ACE基因多态性与士兵耐力素质训练效绩的相关性研究

目的 观察血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因多态性对采用不同耐力素质训练方法进行训练的士兵有氧耐力素质效绩提高的影响.方法 随机抽取某步兵团248名无军事训练史的汉族男性新兵,均分为实验组和对照组,每组124名.实验组采用以"循环训练法"为理念设计的强化耐力训练方法;对照组采用部队常用耐力训练方法,即以5000m跑为主的训练方法(每周5000m×3次,每日不超过1次).两组总共进行8周的耐力素质训练.训练开始前和训练8周后分别考核记录5000m跑成绩并测定最大摄氧量(VO2max)作为两项耐力素质指标.然后检测两组士兵的ACE基因型,并按照不同基因型分为II、ID、DD型3组,分析不同ACE基因型及训练方法对士兵耐力素质的影响.结果 实验组训练后VO2max、5000m跑成绩与训练前及对照组训练后比较均显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01).两组士兵基因多态位点均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡.实验组ACE基因分型中,Ⅱ型占33.9%,ID型占59.6%,DD型占6.5%,而对照组Ⅱ型占46.8%,ID型占50.0%,DD型占3.2%.实验组内各ACE基因型之间5000m跑成绩和VO2max比较均无明显差异(P>0.05).对照组中DD基因型5000m跑成绩和VO2max显著低于Ⅱ基因型和ID基因型(P<0.05),而Ⅱ基因型和ID基因型之间比较无显著差异(P>0.05).结论 在为期8周的训练中,以"循环训练法"理念设计的强化耐力训练可有效提高士兵耐力素质;不同ACE基因型不能确切作为士兵耐力素质好坏和提升速度快慢的指标.     

余甘子喉片提高高原人体体能的试验研究

目的探讨余甘子喉片对提高高原人体体能的作用。方法在3700 m和5100 m高原分别选择40名已习服高原半年以上的男性青年,随机分为余甘子组（n=20,每日3.0 g,连续服药15 d）和安慰剂对照组（n=20,服用15 d）。按照军标GJB1337-92测定服药前、后身体做功能力（PWC170）,最大耗氧量（VO2max）和台阶指数等体能指标和血氧饱和度（SaO2）、血液乳酸（BLA）浓度、血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化。结果与服药前相比,在3700 m高原余甘子组服药后VO2max增加8.03%（P〈0.01）,台阶指数增加13.94%（P〈0.01）,运动后BLA减少19.9%（P〈0.05）,血清SOD活性增加7.90%,MDA减少36.07%（P〈0.05）;在5100 m高原余甘子组运动后SaO2增加4.63%（P〈0.05）,VO2max增加8.08%（P〈0.05）,台阶指数增加11.12%（P〈0.05）,运动后BLA减少16.9%（P〈0.05）;对照组无明显变化。结论余甘子具有抗疲劳、提高高原人体体能的作用。     

β-胡萝卜素大豆肽和蚕蛹蛋白提升高海拔人群作业能力的研究

目的探讨β-胡萝卜素、大豆肽和蚕蛹蛋白对提升高海拔地区移居人群体力作业能力的影响。方法在海拔5100 m将40名青年随机分为4组,分别为β-胡萝卜素组、大豆肽组、蚕蛹蛋白组、对照组（口服安慰剂）。于服用前运动前、服用前运动后、服用后运动后分别检测血液生化指标。结果⑴服用后与服用前比较,β-胡萝卜素组VO2max、静息SaO2增高,蚕蛹蛋白组和大豆肽组VO2max、PWC170、台阶指数、静息和运动后SaO2均增高,有显著性差异（P〈0.05或0.01）。与对照组比较,服用后运动后3组SaO2均增高,蚕蛹蛋白组和大豆肽组台阶指数增高,大豆肽组VO2max增高,有显著性差异（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。⑵服用后运动后与服用前运动后比较、与对照组服用后运动后比较,ALT、AST、TB、DB均降低,有显著性差异（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;NOS、NO、SOD均增高,MDA降低,有显著性差异（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;Glu均增高,BUN、BLA降低,有显著性差异（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论β-胡萝卜素、大豆肽和蚕蛹蛋白均可提高高原机体作业能力,增强机体抗氧化作用,延缓运动性疲劳发生。     

不同训练方法对士兵耐力素质训练的影响

目的 探求一种适合常规部队、能快速有效提高士兵有氧耐力素质、并可降低军事训练伤发生率的训练方法.方法 随机抽取某步兵团248名无军事训练史的汉族男性新兵,均分为实验组和对照组,每组124名.实验组采用以"循环训练法"为理念设计的强化耐力训练方法;对照组采用部队常用耐力训练方法,即以5000m跑为主的训练方法(每周5000m×3次,每日不超过1次).两组总共进行8周的耐力素质训练.训练开始前和训练8周后分别测试士兵的安静脉搏、肺活量、VO2max和5000m成绩等耐力素质指标,并于训练8周后对士兵进行体检,统计有小腿肿胀和按压痛、膝关节肿痛、下腰痛等军事训练伤症状的人数,计算军事训练伤发生率.结果 实验组训练后安静脉搏降低了8.0%,肺活量、VO2max、5000m成绩则分别提高了8.1%、20.0%、14.7%,与训练前及对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).实验组训练伤发生率(3.3%)显著低于对照组(8.1%,P<0.05).结论 以"循环训练法"为理念设计的强化耐力训练方法可有效提高部队士兵耐力素质并减少军事训练伤的发生.     

不同方案训练对新兵耐力素质的影响

目的:评价不同方案训练对新兵耐力及运动成绩的影响,为优化部队体能训练方案提供理论依据。方法:72名健康男性新兵随机被分为现行训练组、有氧耐力组、无氧耐力组,均进行连续8周训练。分别于训练前、训练4周末、训练8周末进行最大耗氧量(VO2max)、台阶试验及PWC150耐力指标测定和3 000 m、50 m跑考核。结果:与训练前相比,3个组别所有指标均随时间显著进行性提高。且至训练8周末有氧耐力组台阶指数、VO2max3、000 m成绩显著优于现行训练组(P值分别为0.013、0.029、0.001);无氧耐力组台阶指数、50 m跑成绩显著优于现行训练组(P分别为0.012、0.026);各组间PWC150无显著差异。结论:科学、合理、规范的耐力训练更利于提高战士耐力素质,基层部队应根据担负任务特点有针对性的加强有氧耐力和/或无氧耐力训练。     

新兵训练前后体质变化情况观察

目的：观察新兵训练前后体质变化情况,评价新兵训练效果。方法：随机选取某部2个连队新兵352例,采用《部队健康综合评价标准》,对训练前后新兵体重、胸围、最大摄氧量、100m跑、3000m跑、立定跳远、引体向上等项目进行测量,比较训练前后新兵体质状况及训练效果。结果：与训练前比较,新兵体重略有下降,3000m跑、引体向上成绩有所提高（P〈0．05）,最大摄氧量显著提高（P〈0．01）;与《部队健康综合评价标准》比较,新兵体重仍偏重（P〈0．05）,胸围、最大摄氧量、3000m跑、引体向上等项目差异非常显著（P〈0．01）。结论：训练后新兵的体质状况有所改善,但与《部队健康综合评价标准》比较还有较大差距。     

跑节省化评价有氧耐力及其训练效果实验研究

目的:探讨跑节省化(RE)指标在表达耐力能力方面的重要程度与应用价值。方法:102名新兵进行18周5000米长跑训练,每周训练3次,以95%和105%个体通气无氧阈(VT)时的心率作为强度控制标准,以Polar心率表作为控制手段。测定其训练前后的VO2max、VT和RE及其相关指标,并运用主成分分析方法对表达有氧能力初始水平和训练效果的不同指标进行重要程度的分析。结果:18周耐力训练使VO2max增加了1.56%,VT-VO2提高了2.59%,而RE各值均显著下降(范围为7.68%～9.43%,P<0.01)。在表达耐力初始水平方面,RE各指标的贡献率较大;在表达耐力训练效果方面,VO2max与RE各指标的贡献率和因子载荷较大。结论:RE在评价普通人群(即训练初期)的耐力及其耐力训练效果方面优于VO2max和VT指标。     

某部新老兵跑步训练前后心率和血氧饱和度观察

目的：观察新老兵参加100m、3km跑步训练前后心率（HR）和血氧饱和度（SaO2）的变化。方法：采取整群抽样法抽取刚入伍新兵及军龄≥2年老兵各40例,分别测定静息状态（跑步前）,100m及3km跑步训练后不同时间点的HR和SaO2。结果：老兵组跑步训练前HR显著低于新兵组（P〈0.01）,SaO2两组差异不显著（P〉0.05）;100m跑步训练后不同时间点新兵组HR显著高于老兵组（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,SaO2两组差异不显著（P〉0.05）;3km跑步训练后不同时间点新兵组HR显著高于老兵组（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,SaO2老兵组跑步训练后3、6min显著高于新兵组（P〈0.01）。结论：新兵对高强度军事训练适应性较差,应采取循序渐进的训练模式。     

三七提高高原人体作业能力的现场研究

目的探讨三七对提高移居高原人群体力作业能力的影响。方法在海拔3700、5100 m分别选择青年40人,随机分为2组,每组20人。三七组口服三七片,每次4片,对照组口服安慰剂,每次2粒,均每日2次,连续服用15 d。按军用卫生标准《士兵体能的测量和评价》GJB1337-92测定服药前、后体能指标,采集静脉血检测服药前、服药前运动后及服药后运动后血中谷丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、谷草氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、总胆红素（TB）、直接胆红素（DB）、一氧化氮（NO）及一氧化氮合酶（NOS）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、血乳酸（BLA）及尿素氮（BUN）的含量。结果 （1）海拔3700 m：较服药前,PWC170、台阶指数增高,一、二级负荷心率（HR）降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;较对照组服药后,VO2max、PWC170、台阶指数增高,一、二级负荷HR降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。与服药前比较,ALT、AST、TB、DB、BUN、BLA降低,SOD、NO、NOS增高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;较对照组服药后,AST、TB、DB、BUN降低,SOD增高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。（2）海拔5100 m：较服药前,PWC170、台阶指数、Sa O2增高,一级负荷HR降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;较对照组服药后,一级负荷HR降低（P〈0.05）。与服药前比较,ALT、AST、TB、DB、MDA降低,NOS增高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;较对照组服药后,AST、TB、DB、MDA、BLA降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论三七具有抗疲劳、抗缺氧,提高高原人体运动能力,可能与其减轻低氧环境对脏器的损害有关。     

黄芪提高3700m高原人体运动能力效果评价

目的：探讨黄芪对高原人体运动能力的作用。方法：选择40名已习服3 700m高原半年以上的男青年,随机分为黄芪组（n=20,黄芪4.4克/日,连续服药15天）和对照组（n=20,服用安慰剂15天）。按照军标GJB1337-92测定服药前、后体能指标,采静脉血检测谷氨酰氨基转移酶（GPT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（GOT）、总胆红素（TB）、直接胆红素（DB）、血乳酸（BLA）、尿素氮（BUN）、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、一氧化氮（NO）及一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的含量。结果：对照组运动后GPT、GOT、TB、DB、MDA、BUN、BLA等指标较运动前均显著增高,SOD、NO、NOS显著降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;与服药前相比,黄芪组VO2max、PWC170、台阶指数均显著增高,运动后SOD、NO、NOS较运动前显著增高,GPT、GOT、TB、DB、MDA、BUN、BLA均显著降低（P〈0.05或0.01）。结论：黄芪具有抗疲劳、提高高原人体运动能力的作用,减轻低氧对环境肝脏的损害。     

Aerobic requirements and maximum aerobic power in treadmill and track running.

Treadmill and track running comparisons were made on eight track athletes. Oxygen uptake (VO2) during steady-state and maximum aerobic power (VO2 max) were measured in a discrete series of three speeds, and at maximal effort. Running speeds were always in sequence from slowest to fastest. Expired air was collected from the runner by the Douglas-bag method, and analyzed by the Lloyd-Haldane technique. Neither VO2 max nor aerobic requirements of running were significantly different in track and treadmill determinations. There were several correlations: 1) VO2 max with body weight (r = .83 P less than .02), 2) treadmill and track determinations of VO2 max (r = .95, P less than .01) and 3) VO2 ml/kg with running velocity m/min (r = .91, P less than .01) where the regression was linear and may be represented by the equation Y = 5.36 + 0.172X, where Syx = 2.7 m102/kg. It is concluded that treadmill determinations of oxygen uptake may be validly applied to track running in calm air within the range of 180...260 m/min.     

瘦素受体基因多态性与有氧耐力及其训练效果的关联性研究

目的:探讨瘦素受体(OB-R)基因第6外显子Gln223Arg多态性与有氧耐力及有氧耐力训练效果的关联性。方法:对新征入伍的102名中国北方汉族士兵进行为期18周、每周3次、每次5000米、强度为95~105%通气阈(VT)的耐力训练。采用跑台逐级递增负荷运动实验测定受试者训练前后最大摄氧量(VO2max),并在12km/h跑速时测定跑节省化(RE)时的心率(HR)、通气量(VE)和摄氧量(VO2);利用限制性片断长度多态(PCR-RFLP)法进行OB-R基因Gln223Arg多态性解析。结果:(1)OB-R基因Gln223Arg多态性在中国北方汉族人群中的分布频率分别为AA:3%、AG:25%、GG:72%,符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律;(2)按基因型分组后,A等位基因携带者(AA+AG)训练前的最大摄氧量相对值明显高于未携带者(GG),其他指标训练前后在两组之间无显著性差异。结论:OB-R基因第6外显子的Gln223Arg多态性与有氧能力可能存在关联,而与有氧耐力训练效果不关联。     

3种药物对提高高原人体运动能力的实验研究

目的：研究黄芪、余干子、三七3种药物对提高高海拔地区军事作业能力的影响。方法：选择32名已习服5 100m高原半年以上的男青年,随机分为黄芪组、余干子组、三七组及对照组。测定服药前、后体能指标,观察血液生化各项指标。结果：运动后,对照组总胆红素（TB）、直接胆红素（DB）、丙二醛（MDA）、血乳酸（BLA）等指标显著增高（P〈0.05）,一氧化氮合酶（NOS）、葡萄糖（GLU）显著降低（P〈0.05）;黄芪组动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）、台阶指数均显著增高,BLA显著降低,NOS、GLU显著增高（P〈0.05）;余干子组SaO2、最大耗氧量（VO2max）、台阶指数均显著增高,BLA显著降低（P〈0.05）;三七组NOS显著增高（P〈0.05）。结论：黄芪、余干子、三七均具有抗疲劳、提高高原人体运动能力的作用,减轻低氧环境对脏器的损害,而黄芪、余干子此方面的功效较明显。     

The changes in running performance and maximal oxygen uptake after long-term training in elite athletes

AIM: The relationship between VO2max (mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and running performance has been assessed in cross-sectional studies. Follow-up studies of the long-term effects of running training on the changes in performance and VO2max have not been undertaken. METHODS: Twenty-five male endurance-trained (MET) and 8 female endurance-trained (FET) athletes were tracked over 4 years. In each event the athletes were divided into Class A, including half the number of athletes with the best performances, and Class B. VO2max, examined at the end of the competitive season, and the best performance was chosen each year. RESULTS: After 3 years of training, in MET and FET athletes the performance improved by 1.77% and 0.69% (P<0.01 and P=0.579), respectively. In Class A runners, training resulted in non-significant increase in performance (-0.04%) (P=0.982) and in Class B runners, performance increased by 3.16% (P=0.001). In all groups VO(2max) remained essentially unchanged. Longitudinal changes in the VO2max were not related with the changes in running performance in any group. CONCLUSIONS: This study show than in older runners with more years of training, heavy training does not produce improvements in running performance neither changes in the VO2max. It is possible that these elite athletes have reached the plateau in their performance; although unlikely, some improvement in training techniques may happen and break the present limit. In younger runners with less years of training, heavy training produce improvements in running performance without changes in the VO2max. These athletes that had not attained his biological limits at the beginning of study improved the performance in competition and it is quite probable that this improvement be due to training. The changes in performance were not related to changes in VO2max. Consequently, another physiological or psychological variables must be studied by longitudinal form to explain the variability of performance in competition.     

Maximal and submaximal oxygen uptakes and blood lactate levels in elite male middle- and long-distance runners

Physiological characteristics of elite runners from different racing events were studied. Twenty-seven middle- and long-distance runners and two 400-m runners belonging to the Swedish national team in track and field were divided, according to their distance preferences, into six groups from 400 m up to the marathon. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max, ml X kg-1 X min-1) on the treadmill was higher the longer the main distance except for the marathon runners (e.g., 800-1500-m group, 72.1; 5000-10,000-m group, 78.7 ml X kg-1 X min-1). Running economy evaluated from oxygen uptake measurements at 15 km/h (VO2 15) and 20 km/h (VO2 20) did not differ significantly between the groups even though VO2 15 tended to be lower in the long-distance runners. The running velocity corresponding to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l (vHla 4.0) differed markedly between the groups with the highest value (5.61 m/s) in the 5000-10,000-m group. The oxygen uptake (VO2) at vHla 4.0 in percentage of VO2 max did not differ significantly between the groups. The blood lactate concentration after exhaustion (VO2 max test) was lower in the long-distance runners. In summary, the present study demonstrates differences in physiological characteristics of elite runners specializing in different racing events. The two single (but certainly inter-related) variables in which this was most clearly seen were the maximal oxygen uptake (ml X kg-1 X min-1) and the running velocity corresponding to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l.     

Determinants of five kilometre running performance in active men and women.

Previous studies of elite endurance athletes have suggested that success in distance running is attributable to the possession of a high maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), the utilisation of a large fraction of the VO2 max and to running economy. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships between these physiological characteristics and running performance in active but not elite men and women. Maximal oxygen uptake values were 57.6 +/- 6.2 and 46.6 +/- 4.8 ml . kg.-1 min-1 for the men and women respectively (p less than 0.01). Running performance was assessed as a 5 km time trial and the men completed this distance in 19.77 +/- 2.27 min and the women in 24.44 +/- 3.19 min (p less than 0.01). Maximal oxygen uptake showed strong correlations (p less than 0.01) with running performance (men, r = -0.85; women, r = -0.80) but there was only a modest relationship between running economy and performance (men, r = 0.39; women, r = 0.34). The results of the present study suggest that the faster 5 km performance times recorded by the men were best explained by their higher VO2 max values.