滑膜肉瘤的大小初次治疗方法与其预后的关系(附41例报告)

目的 :探讨滑膜肉瘤大小、初次治疗方法对其预后的影响。方法 :分析 41例滑膜肉瘤病人肿瘤的大小、初次治疗方法和预后情况。随访 2 3～ 198个月 ,平均 73个月。结果 :肿瘤直径 <5cm者与肿瘤直径 >5cm者的5、 10年生存率、复发率、转移率均有显著差异。肿瘤直径 >5cm的滑膜肉瘤病人 ,单纯手术切除与手术加放化疗后5年生存率有显著差异 ;复发率、转移率均无显著差异。结论 :( 1)肿瘤大小是影响滑膜肉瘤预后的一个重要因素。直径小于 5cm的预后好 ,肿瘤愈大 ,预后愈差。 ( 2 )初次治疗方法与其预后密切相关。     

小儿肝肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 探讨儿童肝肿瘤的临床诊断与治疗。方法 本组肝肿瘤患儿共23例，21例行手术切除。结果 术后病理：良性肿瘤10例，恶性肿瘤11例。随访0．5～3年，死亡2例。1例肝母细胞瘤死于肿瘤复发，腹腔淋巴结广泛转移、肺转移；另1例肝血管内皮肉瘤行肝移植术，术后1年肿瘤复发，再次行肿瘤切除术，术后1．5年复发，死亡。其余均存活。良性肿瘤术后3年生存率100％（10／10），生长发育良好；恶性肿瘤1年生存率100％，3年82％（9／11）。结论 儿童肝肿瘤多为先天性。恶性肿瘤体积大、生长快，需手术与化疗结合治疗，可以改善预后；良性肿瘤可完整切除，术后效果满意。     

脐尿管腺癌18例诊治分析

目的:探讨脐尿管腺癌的临床特点及诊治方法。方法:回顾性分析2010年7月～2017年9月收治的18例脐尿管腺癌患者的临床资料。男14例,女4例,中位年龄52岁。临床表现为无痛性肉眼血尿13例,下腹部可触及肿块5例。肿瘤直径1.3～5.7cm,平均3.7cm。14例行扩大的膀胱部分切除手术,脐部切除及盆腔淋巴结清扫;3例行腹部肿块切除,侵犯回肠行部分回肠切除术;1例转移者给予姑息化疗。结果:18例病理诊断均为腺癌,其中黏液腺癌8例,中分化腺癌4例,低分化腺癌1例,印戒细胞癌3例,未分型2例。Sheldon分期T2期3例,T3期11例,T4期4例。随访时间3～76个月,7例死于肿瘤复发和转移,11例存活至今,其中5例出现盆腔淋巴结转移,余未发现肿瘤复发及转移。结论:脐尿管腺癌临床罕见,早期发现和诊断困难,大多数发现时以局部晚期为主,有远处转移倾向,预后差。主要的临床表现是无痛性肉眼血尿,膀胱镜和CT是定性和定位诊断的必要手段。手术治疗是有效的治疗方法,术后结合内科治疗可能会提高生存率。     

cⅠA期非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结切除方式的临床研究

目的 探讨不同淋巴结切除方式在病理诊断为T1的cⅠA期非小细胞肺癌治疗中的作用.方法 根据淋巴结切除方式的不同,将1998年1月至2002年5月115例病理诊断为T1的cⅠA期非小细胞肺癌患者分为系统性纵隔淋巴结清扫组(清扫组)和纵隔淋巴结采样组(采样组),回顾性分析两组的并发症、N分期及预后之间的差异,评价各临床病理因素与预后的关系.结果 清扫组平均每例切除淋巴结(15.98±3.05)个,采样组平均每例切除淋巴结6.48±2.16个,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),但清扫组的手术时间、术后胸腔引流量及并发症发生率均多于采样组.两组在淋巴结分期的改变、总生存率与无病生存率等方面差异无统计学意义;进一步分析发现,当肿瘤直径＞2 cm时,清扫组与采样组的5年总生存率分别为78.2%和54.5%,无病生存率分别为75.1%和51.3%,清扫组均高于采样组(P＜0.05);当肿瘤直径≤2 cm时,两组的5年总生存率与无病生存率无明显差别.病理类型方面,大细胞癌和腺鳞癌5年总生存率低于腺癌和鳞状细胞癌(P＜0.05),有淋巴结转移的5年总生存率与无病生存率明显低于无淋巴结转移者(P均＜0.01).结论 对于术中确定为T1的cⅠA期非小细胞肺癌,当肿瘤直径≤2 cm时,选择纵隔淋巴结采样术可以相对减小创伤;当肿瘤直径＞2 cm时,选择系统性纵隔淋巴结清扫术可能更有助于长期生存.     

儿童甲状腺癌的临床特征及外科治疗

目的　探讨儿童甲状腺癌的临床特征、外科治疗和预后。方法　回顾性分析我院 1980～2 0 0 1年收治的 2 5例儿童甲状腺癌的临床资料。结果　全组均行手术治疗。 2 5例儿童甲状腺癌中 ,乳头状癌 17例 ,乳头状癌合并滤泡状分化者 3例 ,滤泡状癌 3例 ,髓样癌 1例 ,甲状腺纤维肉瘤 1例。术后随访时间 4个月至 18年 ,中位随访时间 6年。死亡 2例中 ,1例术中颈静脉角处有癌灶残留 ,术后 2年出现颈部淋巴结及肺部广泛转移而死亡 ,1例死于甲状腺纤维肉瘤复发。其余患儿均存活良好。结论　儿童甲状腺癌多为分化型肿瘤 ,且以乳头状癌多见 ,预后良好 ,手术是其主要治疗手段。即使对有局部复发或颈部淋巴结转移的病例 ,再次手术仍可获得良好效果。     

双侧肾细胞癌21例报告

目的 探讨双侧肾细胞癌手术治疗的疗效。方法 1990年1月至2005年1月收治双侧肾细胞癌患者21例。其中同时性10例，异时性11例。肿瘤位于肾上极15枚，中极19枚，下极20枚；左肾28枚，右肾26枚。肿瘤直径0．5～16．0cm，平均4．5cm。2例伴下腔静脉癌栓。17例经手术治疗。6例同时性肾癌中，5例行双侧一期手术，1例行分期手术。其中1例行双肾部分切除术；1例行双肾部分切除及左肾上腺切除术；3例行一侧肾癌根治术及对侧肾部分切除术；1例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾部分切除术及下腔静脉切开取癌栓术。11例异时性肾癌均分期手术。其中3例行双肾部分切除术；1例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾肿瘤剜出术；1例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾部分切除术加下腔静脉切开取癌栓术；6例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾部分切除术。未行手术治疗4例．其中行介入治疗1例，生物学治疗1例，保守治疗2例。结果 21例随访3个月～24年，平均3．4年。17例手术治疗者中，13例未见肿瘤复发和转移，术后肾功能均可；1例术后10个月出现左上肺转移，已带瘤存活9个月；1例术后1年出现残肾肿瘤复发，经生物学和中药治疗，已带瘤存活5个月；2例死于肿瘤转移。4例未手术者中，1例10个月后死于胰腺转移，1例4个月后死于肾衰竭，1例6个月后死于脑血管意外，1例伴腹膜后淋巴结转移者经化疗和生物学治疗，病情稳定，已带瘤存活7个月。异时性肾癌者的先发一侧行肾癌根治术，对侧肾出现肿瘤的时间为7个月～18年。结论 双侧肾癌并非手术禁忌，如果采取积极的治疗措施，仍可获得满意的手术效果。保肾手术是目前较为理想的治疗方法，如果保留足够的肾实质，患者仍可获得良好的生存状态。     

58例乳腺肉瘤临床治疗分析

目的探讨乳腺肉瘤的临床最佳治疗方案。方法对1974年3月至2004年12月收治的58例乳腺肉瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果随访6个月~25年,14例死亡,15例复发;30例存活5年以上,10例存活20年以上。结论本病需病理证实,以手术治疗为主,无论低度或高度恶性,均应采取包括肿瘤周围正常组织的广泛切除;对复发病例不应放弃再次手术机会;对临床未能触及肿大淋巴结者可不予清扫腋下淋巴结。     

肾癌根治术后围手术区域复发转移28例报告

目的分析肾癌根治术后围手术区域(同侧肾上腺、肾窝、局部淋巴结和腹壁)肿瘤复发转移的临床特点,探讨处理原则。方法收集2010年1月至2014年8月北京协和医院收治的28例肾癌根治术后围手术区域肿瘤复发转移患者。男性13例,女性15例,年龄24~82岁,中位年龄49岁。透明细胞癌19例,乳头状细胞癌6例(其中II型乳头状癌4例),嫌色细胞癌1例,多房囊性肾细胞癌2例。病理分级FurmanⅠ级8例,FurmanⅡ~Ⅲ级20例。开放手术18例,腹腔镜手术10例。原发肾脏肿瘤中T1a期1例,T1b期10例,T2期10例,T3期4例,T4期3例。原发肿瘤直径3~16cm。结果本组围手术区域复发转移部位分别为,肾窝19例,局部淋巴结7例,同侧肾上腺6例,腹壁7例。所有患者均行分子靶向药物治疗。5例行挽救性手术或减瘤手术,1例放疗,1例射频消融治疗。随访时间为6~53个月,无进展生存期2~18个月,中位无进展生存期10个月,死亡8例,12例疾病稳定,1年生存率为88.9%,2年生存率为77.8%。结论围手术区域肿瘤复发转移的肾癌患者原发肿瘤普遍体积偏大、分期偏晚,病理类型以透明细胞癌为主,其次为Ⅱ型乳头状肾细胞癌,病理级别普遍较高。处理上,通常再次手术难度大、风险较高,且肿瘤不易切除干净,推荐结合分子靶向药物治疗的综合治疗方案。     

影响肝内胆管细胞癌手术疗效的因素分析

目的 探讨影响肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)手术疗效的因素.方法回顾218例手术治疗的ICC患者资料,对随访的158例患者行单因素(Kaplan-Meier法)及多因素(Cox Regression法)分析.结果 158例中,术后1、3、5年生存率分别为52.9%,23.4%,16.7%,中位生存时间15.5个月.单因素分析显示,肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、肝内转移、癌栓、手术方式、TNM分期与预后显著相关.多因素分析,显示肿瘤肝内转移(wald=4.071,P=0.044)、肝外淋巴结转移(wald=8.713,P=0.003)为影响预后的独立因素.行规则性肝叶切除的93例患者(58.9%,93/158),其生存率明显高于肿瘤局部切除者(Log-rank=14.63,P=0.0001),行淋巴结清扫者的术后生存率明显高于其他方式处理者(Log-rank=5.49,P=0.0191).肝外淋巴结转移数量1～2枚者,其预后明显优于≥3枚或融合成团者(Log-rank=8.09,P=0.0045).结论 ICC肿瘤伴有肝内转移、肝外淋巴结转移或转移淋巴结数量较多(≥3枚)是影响手术疗效的重要因素,而规则性肝叶(或段)切除加淋巴结清扫,可提高术后的生存率.     

显示胸腺样要素的癌——一少见甲状腺恶性肿瘤

显示胸腺样要素(CASTLE)的癌,是一胸腺源甲状腺的少见肿瘤,其组织学表现与甲状腺鳞状细胞癌相似,但伴CASTLE者的结果较好。从数据库检索有关文献,收集到2 2例甲状腺CASTLE肿瘤的资料(包括作者的2例) ,其中2 1例行全甲状腺切除,1例行放疗,1 4例行颈淋巴结清扫,5例给术后放疗。1 0例肿瘤局限于甲状腺内,1 1例为局部进展型肿瘤。中位随访期85个月( 6～3 1 2个月) ,1例未获随访。5例淋巴结阴性者无局部或远处转移,1 5例伴淋巴结转移。其中8例有局部复发,相距中位有42 .5个月( 6～1 94个月)。在5例术后接受放疗者中1例复发,而在1 0例手术…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.