舒芬太尼鞘内注射用于腰硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛安全剂量的探讨

目的探讨鞘内应用不同剂量的舒芬太尼在腰硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛中的有效性与安全性。方法选择择期初产妇150例,随机分为：A 、B 、C 、D 、E 组。各组镇痛方法均采用腰硬联合阻滞镇痛。鞘内注射的镇痛药物为舒芬太尼,各组剂量分别为6．0、7．0、8．0、9．0、10．0μg ;待产妇视觉模拟评分（VAS）≥3分时启用自控 PCA 泵维持镇痛,各组硬膜外维持用药相同为0．143％甲磺酸罗哌卡＋0．3μg/mL 的舒芬太尼。观察记录镇痛起效时间、分娩镇痛的满意度、首次给药镇痛维持时间、不良反应情况,分别测定脐带血血药浓度、新生儿血药浓度、新生儿 Ap-gar 评分。结果不同舒芬太尼剂量组镇痛起效时间、分娩镇痛的满意度、新生儿血药浓度、新生儿 Apgar 评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;5组新生儿体内血药浓度为零,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;10．0μg 剂量组鞘内首次给药镇痛持续时间为（233．93±62．624）min ,脐带静脉血血药浓度为（0．093±0．057）μg /L ,明显高于其他剂量组（P＜0．05）。结论为了取得最佳镇痛效果,确保母婴安全,分娩镇痛中鞘内首次注射舒芬太尼应7～8μg 为宜。     

舒芬太尼联合罗哌卡因在硬膜外分娩镇痛中的应用及舒芬太尼适宜浓度探讨

目的:探讨硬膜外舒芬太尼联合罗哌卡因分娩镇痛的疗效及舒芬太尼的合适浓度。方法:对120例足月单胎头位初产妇的硬膜外镇痛疗效进行回顾性分析,分为两组:舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因组(S组)和芬太尼混合罗哌卡因组(F组)。其中S组随机均分为3组,分别接受不同浓度的舒芬太尼(S1组:0.5μg/mL、S2组:0.75μg/mL、S3组:1.0μg/mL)。记录各组镇痛0、10、30、60min视觉模拟评分(VAS)和运动神经阻滞分级(采用改良Bromage分级法测定),记录镇痛药物用量、不良反应、镇痛满意度、产程、分娩方式及新生儿Apgar评分。结果:两组各时间点的VAS评分、镇痛有效率、镇痛期间催产素使用率、镇痛不良反应、产程、自然分娩率及新生儿产后1、5minApgar评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。S组药物平均使用量减少,患者满意度也优于F组(P<0.05)。不同浓度舒芬太尼组的有效镇痛率及患者满意度未见统计学差异(P>0.05),各组的药物平均使用量减少(S1>S2>S3,P<0.05),但不良反应发生率增加。结论:舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因应用于硬膜外分娩镇痛是安全可行的,且较合适的舒芬太尼浓度为0.5μg/mL。     

盐酸罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼用于硬膜外分娩镇痛临床效果观察

目的 观察盐酸罗哌卡因与舒芬太尼联合用于硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果.方法 将100例ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级初产妇分为两组:Ⅰ组(n=50)0.075%罗哌卡因 舒芬太尼0.2μg/ml;Ⅱ组(n=50)0.075%布比卡因 舒芬太尼0.2μg/ml,均采用负荷量-持续背景剂量-PCA量(LCP)的给药模式,参数设置分别为:溶液总量100 ml、负荷剂量15 ml、背景输入量4～5 ml/h、PCA剂量8 ml、锁定时间10 min、4 h限量50 ml.用视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)和行走功能的评定.记录各组产妇的生命体征、产程时间、分娩方式、催产素用量以及新生儿Apgar评分.结果 两组产妇均获得良好镇痛效果,镇痛后Ⅰ组96%产妇均能下床行走,而Ⅱ组仅70%产妇能下床行走,两组达到0级的患者例数比较,差异有显著性意义(X2=11.98,P<0.05).产程时间、分娩方式和新生儿Apgar评分两组间差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05).结论 0.075%罗哌卡因 舒芬太尼0.2μg/ml混合液行硬膜外分娩镇痛,对运动功能的影响效果优于0.075%布比卡因 舒芬太尼0.2 μg/ml.     

助产士全程护理在Spinocath导管连续蛛网膜下腔阻滞分娩镇痛中的应用

目的:探讨助产士全程护理在鞘内注射不同剂量舒芬太尼连续蛛网膜下腔给药分娩镇痛中的应用方法及效果。方法:将90例初产妇随机分为A、B、C三组各30例,均给予Spinocath导管连续蛛网膜下腔阻滞,三组分别鞘内注射舒芬太尼6μg、8μg、10μg。在镇痛起效时、出现不良反应时及产妇不良反应消失后产妇VAS≥3分时启用自控PCA泵维持镇痛,记录产妇镇痛开始至宫口开全时间、第二产程时间及新生儿Apgar评分情况。结果:三组产妇镇痛满意度、剖宫产率、宫口开全时间、产程时间及新生儿Apgar评分比较均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:应用Spinocath导管在蛛网膜下腔连续注射不同剂量舒芬太尼对产妇分娩情况无明显影响,助产士在全程护理配合中应注意产程观察及评估、新生儿监测、心理护理及健康教育,以提高产科护理质量,优化产妇分娩结局,达到理想的分娩镇痛效果。     

小剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼腰硬联合分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的观察小剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼腰硬联合分娩镇痛的有效性和安全性。方法前瞻性选择平谷区妇幼保健院2016年10月至2017年10月100例拟在腰硬联合分娩镇痛下行经阴道分娩的健康初产妇,随机分成罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼组(RS组,n=50)和罗哌卡因单独应用组(R组,n=50),所有产妇均在第一产程潜伏期即开始实施分娩镇痛,其中RS组先在蛛网膜下腔中注入由生理盐水稀释至3 ml的罗哌卡因3 mg和舒芬太尼2.5μg,R组先在蛛网膜下腔中注入由生理盐水稀释至3 ml的罗哌卡因3 mg。两组均在视觉疼痛模拟评分达到3分以上时经留置硬膜外导管实施由自控镇痛泵(背景剂量6 ml/h,负荷量6 ml,锁定时间15 min)引导的硬膜外分娩镇痛,药物为由生理盐水稀释至100 ml的罗哌卡因100 mg和舒芬太尼50μg。记录两组镇痛作用起效时间、首次给药后镇痛作用维持时间、特定不同时点的疼痛视觉模拟评分、运动阻滞状态、产程时间、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分、不良反应和产妇对镇痛的满意度评分。结果 RS组镇痛起效时间明显短于R组(P0.05),RS组首次镇痛作用维持时间明显长于R组(P0.05),RS组在蛛网膜下腔给药后3 min、5 min、10 min、60 min时的疼痛程度明显低于R组(P0.05),RS组产妇对镇痛的满意度评分明显高于R组(P0.05)。两组在首次给药后120 min、宫口扩张7~8 cm和宫口开全时的疼痛程度、运动阻滞状态、产程时间、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分及不良反应方面无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论罗哌卡因3mg复合舒芬太尼2.5μg腰硬联合分娩镇痛能安全地用于分娩镇痛,与单独应用罗哌卡因相比,它具有更快的镇痛作用显效时间、更长的首次给药后镇痛作用维持时间以及更好的产妇镇痛满意度。     

鞘内给予不同剂量舒芬太尼进行分娩镇痛的效果比较

目的对比观察鞘内给予不同剂量舒芬太尼进行分娩镇痛的临床效果。方法研究对象选取为2016年1~6月进行分娩的68例单胎头位足月初产妇,随机分为A、B两组,各34例。两组产妇均采用舒芬太尼蛛网膜下腔注射的方式进行分娩镇痛,A组产妇应用剂量为5μg,B组产妇应用剂量为8μg。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价两组产妇给药后的镇痛效果,对比两组镇痛起效时间、持续时间、运动阻滞及不良反应情况。结果两组产妇镇痛起效后VAS评分对比无显著差异(P0.05),但B组产妇的起效时间显著短于A组,持续时间显著长于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);A组产妇出现运动阻滞1例,发生率2.9%,B组产妇出现运动阻滞5例,发生率14.7%,A组运动阻滞发生率显著低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组产妇发生皮肤瘙痒3例,发生率8.8%,B组产妇发生皮肤瘙痒10例,发生率29.4%,A组皮肤瘙痒发生率显著低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论舒芬太尼蛛网膜下腔注射用于分娩镇痛的效果较好,8μg可迅速达到镇痛高峰,延长镇痛持续时间,但5μg的安全性更好,产妇发生运动阻滞及不良反应的概率更低,建议临床斟酌使用。     

舒芬太尼用于小儿术后镇痛疗效及安全性最佳剂量研究

目的：探讨舒芬太尼在小儿术后镇痛中应用的疗效及安全性最佳剂量。方法：将3～12岁择期手术患儿99例,按照数字表法随机分为3组,在全麻手术后给予术后镇痛,其中A组33例给予舒芬太尼2μg／kg+格拉司琼3mg+生理盐水至100mL;B组33例给予舒芬太尼2.4μg／kg+格拉司琼3mg+生理盐水至100mL;C组33例给予舒芬太尼2.8μg／kg+格拉司琼3mg+生理盐水至100mL。记录术后4、8、24、48 h各时点患儿视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、镇静评分法(Ramsay)。结果：A组术后4h、8h、2hVAS评分显著地高于B、 C组(P均＜0.05),而B组各时点VAS评分与C组比较(P均＞0.05), C组术后4h, RR、 SPO2显著地低于A、B组(P均＜0.05), A组各时点生命体征参数与B组比较(P均＞0.05),A组家长对镇痛的满意度明显的低于B、C组(分别为χ2=7.7591、χ2=4.0679,P＜0.05)。结论：微电脑镇痛泵持续静脉泥入舒芬太尼（2.4μg／kg+格拉司琼3mg+生理盐水至100mL）用于小儿术后镇痛效果满意,安全、有效、最佳,是小儿术后镇痛的最佳剂量。     

氟比洛芬酯对宫颈癌根治术后舒芬太尼静脉镇痛的影响

目的:观察氟比洛芬酯与舒芬太尼合用对宫颈癌根治术后静脉镇痛的效果、肠道功能恢复及围术期应激反应的影响.方法:将宫颈癌根治术患者90例均分为3组.A组术后静脉镇痛舒芬太尼2 μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg.B组舒芬太尼4 μg/kg.C组舒芬太尼2μg/kg.3组均用生理盐水稀释至100 mL,3组维持量2 mL/h.单次负荷剂量1 mL,锁定时间15 min.采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)记录3组术后6、12、24、48 h疼痛评分:用ELISA法测定术前、术后24 h、72 h细胞因子IL-6和TNF-a值,记录胃肠功能恢复时间.结果:术后各时间点C组VAS评分高于A组和B组(PA,C＜0.05,PB.C＜0.05).A组B组镇痛效果良好,两组VAS评分差异没有显著性(PA.B＞0.05).A组患者肠鸣音恢复时间比B组和C组的时间短,B、C组患者肠鸣音恢复时间差异无显著性(PA,B＜0.05,PA,c＜0.05,PB,C＞0.05).A组肛门排气时间比B组和C组的时间短,B、C组患者肛门排气时间差异无显著性(PA,B＜0.05,PA,C＜0.05,PB,C＞0.05).术后各组IL-6和TNF-a值相比术前水平明显升高.术后24 h、72 h A组IL-6和TNF-a值均低于B组和C组(PA,B＜0.05,PA,C＜0.05).结论:氟比洛芬酯联合使用舒芬太尼镇痛效果良好,可显著减少舒芬太尼的用量从而使肠道功能恢复时间缩短,减轻围术期的炎性反应.     

在分娩镇痛中腰硬联合阻滞麻醉复合不同剂量舒芬太尼临床应用分析

目的：探讨在分娩镇痛应用中腰硬联合阻滞麻醉复合不同剂量舒芬太尼临床分析。方法：选取我院收治的行无痛分娩的足月产妇1500例,产妇进入分娩潜伏期时行L2-3椎间隙穿刺成功后,行蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉,A组给予舒芬太尼2.5μg+0.125%盐酸罗哌卡因1.5ml;B组给予舒芬太尼5μg+0.125%盐酸罗哌卡因1.5ml;C组给予舒芬太尼8μg+0.125%盐酸罗哌卡因1.5ml。观察所有产妇的镇痛起效时间和持续时间、PCEA用药量情况以及运动阻滞评分,第一产程时间以及不良反应发生情况。结果：随着舒芬太尼剂量的增加,A、B以及C三组的镇痛起效时间逐渐缩短,C组时间最短,镇痛持续时间逐渐延长,C组时间最长,对比差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,三组运动阻滞评分均为0,A、B、C三组之间产妇第一产程时间及PCEA使用量对比,差异不具有统计学意义（P>0.05）,但C组出现皮肤瘙痒的不良反应发生率明显高于A组和B组,对比差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：在分娩镇痛应用中腰硬联合阻滞麻醉复合2.5-5μg舒芬太尼,可快速安全有效地进行分娩潜伏期镇痛,且瘙痒副作用较少,适合推广应用。     

氟比洛芬酯复合舒芬太尼用于全身麻醉术后镇痛

目的 研究氟比洛芬酯复合舒芬太尼在全身麻醉术后镇痛的应用效果.方法 选择拟行腹腔镜子宫切除术患者120例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为三组,术后进行静脉自控镇痛,A组舒芬太尼150 μg,B组氟比洛芬酯200 mg,C组氟比洛芬酯150 mg+舒芬太尼100 μg.结果 VAS评分方面:2 h时B组患者评分明显高于A、C组(P＜0.05).A组术后2、4、8h的Ramsay镇静评分高于B、C组(P＜0.05),12 h以后三组差异无统计学意义.不良反应:A组发生率高于B、C组(P＜0.05),B、C组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 将氟比洛芬酯复合舒芬太尼用药既达到了舒芬太尼的镇痛效果,又减少了不良反应.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.