湘用刘寄奴的品种调查与鉴定研究

目的为鉴定湘用刘寄奴提供参考。方法对湖南省一些地区所用的刘寄奴进行调查,并用传统鉴定方法及现代鉴定技术进行鉴定。结果与结论各地区所用品种不同。湖南连翘、元宝草与小连翘的药材性状、显微特征具有一定差异。     

大承气汤对胃肠道推进机能及肠容积的影响(下法实验之一)

在伤寒论中记截大承气汤功用为峻下热结。金鉴记载:“诸积热结于里而成满、痞、燥、实者均以大承气汤下之。现用于治疗外科急腹症,经临床证明有肯定的疗效。现仅就大承气汤对小鼠胃肠推进机能及对肠容积的影响,作一初步观察,本文即报告该实验的观察结果。实验方法动物:选用禁食24小时后体重为16～20克成年健康小白鼠,雌雄不限。实验前禁食24小时,不禁水。药品及剂量:本大承气汤所用中药饮片均系自天津市药材公司一次购入。依据张仲     

方药配伍对三承气汤中蒽醌类衍生物含量影响比较分析

目的：研究方药配伍对大承气汤,小承气汤和调胃承气汤君药大黄中有效成分蒽醌类衍生物溶出率的影响。方法：用薄层色谱－紫外分光光度法分别测定大黄水煎液及3方的分煎液与合煎液中游离大黄酸,游离大黄素,游离总蒽醌,结合型大黄酸,结合型大黄素,结合型总蒽醌的含量。结果：与大黄水煎液相比,大多数水煎液中游离蒽醌及结合型蒽醌含量存在显著性差异。合煎方中无论是结合型大黄酸还是结合型总蒽醌的含量均按如下顺序减少：大承气汤＞小承气汤＞调胃承气汤。结论：大黄与不同剂量的不同药材配伍共煎是使大,小,调胃承气汤中游离蒽醌,结合型蒽醌含量产生变化的重要原因。三承气汤中结合型大黄酸,结合型总蒽醌含量变化顺序与其泻下作用一致。     

细胞与分子遗传学技术鉴定药材简介

传统的药材鉴定大多依据药材的性状特征，显微特征，和所含化学成分的理化特征。由于目前药材来源复杂、种类繁多、品种混淆，运用传统的药材鉴定方法已难做出准确的判断。例如：鹿鞭［１］、前胡［２］等。为此，人们寻找更科学、更先进的方法，以求能够更准确地鉴定中药...     

渭南地区习用药材防风的调查

目的 对渭南地区习用药材防风进行调查和鉴定。方法 采集渭南市11个县市区习用防风的原植物及药材．并对其原植物形态及药材性状进行鉴定。结果 渭南地区所用防风均为伞形科植物华山前胡Peucedanum ledebourielloides K.T.Fu的根。结论 华山前胡与《中国药典》收载的防风Saposhnikovia divaricata(Turcz．)Schishk．原植物来源不符，为地区习用药材。     

龟鳖类甲壳的性状特征鉴别

目的：对龟鳖类甲壳的性状特征进行鉴别研究，可保证药材龟甲、鳖甲品种的纯正，对其它品种龟鳖类甲壳作签别，有利于资源的研究、开发和利用。方法：采用科属与性状特征结合，以龟鳖类甲壳的甲桥、腋盾、胯盾的有无、多少、大小，上下甲壳有无韧带参与，盾片数目，棱嵴的位置及形状等特征为依据进行分类。结果，可分为海生龟类、陆栖或水栖龟类及鳖类等30多个品种。结论：为龟甲、鳖甲和其它品种的龟鳖类甲壳的鉴定研究提供依据。     

罗河石斛的生药学鉴定

目的 对罗河石斛进行生药鉴定.方法 采用生药鉴定方法对罗河石斛药材基源、性状和显微特征进行研究.结果 罗河石斛的原植物形态、药材性状和不同器官显微组织构造的鉴别特征明显.结论 可为罗河石斛质量标准的制定、石斛类药材的品种鉴别奠定基础.     

广州清平药市动态

去年“非典”药材市场大货成交活跃，走动较快。今年由于国家治理整顿药市，药监局对中药饮片严厉查处，市场大货走动不畅，只有零星药材走动顺畅，随着天气转热，一些解毒品种和去湿品种仍走动较快。具体行情如下：     

返魂草药材的鉴别研究现状

目的：返魂草为我国长白山地区的一种特色药材资源,为保证其质量,为该药材的鉴定提供理论依据。方法查阅总结文献资料,对返魂草药材的鉴别进行综述。结果为返魂草药材提供了来源鉴定、性状鉴定、显微鉴定、理化鉴定方法。结论阐述了返魂草药材的鉴定研究现状。     

浮石斛的生药学鉴定

目的 对浮石斛进行生药鉴定.方法 采用生药鉴定方法研究浮石斛的药材基源、性状和显微特征.结果 浮石斛的原植物形态、药材性状和不同器官显微组织构造的鉴别特征明显.结论 为浮石斛药材的质量标准制定、石斛类药材的品种整理及其混淆品的区分奠定了基础.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.