastatin on coronary blood flow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: Statins exert a variety of favourable effects on the vascular system not directly related to their lipid lowering function known as pleiotropic effects. There are not enough data regarding the effects of prior statin use on coronary blood flow after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Accordingly, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of prior statin use on coronary blood flow after primary PCI in patients with AMI using the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) frame count method. METHODS: The study population consisted of 200 patients (161 men; mean age=62+/-7 years) referred to cardiology clinics with AMI who subsequently underwent successful primary PCI. The study population was divided into two groups according to statin use before primary PCI. Group 1 consisted of 98 patients (75 men; mean age=63+/-7 years) not taking statin and group 2 consisted of 102 patients (86 men; mean age=61+/-7 years) taking daily dose of at least 40 mg atorvastatin for at least 6 months. Coronary blood flow was determined by TIMI frame count method using the angiographic images obtained just after PCI and stenting. RESULTS: Only mean TIMI frame count was detected to be significantly lower in patients taking at least 40 mg atorvastatin for at least 6 months compared with that of the patients taking no statin (P<0.001). After confounding variables were controlled for, the mean TIMI frame count of patients in group 2 was significantly lower than that of the patients in group 1 (P=0.001). Pain to balloon time and vessel type were detected as important confounding variables of TIMI frame count after analysis of covariances. CONCLUSIONS: Prior statin use may improve coronary blood flow after PCI in patients with AMI, possibly by its beneficial effects on microvascular function.