Brain‐behavior relationships in young traumatic brain injury patients: DTI metrics are highly correlated with postural control

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of impairment and functional disability in children and adolescents, including deterioration in fine as well as gross motor skills. The aim of this study was to assess deficits in sensory organization and postural ability in a young group of TBI patients versus controls by using quantitative force‐platform recordings, and to test whether balance deficits are related to variation in structural properties of the motor and sensory white matter pathways. Twelve patients with TBI and 14 controls (aged 8–20 years) performed the Sensory Organisation Test (SOT) protocol of the EquiTest® (Neurocom). All participants were scanned using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) along with standard anatomical scans. Quantitative comparisons of DTI parameters (fractional anisotropy, axial and radial diffusivity) between TBI patients and controls were performed. Correlations between DTI parameters and SOT balance scores were determined. Findings revealed that the TBI group scored generally lower than the control group on the SOT, indicative of deficits in postural control. In the TBI group, reductions in fractional anisotropy were noted in the cerebellum, posterior thalamic radiation, and corticospinal tract. Degree of white matter deterioration was highly correlated with balance deficits. This study supports the view that DTI is a valuable tool for assessing the integrity of white matter structures and for selectively predicting functional motor deficits in TBI patients. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

创伤性脑损伤患者行早期高压氧治疗对认知功能障碍的影响及神经作用机制

目的 探讨早期高压氧治疗创伤性脑损伤(TBI)存在认知功能障碍的临床效果,并分析其神经作用机制.方法 采用分层抽样法将菏泽市立医院2017-03—2019-01收治的78例TBI患者分为2组进行研究.对照组39例予以认知康复训练和常规基础治疗,研究组39例联合使用高压氧治疗.2组治疗2个疗程后采用蒙特利尔认知功能评估量...     

Detection of traumatic axonal injury with diffusion tensor imaging in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury

Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is thought to be a major contributor to cognitive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI), however TAI is difficult to diagnose or characterize non-invasively. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has shown promise in detecting TAI, but direct comparison to histologically-confirmed axonal injury has not been performed. In the current study, mice were imaged with DTI, subjected to a moderate cortical controlled impact injury, and re-imaged 4-6 h and 24 h post-injury. Axonal injury was detected by amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) and neurofilament immunohistochemistry in pericontusional white matter tracts. The severity of axonal injury was quantified using stereological methods from APP stained histological sections. Two DTI parameters - axial diffusivity and relative anisotropy - were significantly reduced in the injured, pericontusional corpus callosum and external capsule, while no significant changes were seen with conventional MRI in these regions. The contusion was easily detectable on all MRI sequences. Significant correlations were found between changes in relative anisotropy and the density of APP stained axons across mice and across subregions spanning the spatial gradient of injury. The predictive value of DTI was tested using a region with DTI changes (hippocampal commissure) and a region without DTI changes (anterior commissure). Consistent with DTI predictions, there was histological detection of axonal injury in the hippocampal commissure and none in the anterior commissure. These results demonstrate that DTI is able to detect axonal injury, and support the hypothesis that DTI may be more sensitive than conventional imaging methods for this purpose.     

弥散张量成像在颅脑损伤昏迷病人中的应用

目的初步探讨颅脑损伤昏迷病人上行网状激活系统(ARAS)弥散张量成像(DTI)和预后的相关性。方法以最近3年的颅脑损伤后昏迷病人为研究对象,在颅脑创伤后的3周和5周行DTI和纤维示踪成像(DTT)检查。种子兴趣区为中脑和桥脑被盖区,目标兴趣区为丘脑板内核。分析ARAS纤维束的部分各向异性(FA)、平均弥散率(MD)、纤维束量(TV),及其变异和病人颅脑创伤3月后意识状态的关系。采用Spearman相关分析,分析FA、MD、TV和预后评分的相关性。结果 3周时上行网状激动系统FA、MD和3月时的预后之间无相关性,TV和3月时的预后有统计学相关性(相关系数为0. 89,P 0. 001)。5周时,FA、TV和3月时的预后呈正相关性(P 0. 001),3周至5周间FA的变异与3月时的GCS评分和GOS评分呈正相关(P 0. 005,P 0. 05),TV变异和3月时GCS评分和GOS评分呈正相关(P 0. 001)。结论颅脑损伤后昏迷患者3月后的意识状态和DTI所模拟颅脑损伤后5周时ARAS的FA、MD、TV及动态变化有相关性。亚急性期上行网状激动系统纤维束的改变可以间接反映患者意识恢复能力。     

DTI及重建技术在重型颅脑损伤预后评估中的作用

目的 通过磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）以及弥散张量纤维束成像（DTT）分析中脑平面纤维束形态及可观测纤维束数量变化,预测重型颅脑损伤病人预后,为临床工作提供参考。方法 选择13例重型颅脑损伤,入院后予以磁共振平扫及DTI扫描,间隔1~3周后再次复查;对中脑平面纤维束进行重建并进行统计分析。结果 13例出院后随访3个月~2年;11例GCS评分恢复较好,2例长期昏迷。11例恢复较好病人,入院时纤维束形态无法追踪、稀疏,随访时均有恢复;GCS评分越高,纤维束形态越饱满、无明显缺失;末次随访时纤维束量明显升高（P<0.05）。2例长期昏迷病人纤维束形态随访期间与入院时相比无明显变化;可观测纤维束数量无明显变化,甚至有所下降。结论 DTI及重建技术可以用于重型颅脑损伤预后的评估,可观测纤维束数量,量化分析病人恢复情况,对临床有指导意义。     

Cardiac-cerebral-renal associations in pediatric traumatic brain injury: Preliminary findings

ObjectiveThe clinical epidemiology of organ outcomes in pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been examined. We describe associated markers of cerebral, cardiac and renal injury after pediatric TBI.DesignProspective observational study.PatientsChildren 0–18 years who were hospitalized with TBI.MeasurementsMeasures of myocardial (at least one elevated plasma troponin [cTnI] ≥ 0.4 ng/ml) and multiorgan (hemodynamic variables, cerebral perfusion, and renal) function were examined within the first ten days of hospital admission and within 24 h of each other.Main ResultsData from 28 children who were 11[IQR 10.3] years, male (64.3%), with isolated TBI (67.9%), injury severity score (ISS) 25[10], and admission Glasgow coma score (GCS) 11[9] were examined. Overall, 50% (14 children) had elevated cTnI, including those with isolated TBI (57.9%; 11/19), polytrauma (33.3%; 3/9), mild TBI (57.1% 8/14), and severe TBI (42.9%; 6/11). Elevated cTnI occurred within the first six days of admission and across all age groups, in both sexes, and regardless of TBI lesion type, GCS, and ISS. Age-adjusted admission tachycardia was associated with cTnI elevation (AUC 0.82; p < 0.001). Reduced urine output occurred more commonly in patients with isolated TBI (27.3% elevated cTnI vs. 0% normal cTnI).ConclusionsMyocardial injury commonly occurs during the first six days after pediatric TBI irrespective of injury severity, age, sex, TBI lesion type, or polytrauma. Age-adjusted tachycardia may be a clinical indicator of myocardial injury, and elevated troponin may be associated with cardio-cerebro-renal dysfunction.     

Central nervous system microbleeds in the acute phase are associated with structural integrity by DTI one year after mild traumatic brain injury: A longitudinal study

Introduction

Several imaging modalities are under investigation to unravel the pathophysiological mystery of delayed performance deficits in patients after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Although both imaging and neuropsychological studies have been conducted, only few data on longitudinal correlations of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and extensive neuropsychological testing exist.

轻度创伤性脑损伤后脑组织微环境变化:多模态磁共振成像研究

目的探讨弥散张量成像(DTI)联合磁共振波谱(MRS)及磁敏感加权成像(SWI)的功能磁共振成像方法,在评估轻度创伤性脑损伤(mTBI)脑组织代谢及微结构变化的应用价值,为临床制定相应的治疗方案提供影像学参考。方法纳入21例mTBI患者和16例健康志愿者,mTBI患者在伤后4～72 h内接受T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR、DTI、MRS及SWI序列扫描,通过各序列图像及参数值评估mTBI患者伤侧脑组织和对照组内囊前肢、内囊后肢、胼胝体膝部、胼胝体压部、扣带回、半卵圆中心、额叶白质及视辐射的差异。结果两组FA值比较,仅胼胝体压部差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。mTBI组胼胝体膝部NAA/Cr值低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。mTBI组内囊后肢和胼胝体膝部Cho/Cr值均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01)。结论 FA值及NAA、Cho、Cr值能测定mTBI后脑组织水分子扩散及代谢情况,DTI联合MRS及SWI可以作为一项客观指标,定量评估mTBI患者的病情及预后。     

Facial affect recognition linked to damage in specific white matter tracts in traumatic brain injury

Emotional processing deficits have recently been identified in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), specifically in the domain of facial affect recognition. However, the neural networks underlying these impairments have yet to be identified. In the current study, 42 individuals with moderate to severe TBI and 23 healthy controls performed a task of facial affect recognition (Facial Emotion Identification Test (FEIT)) in order to assess their ability to identify and discriminate six emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, shame, and fear. These individuals also underwent structural neuroimaging including diffusion tensor imaging to examine white matter (WM) integrity. Correlational analyses were performed to determine where in the brain WM damage was associated with performance on the facial affect recognition task. Reduced performance on the FEIT was associated with reduced WM integrity (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity) in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and inferior-fronto-occipital fasciculus in individuals with TBI. Poor performance on the task was additionally associated with reduced gray matter (GM) volume in lingual gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus. The results implicate a pattern of WM and GM damage in TBI that may play a role in emotional processing impairments.     

轻度颅脑损伤患者的执行功能研究

背景 颅脑损伤常遗留神经精神的损害,包括认知功能损害、精神病性障碍和行为问题等.认知功能损害是颅脑损伤后常见的后遗问题,其中执行功能是一个十分重要的维度.轻度颅脑损伤一直被认为是脑遭受外力打击后出现的暂时的脑功能障碍,无肉眼可见的器质性损害.近年来这一传统的观点受到质疑,目前国内外一些学者认为轻度颅脑损伤是一种弥漫性的脑损伤.关于轻度颅脑损伤患者的神经心理学研究是众多研究者争论的焦点,观点不一致.本研究对恢复期的颅脑损伤患者进行执行功能评定,目的是探讨轻度颅脑损伤患者的执行功能状况.方法 对159例因交通事故造成颅脑外伤的幸存者于损伤后3～6个月医疗终结后进行执行功能评定,并与68例正常人对照.病例组的入组标准为①年龄16～65岁;②文化程度小学及以上文化,能理解执行功能测验的内容;③右利手;④有明确的脑损伤史;⑤检查前4周内未使用抗精神病药物或其他影响中枢神经系统功能的药物;⑥资料齐全;⑦自愿参加本研究.正常对照组的入组标准为①年龄16～65岁;②文化程度小学及以上文化,能理解认知功能测验的内容;③右利手;④自愿参加本研究.排除标准为①以往有脑损伤史、脑部疾患史、精神疾病史者;②精神发育迟滞者;③严重的躯体疾患者;④有药物、酒精或其他影响中枢神经系统功能的物质滥用史者;⑤色盲、色弱者;⑥对测验不合作或不能有效完成测验者.病例组分组根据颅脑损伤伤情评定的国际标准格拉斯哥昏迷计分法将病例组分成三组轻度脑损伤组78例(49.1%)GCS评分15～13分,伤后昏迷时间＜20 min;中度脑损伤组52例(32.7%)GCS评分12～9分,伤后昏迷时间20 min至6 h;重度脑损伤组29例(18.2%)GCS评分8～6分,伤后昏迷时间＞6 h.测验包括韦氏智力测验中的木块拼图测验、STROOP测验、威斯康辛卡片分类测验-改良版(M-WCST)和词汇的流畅性测验,比较轻度颅脑损伤与中、重度颅脑损伤患者的测验成绩,以及CT/MRI有无阳性发现患者的测验成绩,分析与执行功能有关的因素.结果 轻度颅脑损伤患者所有的测验成绩均低于正常对照组,其差异达到显著性水平(P＜0.01).而与中度损伤组的成绩比较则没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).在轻度组与重度组的比较中,除STROOP测验和WCST的分类个数外,其余测验成绩均存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).CT/MRI结果为阳性的病例中,不同脑损伤程度组间的执行功能检测成绩除木块拼图测验外均不具有显著性差异;CT/MRI结果为阴性的病例中,结果显示不同脑损伤程度组间的执行功能测验成绩没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).相关分析显示木块拼图和词汇流畅性两个测验成绩与脑损伤程度呈负相关(P＜0.05).年龄和执行功能呈负相关,受教育程度与执行功能呈正相关.结论 轻度颅脑损伤患者在医疗终结时仍然存在执行功能损害.我们在伤残评定中应对轻度颅脑损伤患者予以重视,同时要注意综合多方面的检测结果考虑.     

成人创伤性脑损伤后脑卒中发生的相关临床研究

目的初步探讨创伤性脑损伤对脑卒中发生的影响。方法随访观察1645例成人创伤性脑损伤患者和3294例对照者3个月、1年、3年的脑卒中发生情况,并记录随访期间患者是否有高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、高脂血症及心房纤颤发生,采用病例对照研究,探讨创伤性脑损伤与之后发生的脑卒中之间是否存在一定的联系。结果①创伤性脑损伤组与对照组比较,高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、心房纤颤患者两组之间有差异,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);而高脂血症患者两组之间无差异(P>0.05);②创伤性脑损伤组患者3个月、1年、3年脑卒中发病率分别为3.16%、6.69%、9.36%,较对照组的0.82%、1.70%、4.01%明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);③创伤性脑损伤合并颅骨骨折组的患者3个月、1年、3年脑卒中发病率分别为10.22%、18.25%、22.08%,较无颅骨骨折组的2.52%、5.64%、7.96%明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论创伤性脑损伤可能增加脑卒中的发生,特别是合并有颅骨骨折的患者更有可能使脑卒中发生的危险性增加。     

华东地区颅脑创伤患者住院费用及相关因素分析

目的对华东地区颅脑创伤住院患者的住院费用及相关因素进行分析,掌握颅脑创伤住院患者的疾病负担。方法整群抽取华东地区80家协作医院2004年全年收治的颅脑创伤住院患者的数据,用SPSS 13.0统计软件包分析。结果颅脑创伤患者住院费用最高达380 000元,平均14201元。日住院费用平均1 042元。13 007例患者的总费用为184 719 497元。25～44岁组的花费最多,占43.2%。多元线性模型显示住院天数、省份、性别、年龄、居住状态、手术、入院GCS评分、受伤机制、受伤地点、损伤类型、费用支付方式、病房类型、预后及医院级别都可能是影响颅脑创伤患者住院费用的重要影响因素。结论颅脑创伤患者住院费用高,经济负担重,应重点防治中青年男性患者因交通伤所致的颅脑创伤,以减轻颅脑创伤给社会及家庭所带来的沉重负担。     

轻度颅脑损伤患者执行功能障碍研究

目的探讨轻度颅脑损伤(mild traumatic brain injury,m TBI)患者伤后执行功能(executive function,EF)的动态变化特点。方法对63例m TBI患者(研究组)在伤后1周、1个月、3个月和6个月进行执行功能测查,并与60例健康受试者(对照组)比较。测查工具采用连线测验(trail making test,TMTA)、霍普金斯词语学习测验修订版(Hopkins verbal learning test-revised,HVLT-R)、简易视觉记忆测验—修订版(brief visuospatial memory test-revised,BVMT-R)、Stroop色词测验、持续操作测验(continuous performance test,CPT)。结果伤后1周与对照组比较,TMTA、HVLT-R、BVMT-R、Stroop和CPT-IP分值差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与伤后1周相比,伤后1个月、3个月和6个月时的TMTA分值下降,HVLT-R、BVMT-R、Stroop和CPT-IP分值增加(P0.05)。组内两两比较,伤后1个月与伤后1周比较,TMTA分值下降,BVMT-R、Stroop分值增加(P0.05);伤后3个月与伤后1个月比较,Stroop、BVMT-R和CPT-IP分值增加(P0.05);伤后6个月与伤后3个月比较,Stroop和CPTIP分值增加(P0.05)。结论m TBI患者在注意能力/警觉性、学习与工作记忆、信息处理速度及执行功能上都可能存在一定的损害,伤后不同时间点恢复速度并不一致。     

Detecting malingering in traumatic brain injury: Combining response time with performance validity test accuracy

Objective: The present study examined the incremental utility of item-level response time (RT) variables on a traditional performance validity test in distinguishing adults with verified TBI from adults coached to feign neurocognitive impairment.

Method: Participants were 45 adults with moderate to severe TBI, 45 healthy adults coached to feign neurocognitive impairment (SIM), and 61 healthy adult comparisons providing full effort (HC). All participants completed a computerized version of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM-C) in the context of a larger test battery. RT variables examined along with TOMM-C accuracy scores included mean RTs (Trial 1, Trial 2, correct and incorrect trials) and RT variability indices.

Results: Several RT indices differed significantly across the groups. In general, SIM produced longer, more variable RTs than HC and TBI. Of the RT indices, average RT for Trial 1 and 2 were the best predictors of group membership; however, classification accuracies were greatly influenced by the groups being compared. Average RT for Trial 1 and 2 showed excellent discrimination of SIM and HC. All RT indices were less successful in discriminating SIM and TBI. Average RT for Trial 1 and 2 added incremental predictive value to TOMM-C accuracy in distinguishing SIM from TBI.

Conclusion: Findings contribute to a limited body of research examining the incremental utility of combining RT with traditional PVTs in distinguishing feigned and bona fide TBI. Findings support the hypothesis that combining RT with TOMM-C accuracy can improve its diagnostic accuracy. Future research with other groups of clinical interest is recommended.     

重型颅脑损伤合并骨折52例漏诊分析

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤患者合并骨折的漏诊原因及预防对策. 方法 对1995年1月至2009年12月广东省佛冈县人民医院救治的339例重型颅脑损伤合并骨折患者中的52例骨折漏诊患者进行回顾性分析,分别对接诊医师资历与骨折漏诊的关系,以及重型颅脑损伤合并四肢骨折漏诊与未漏诊的患者疗效差异进行统计学比较,分析漏诊原因及提出预防对策. 结果52例患者中有56处骨折漏诊,其中脊柱骨折18例,骨盆骨折11例,四肢骨折23例.接诊医师资历与骨折漏诊率有关,接诊医师为住院医师的漏诊率明显高于主治医师,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);四肢骨折患者漏诊后的疗效明显低于未漏诊患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 严格规范的体格检查,及时行X线摄片或CT检查,尽早做出正确的病情诊断,合理选择骨折的手术时机,可有效地降低患者的病残率.     

Microstructural basis of contusion expansion in traumatic brain injury: insights from diffusion tensor imaging

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often exacerbated by events that lead to secondary brain injury, and represent potentially modifiable causes of mortality and morbidity. Diffusion tensor imaging was used to characterize tissue at-risk in a group of 35 patients scanned at a median of 50 hours after injury. Injury progression was assessed in a subset of 16 patients with two scans. All contusions within the first few days of injury showed a core of restricted diffusion, surrounded by an area of raised apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). In addition to these two well-defined regions, a thinner rim of reduced ADC was observed surrounding the region of increased ADC in 91% of patients scanned within the first 3 days after injury. In patients who underwent serial imaging, the rim of ADC hypointensity was subsumed into the high ADC region as the contusion enlarged. Overall contusion enlargement tended to be more frequent with early lesions, but its extent was unrelated to the time of initial imaging, initial contusion size, or the presence of hemostatic abnormalities. This rim of hypointensity may characterize a region of microvascular failure resulting in cytotoxic edema, and may represent a ‘traumatic penumbra'' which may be rescued by effective therapy.     

Brain lesion correlates of fatigue in individuals with traumatic brain injury

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the neurological correlates of both subjective fatigue as well as objective fatigability in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study has a cross-sectional design. Participants (N?=?53) with TBI (77% male, mean age at injury 38 years, mean time since injury 1.8 years) underwent a structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and completed the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), while a subsample (N?=?36) was also tested with a vigilance task. While subjective fatigue (FSS) was not related to measures of brain lesions, multilevel analyses showed that a change in the participants’ decision time was significantly predicted by grey matter (GM) lesions in the right frontal lobe. The time-dependent development of the participants’ error rate was predicted by total brain white matter (WM) lesion volumes, as well as right temporal GM and WM lesion volumes. These findings could be explained by decreased functional connectivity of attentional networks, which results in accelerated exhaustion during cognitive task performance. The disparate nature of objectively measurable fatigability on the one hand and the subjective experience of fatigue on the other needs further investigation.     

外周血血小板计数在创伤性颅脑损伤预后判断中的研究

目的探讨外周血指标与创伤性颅脑损伤（TBI）预后之间的关系及临床应用价值。 方法随机选取安徽医科大学第一附属医院神经外科自2016年1月至2017年12月收治的140例TBI患者,术后30 d随访患者的预后情况,将患者分为预后良好组（108例）和预后不良组（32例）。收集患者入院24 h内的外周血指标（粒细胞系统、血小板系统等）,利用统计学方法研究相关外周血指标与患者伤后30 d预后之间的关系。 结果2组患者的白细胞计数与中性粒细胞百分比的比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而2组血小板计数比较差异有统计学意义（t=-4.73,P<0.05）,这种差异与患者入院时病情严重程度的评分GCS评分有着一定程度的相关关系（r=0.53,P<0.05）。 结论外周血血小板计数能够在TBI患者当中起预后判断的作用。     

单纯颅脑损伤病人凝血功能异常的相关因素

目的 探讨单纯颅脑损伤（TBI）病人凝血功能异常的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年12月收治的136例单纯TBI的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验并发凝血病的影响因素。结果 136例中,并发凝血病51例,其中纤维蛋白原异常率最高（29.4%）,其次是国际标准化比值（19.1%）。GCS评分≤8分、血糖水平≥20.1 mmol/L、中线移位、硬膜下血肿、脑室内出血是单纯TBI发生凝血病的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 TBI入院后建议密切监测凝血功能、血糖,及时完善CT、MRI等检查,对于Fib和INR异常、血糖升高、中线移位、硬膜下血肿、脑室内出血的TBI病人,应注意防治TBI相关性凝血病。