2004年烟台市某高等学校入学新生艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查

[目的]了解大学新生艾滋病知识、态度及行为,以便有针对性地开展预防艾滋病健康教育工作.[方法]2004年10月,对烟台市某高等学校入学新生进行问卷调查.[结果]调查1 326人,艾滋病知识总知晓率为69.08%,其中艾滋病基础知识、传播途径、非传播途径知识的知晓率分别为98.79%、62.14%、70.97%.艾滋病知识总知晓率,来自城市的为73.94%,来自农村的为62.16%(P＜0.01);男生为62.97%,女生为75.79%(P＜0.01).获得艾滋病知识的途径主要是电视广播(占88.16%)、报刊书籍(占76.32%)、网络(占35.52%);81.52%对艾滋病患者或艾滋病病毒携带者持正确态度;93.44%认为很有必要在大学生中开展预防艾滋病健康教育活动.[结论]大学新生对艾滋病知识的认知水平较高,但不全面.     

某高校学生AIDS/HIV知识、态度调查结果分析

[目的]了解某高校学生艾滋病(AIDS)知识的知晓程度、对艾滋病病毒(HIY)感染者或患者的态度,为学校及有关部门开展艾滋病健康教育活动、有效阻断HIV传播提供依据.[方法]采用分层整群抽样法,对某高校2 000名在校学生,不记名进行问卷调查和分析.[结果]学生对艾滋病(AIDS)主要传播途径认知水平较高,但预防知识缺乏,对艾滋病的态度和行为还缺乏正确认识,对其流行形势和危害程度认识不足.不同年级对艾滋病的基本知识的答对率和对患者、感染者态度正确率差异有统计学意义.[结论]高校大学生掌握艾滋病有关知识尚不够全面,应积极开展艾滋病知识的健康教育,增长防治知识,形成正确对待艾滋病患者及病毒感染者的态度,共同促进有效的艾滋病预防与控制.     

大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为现况调查

[目的]了解大学生对艾滋病（AIDS）知识的掌握程度,探讨针对大学生有效的AIDS宣传教育方式.[方法]采用不记名问卷方式,对成都市某大学学生随机进行现况调查.[结果]大学生AIDS基本知识全项回答正确率16.6%,男生高于女生;3大传播途径知晓率达90%以上;对艾滋病感染者及病人存在恐惧和歧视;有7.9%学生回答有异性性接触,2.0%学生回答有同性性接触,4.1%回答有吸毒行为,其中静脉吸食海洛因有0.7%;最近1次性生活使用安全套12.3%;获得艾滋病知识宣传主要途径是报刊、电视、网络;90%以上愿意接受并参与艾滋病知识宣传.[结论]该校应加强对大学生AIDS宣传教育;充分依靠大学生人群开展宣传教育.     

大学生艾滋病知信行情况及其健康教育效果评价

[目的]了解广州大学生的艾滋病相关知识、态度及行为情况,评价讲座、上课教育方式的即时效果及长期多方式宣传教育的效果.[方法]采用分层整群抽样方法,对该校大学生进行讲座、上课及长期干预前后的问卷调查.[结果]讲座、上课及长期干预后大学生的艾滋病相关知识、态度情况有所改善,长期干预后安全套的使用率增加,但其他相关危险行为没有明显改变.58.70%的大学生认为有必要开展艾滋病宣传教育,34.63%的大学生对学校的艾滋病宣教满意,认为学校宣教存在的不足主要有:学生参与太少(34.91%)、干预方式单调乏味(30.68%)和干预内容少、力度不够(27.19%).[结论]在大学生中开展短期艾滋病宣传教育的即时效果较明显,但多方式长期干预的效果尚不足.为获得良好的宣教效果,应注意干预的持续性和反复性.大学生艾滋病宣传教育应针对教育对象的特点,结合多种途径持续、深入地开展.     

昆明市大学生艾滋病知识态度现状及其影响因素分析

[目的]了解大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度现状及其影响因素,探讨在大学生中开展艾滋病健康教育的有效途径。[方法]自行设计问卷,分层随机抽取昆明市4所高校1765名大学生进行匿名自填式问卷调查。[结果]UNGASS核心指标问题全部答对的只占48.4%,赋值后平均分4.11±1.11分。57.3%的人会更加关心艾滋病病毒感染者;53.3%的人容忍艾滋病病毒感染者继续上学或工作;39.9%的人表示艾滋病病毒感染者有权将自己的实际情况保密。53%的人对婚前性行为持赞同或无所谓的态度;75.9%的人表示如果发生性行为会坚持使用安全套。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果发现,医学院校、生源地在城镇、在学校接受过艾滋病健康教育、知道获取艾滋病知识相关机构的学生得分更高。[结论]大学生对艾滋病的认识还不够全面和细致,对待艾滋病患者和感染者的态度还有待提高。     

少数民族大学生预防艾滋病知识教育效果评估

[目的]调查针对少数民族大学生的艾滋病预防知识的教育效果. [方法]在中南民族大学通过一系列活动使少数民族大学生逐步树立、强化预防艾滋病的意识,掌握知识并改变对艾滋病感染者的态度. [结果]教育后少数民族学生预防艾滋病的基本知识明显提高,平均知晓率由教育前的70.36%上升到95.78%;对预防艾滋病持积极态度的学生比例由43.6%上升到74.8%. [结论]在少数民族大学开展此类行为教育活动可以有效的促进少数民族大学生提高预防艾滋病知识水平、形成正确态度及掌握相关技能.     

延安市809名大学生艾滋病知识态度行为调查

[日的]了解延安市大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度和个人行为,以便探索在大学生中更有效地开展艾滋病健康教育的方法. [方法]2006年5月,分层随机整群抽取延安大学1-3年级部分大学生进行间卷调查. [结果]调查809名大学生,大多数知晓艾滋病的基本知识,对母婴传播和艾滋病非传播途径的知晓率较低,多数知识的知晓率医学生与非医学生的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);60%以上的学生认为应强行隔离HIV携带者,70%左右认为艾滋病病人应继续学习和工作,30%表示不会与艾滋病病人平等相处,40%左右表示会主动获取艾滋病相关知识,认为为了预防芰滋病应推广安全套者所占比例非医学生为71.61%,医学生为78.31%(P<0.05);赞成多个性伴侣的占12.86%,赞成商业性行为者占10.63%,承认发生过性行为者占3.71%.[结论]延安市大学生艾滋病相关知识知晓率不高,态度不正确,存在危险行为.在学校开展艾滋病健康教育是预防学生艾滋病的最方便和有效的途径之一.     

河南省某高校大学生艾滋病知识态度行为调查

[目的]了解在校大学生对艾滋病(AIDS)知识的知晓率、获得知识途径和其希望获得相关知识的途径,以及他们对待HIV感染者和艾滋病患者的态度;进一步了解大学生对待婚前性行为的态度.为学校开展艾滋病健康教育提供依据. [方法]采用整群随机抽样的方法,在某医学院1-3年级在校大学生中,抽得药学和检验两个专业的学生368人,进行现场匿名自填式问卷调查.[结果]大学生艾滋病知识来源主要是网络、电视电台、报纸杂志、录像、学校、老师同学等.大多数学生对AIDS的3条主要传播途径和一般日常生活接触是否传播艾滋病知晓率较高(>90%),而对于一些易混淆的问题如蚊虫叮咬是否传播的知晓率却只有36%.对待艾滋病病人或感染者普遍存在歧视态度.[结论]医学院在校大学生已具备一定的预防艾滋病的知识和较为正确的态度,今后仍应进一步加强艾滋病防治知识的宣传教育.     

宁夏部分高校学生艾滋病防治知识调查

[目的]了解高校大学生艾滋病相关知识掌握情况以及态度和行为情况,探讨高校大学生艾滋病防治宣传教育方式和干预措施,为今后在高校更好地开展艾滋病知识宣传教育和干预工作提供科学依据. [方法]采用分层整群抽样方法对宁夏两所高校新生进行艾滋病防治知识培训前后问卷调查. [结果]培训后大学生艾滋病相关知识知晓率均有所提高,通过性传播艾滋病知识知晓率掌握水平培训前后变化不大.[结论]深入、适当的宣传教育依然是今后开展大学生艾滋病防治知识的重点,性健康教育应作为大学生艾滋病健康教育的基础和前提.     

某高校大学生艾滋病调查问卷分析

[目的]了解我校大学生艾滋病防制知识的知晓情况,并探讨高校健康教育对提高大学生艾滋病相关知识的作用.[方法]整群随机抽样660名大1～大4文科生进行艾滋病问卷调查,并对调查结果进行统计分析.[结果]大学生对艾滋病3大主要传播途径的总体知晓率为95.7%,对可能引起艾滋病感染的一些高危行为知晓率为97.5%,对日常生活中艾滋病的传播途径和非传播途径知晓率较低.但接受过入学健康教育的大1新生艾滋病相关知识知晓率及日常生活习惯与其余年级相比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).大学生获取艾滋病知识的主要来源为报刊、杂志、书籍,学校的健康教育及艾滋病防治机构.[结论]高校大学生的某些艾滋病知识仍有待进一步提高.而在高校普及健康教育,是提高大学生艾滋病防制知识、自我保护意识与防病能力的有效措施之一.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.