肾移植术后三种免疫抑制方案不良反应的对比研究

目的：评价不同免疫抑制方案在肾移植中应用的安全性。方法：采用前瞻性、随机、对照研究。根据肾移植术后所用免疫抑制方案将180例肾移植患者随机分为3组,A组：环孢霉素A（CsA）十霉酚酸酯（MMF）＋泼尼松（Pred）;B组：普乐可复（FK506）＋MMF＋Pred;C组：CsA＋硫唑嘌呤（Aza）＋Pred。术后随访18～62个月,观察3组用药后的药物不良反应。结果：在不良反应总发生率方面,A、B、C组的差异有统计学意义（x^2=20．05,P％0．05）。在胃肠道反应、肾移植术后糖尿病、感染发生率方面,A、B、C组的差异无统计学意义（x^2=5．07,P〉0．05）;而在肾毒性、高血压发生率方面,A、B、C组的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,C组明显高于A、B组;在多毛、牙龈增生、骨髓抑制、高血脂、肝毒性的发生率方面,A、B、C组的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,A、C组明显高于B组。结论：在药物不良反应方面,以FK506、MMF、Pred组成的免疫抑制方案较CsA、MMF、Pred方案和CsA、Aza、Pred方案相对专伞。     

肾移植后不同免疫抑制方案的效果及不良反应的临床分析

目的 总结肾移植后使用不同免疫抑制方案的效果和不良反应,以提高人/肾的长期存活率.方法 对单中心3102例肾移植受者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,所采用的免疫抑制方案有环孢素A(CsA)+硫唑嘌呤(Aza)+泼尼松(Pred)、低剂量CsA+吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)+Pred、低剂量他克莫司(Tac)+MMF+Pred、低剂量CsA(或Tac)+西罗莫司(SRL)+Pred等方案,分析各方案的效果和不良反应.结果 低剂量CsA+MMF+Pred方案的人/肾1、5、10年存活率均高于CsA+Aza+Pred方案,而高血压、震颤、高尿酸、肝肾毒性、白细胞下降等的发生率显著低于CsA+Aza+Pred方案(P＜0.05),腹泻发生率显著高于CsA+Aza+Pred方案(P＜0.05).低剂量Tac+MMF+Pred方案的高血糖发生率显著高于低剂量CsA+MMF+Pred方案(P＜0.05),多毛症发生率显著低于低剂量CsA+MMF+Pred方案(P＜0.05);低剂量CsA(或Tac)+SRL+Pred方案的腹泻、高尿酸血症、肝肾毒性和多毛症等的发生率显著低于低剂量CsA(或Tac)+MMF+Pred方案(P＜0.05),但高血脂发生率显著高于后者(P＜0.05).以低剂量Tac为基础的方案者高血糖发生率显著应用低剂量CsA者.结论 低剂量CsA(或Tac)+MMF+Pred方案改善了肾移植受者和移植肾的存活,降低了不良反应发生率,尤以低剂量Tac+MMF+Pred方案为优;调整免疫抑制方案或剂量,改善饮食习惯,加强锻炼,优化降血压、降血脂、控制血糖的治疗措施对预防和控制不良反应尤为重要.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the incidence and treatment experience of the effectiveness and adverse reactions of the different immunosuppressive protocols and to increase the long-term survival rate in kidney recipients. Methods Single-center retrospective analysis was performed on 3102 cases of kidney transplant recipients in effectiveness and adverse reactions of different immunosuppressive protocols. The immunosuppressive protocols were as follows: CsA + Aza + Pred,low dose CsA + MMF + Pred, low dose Tac + MMF + Pred, low dose CsA + SRL + Pred, and low dose Tac+ SRL+ Pred. Results The 1-, 5-, 10-year survival rate of patients/kidney in low dose CsA + MMF + Pred protocol was higher than that in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol. The incidence of adverse reactions, such as hypertension, hyperuricemia, kidney and liver toxicity, and leukopenia was significantly lower, but the incidence of diarrhea was significantly higher in CsA + MMF + Pred protocol than in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol (all P＜0. 01). The incidence of hyperglycemia was significantly higher (P＜0. 05), and that of hairy and gingival hyperplsia was significantly lower (P＜0. 05) in low dose Tac+ MMF+ Pred than in low dose CsA+ MMF+ Pred protocol. The incidence of hyperlipidemia in low dose CsA (or Tac)+ SRL + Pred was significantly higher than in CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred protocol (P＜0. 05). The incidence of hirsutism in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly lower than that in CsA + SRL + Pred protocol (P ＜ 0. 05). The incidence of hyperglycemia in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly higher than that in low dose CsA + SRL + Pred protocol. Conclusion The triple drug protocol with a low dose of CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred significantly improved the survival of renal transplant recipients and graft, and reduced the incidence of adverse reactions, especially Tae + MMF + Pred protocol. Adjustment of the immunosuppressant dosage and protocol, improvement of eating habits, exercise, reduction of blood pressure, reduction of blood lipid, and control of blood glucose were particularly important in preventing and controlling adverse reactions during kidney transplantation.     

免疫抑制方案对移植肾早期各种功能状态的治疗影响

目的：分析肾移植术后早期 不同的肾功能状态下，三种免疫抑制用药方案对移植效果的影响。方法：将1196例肾移植患者根据其初始的免疫抑制用药方案分为A、B、C三组。A组：环孢素A（CsA) 硫唑嘌呤(Aza) 泥尼松（Pred);B组：CsA 霉酚酸酯（MMF）＋Pred;C组：他克莫司（FK506）＋MMF（或Aza) Pred。根据移植后早期肾功能状态，将患者分成肾功能即刻恢复正常（IGF）、缓慢恢复正常（SGF）、未恢复正常（AGF）和延迟恢复正常（DGF）四种情况。统计四种肾功能状态下，A、B、C三组患者的1年移植肾存活率、急性排斥发生率及治疗逆转率、药物副作用和相关并发症。结果：在四种不同肾功能状态下，B组或C组患者的移植肾1年存活率高于A组；B组和C组的急性排斥发生率均低于A组，急性排斥反应逆转率高于A组，但差异无显著性；B组或C组的肝功能损害、肾毒性、高血压的发生率明显低于A组。结论：在肾移植后各种肾功能状态下，B组和C组的免疫抑制方案，都可减少急性排斥反应、药物毒副作用及相关并发症的发生率，提高移植肾的存活率。     

应用环孢素A的肾移植患者合用地尔硫的临床效果观察

目的探讨使用环孢素A(CsA)的肾移植患者合用地尔硫(艹卓)的临床效果.方法将1529例肾移植患者分为研究组和对照组,研究组肾移植术后应用CsA、硫唑嘌呤(Aza)及泼尼松(Pred)(研究组1)或CsA、霉酚酸酯(MMF)及Pred(研究组2)预防排斥反应,两个研究组同时加用地尔硫(艹卓);对照组使用CsA、Aza及Pred预防排斥反应,不用地尔硫(艹卓).观察研究组和对照组的CsA用量、血CsA浓度、移植效果、急性排斥反应发生率以及CsA的肝、肾毒性.结果研究组1的CsA用量低于对照组(P＜0.05),但血CsA浓度明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);研究组2的CsA用量显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),但血CsA浓度与对照组相近(P＞0.05);研究组1和研究组2移植肾功能恢复正常的时间分别缩短至4.7 d和3.9 d,较对照组显著提前(P＜0.05);两个研究组的急性排斥反应发生率较对照组明显降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论应用CsA的肾移植患者合用地尔硫(艹卓),能明显提高血CsA浓度,从而减少CsA用量,同时能促进移植肾功能的恢复,改善移植效果.     

硫唑嘌呤或骁悉治疗的肾移植患者术后早期并发症比较

目的:比较硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine,Aza)或霉酚酸酯(mycophenolate mofetil,MMF)联合环孢素 激素两种免疫抑制方案的肾移植患者,在术后并发症方面的差异,探讨较理想的免疫抑制方案。方法:收集两组肾移植患者249例:Aza组(即应用Aza CsA 激素)、MMF组(MMF CsA 激素),统计两组患者在术后1年内各种并发症(包括排斥反应、各种感染、肝损害、白细胞减少等)的发生。结果:Aza组与MMF组术后1年急性排斥反应的发生率差异显著;两组总的感染率、肺部感染率相近,但发生急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)及肺部感染病死率后者明显高于前者。在肝损害、白细胞减少、糖尿病等方面,两组也无统计学差异。结论:MMF组在减少急性排异方面优于Aza组,但增加重症肺部感染机会,肺部感染的病死率升高,且费用贵,故临床上应根据具体情况选择。     

应用环孢素A的肾移植患者合用地尔硫(艹卓)的临床效果观察

目的探讨使用环孢素A(CsA)的肾移植患者合用地尔硫芯卓的临床效果。方法将1529例肾移植患者分为研究组和对照组,研究组肾移植术后应用CsA、硫唑嘌呤(Aza)及泼尼松(Pred)(研究组1)或CsA、霉酚酸酯(MMF)及Pred(研究组2)预防排斥反应,两个研究组同时加用地尔硫芯卓;对照组使用CsA、Aza及Pred预防排斥反应,不用地尔硫芯卓。观察研究组和对照组的CsA用量、血CsA浓度、移植效果、急性排斥反应发生率以及CsA的肝、肾毒性。结果研究组1的CsA用量低于对照组(P<0.05),但血CsA浓度明显高于对照组(P<0.01);研究组2的CsA用量显著低于对照组(P<0.01),但血CsA浓度与对照组相近(P>0.05);研究组1和研究组2移植肾功能恢复正常的时间分别缩短至4.7d和3.9d,较对照组显著提前(P<0.05);两个研究组的急性排斥反应发生率较对照组明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论应用CsA的肾移植患者合用地尔硫芯卓,能明显提高血CsA浓度,从而减少CsA用量,同时能促进移植肾功能的恢复,改善移植效果。     

咪唑立宾在尸体肾移植术后的应用

目的 :探讨咪唑立宾 (Mzb)在尸体肾移植术后应用的效果及安全性。方法 :6 0例首次接受尸体肾移植的患者随机地分为硫唑嘌呤 (Aza)组、霉酚酸酯 (MMF)组及Mzb组 ,每组 2 0例 ,且均以环孢素A或普乐可复及泼尼松作为基础免疫抑制剂。观察术后 6个月内急性排斥反应 (AR)发生率、并发症及人 /肾存活情况。结果 :Mzb组AR发生率明显低于Aza组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与MMF组相近。Mzb组腹泻、全血细胞减少发生率低于MMF组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,肝功能损害发生率低于Aza组 (P <0 .0 5 )。Aza组和MMF组中全血细胞减少者经转换为Mzb后均好转。Mzb组人 /肾均存活。结论 :Mzb同样能明显降低尸体肾移植术后AR的发生率 ,效果与MMF相似 ,而且使用安全 ,可作为Aza及MMF的替代药物     

不同免疫抑制剂诱导外周血活化T淋巴细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨各种免疫抑制剂在体外对人外周血淋巴细胞凋亡的诱导作用及其机制。方法从健康人外周血中分离T淋巴细胞，经抗原刺激诱导淋巴细胞活化，将霉酚酸酯（MMF）、环孢素A（CsA）、他克莫司（FK506）、西罗莫司、泼尼松（Pred）、达利珠单抗及硫唑嘌呤（Aza）单独或联合加入静止T淋巴细胞和活化T淋巴细胞中共同培养，3d后，采用共聚焦显微镜、流式细胞仪、DNA片段化电泳分析及逆转录聚合酶链反应基因扩增方法检测淋巴细胞凋亡发生率，酶联免疫吸附试验检测试剂盒测定细胞培养基中自细胞介素2（IL-2）和Fas的表达水平。结果各种免疫抑制剂中，仅Pred能明显促进静止T淋巴细胞凋亡。MMF、Aza及Pred均能促使活化T淋巴细胞发生凋亡（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），而CsA、FK506、西罗莫司及达利珠单抗均抑制活化T淋巴细胞的凋亡（P〈0．01）。两种或三种不同的免疫抑制剂同时加入活化T淋巴细胞的培养基中，其凋亡细胞明显少于对照组（P〈0．01）。FK506和CsA能显著抑制活化T淋巴细胞的Fas和IL-2表达（P〈0．05）。结论MMF、Aza及Pred可能通过Fas／FasL信号通路诱导活化T淋巴细胞的凋亡，而CsA和FK506通过抑制IL-2的产生而阻碍活化T淋巴细胞的凋亡，西罗莫司和达利珠单抗则可能通过阻断IL-2的活化效应而抑制活化T淋巴细胞的凋亡。     

肾移植后不同免疫抑制方案的效果及不良反应的临床分析

Objective To summarize the incidence and treatment experience of the effectiveness and adverse reactions of the different immunosuppressive protocols and to increase the long-term survival rate in kidney recipients. Methods Single-center retrospective analysis was performed on 3102 cases of kidney transplant recipients in effectiveness and adverse reactions of different immunosuppressive protocols. The immunosuppressive protocols were as follows: CsA + Aza + Pred,low dose CsA + MMF + Pred, low dose Tac + MMF + Pred, low dose CsA + SRL + Pred, and low dose Tac+ SRL+ Pred. Results The 1-, 5-, 10-year survival rate of patients/kidney in low dose CsA + MMF + Pred protocol was higher than that in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol. The incidence of adverse reactions, such as hypertension, hyperuricemia, kidney and liver toxicity, and leukopenia was significantly lower, but the incidence of diarrhea was significantly higher in CsA + MMF + Pred protocol than in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol (all P＜0. 01). The incidence of hyperglycemia was significantly higher (P＜0. 05), and that of hairy and gingival hyperplsia was significantly lower (P＜0. 05) in low dose Tac+ MMF+ Pred than in low dose CsA+ MMF+ Pred protocol. The incidence of hyperlipidemia in low dose CsA (or Tac)+ SRL + Pred was significantly higher than in CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred protocol (P＜0. 05). The incidence of hirsutism in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly lower than that in CsA + SRL + Pred protocol (P ＜ 0. 05). The incidence of hyperglycemia in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly higher than that in low dose CsA + SRL + Pred protocol. Conclusion The triple drug protocol with a low dose of CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred significantly improved the survival of renal transplant recipients and graft, and reduced the incidence of adverse reactions, especially Tae + MMF + Pred protocol. Adjustment of the immunosuppressant dosage and protocol, improvement of eating habits, exercise, reduction of blood pressure, reduction of blood lipid, and control of blood glucose were particularly important in preventing and controlling adverse reactions during kidney transplantation.     

肾移植后不同免疫抑制方案的效果及不良反应的临床分析

Objective To summarize the incidence and treatment experience of the effectiveness and adverse reactions of the different immunosuppressive protocols and to increase the long-term survival rate in kidney recipients. Methods Single-center retrospective analysis was performed on 3102 cases of kidney transplant recipients in effectiveness and adverse reactions of different immunosuppressive protocols. The immunosuppressive protocols were as follows: CsA + Aza + Pred,low dose CsA + MMF + Pred, low dose Tac + MMF + Pred, low dose CsA + SRL + Pred, and low dose Tac+ SRL+ Pred. Results The 1-, 5-, 10-year survival rate of patients/kidney in low dose CsA + MMF + Pred protocol was higher than that in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol. The incidence of adverse reactions, such as hypertension, hyperuricemia, kidney and liver toxicity, and leukopenia was significantly lower, but the incidence of diarrhea was significantly higher in CsA + MMF + Pred protocol than in CsA + Aza + Pred protocol (all P＜0. 01). The incidence of hyperglycemia was significantly higher (P＜0. 05), and that of hairy and gingival hyperplsia was significantly lower (P＜0. 05) in low dose Tac+ MMF+ Pred than in low dose CsA+ MMF+ Pred protocol. The incidence of hyperlipidemia in low dose CsA (or Tac)+ SRL + Pred was significantly higher than in CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred protocol (P＜0. 05). The incidence of hirsutism in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly lower than that in CsA + SRL + Pred protocol (P ＜ 0. 05). The incidence of hyperglycemia in low dose Tac + SRL + Pred was significantly higher than that in low dose CsA + SRL + Pred protocol. Conclusion The triple drug protocol with a low dose of CsA (or Tac)+ MMF+ Pred significantly improved the survival of renal transplant recipients and graft, and reduced the incidence of adverse reactions, especially Tae + MMF + Pred protocol. Adjustment of the immunosuppressant dosage and protocol, improvement of eating habits, exercise, reduction of blood pressure, reduction of blood lipid, and control of blood glucose were particularly important in preventing and controlling adverse reactions during kidney transplantation.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.