MSCT评价中央型肺癌侵犯纵隔血管的临床价值

目的 分析中央型肺癌侵犯纵隔、肺门大血管的MSCT征象.方法 收集101例经病理、手术证实中央型肺癌患者的资料,此前均行MSCT增强扫描,结合常规增强横断面图像及后处理重建图像,分析中央型肺癌侵犯邻近血管的影像学特征.结果 中央型肺癌侵犯肺动脉有以下3种征象:"手握球征"、"枯树征"、"残根征".不同病理类型的肺癌侵犯肺动脉CT征象不同,"手握球征"多见于鳞癌(占88.89%),"枯树征"多见于小细胞肺癌(占85.71%),不同病理类型肺癌侵犯肺静脉CT征象无明显差异(P>0.05).发生在右侧的中央型肺癌中上腔静脉受侵多见于小细胞肺癌(占71.43%)且CT征象均为管腔狭窄或包埋截断.结论 MSCT增强扫描及图像后处理技术能客观地判断中心型肺癌侵犯血管的影像特征,从而可以为临床制订肺癌的治疗方案提供客观依据.     

原发性中心型肺癌侵犯肺动脉干的CT、MRI表现特征

目的　探讨肺癌侵犯肺动脉干方式、途径、范围的CT、MRI表现及其与手术的关系。方法　收集经手术及病理证实为肺癌侵犯肺动脉干的 2 3例 (CT 15例 ,MRI 13例 ) ,盲法观察其侵犯途径、范围等CT、MRI表现 ,并与手术发现进行对照分析。结果　本组 2 3例肺癌侵犯肺动脉干的CT和MRI征象中 ,发现管壁异常征CT 11例 (73 .3 % ) ,MRI 11例 (84.6% ) ;管腔异常征CT 8例 (5 5 .3 % ) ,MRI9例 (69.2 % ) ;肿瘤包埋征CT 5例 (3 3 .3 % ) ,MRI 6例 (4 6.2 % ) ;管周脂肪征CT 15例 ,MRI 13例均为 10 0 %。由于癌肿优势部位不同 ,可经纵隔胸膜及肺门侵犯肺动脉干 ,又因左、右肺动脉干解剖毗邻差异 ,其受侵犯部位、程度及累及邻近结构不同。肺癌还可沿肺动脉干向其他肺叶肺动脉及其分支浸润。手术术式选择与上述影像表现特征密切相关。结论　CT和MRI对肺癌侵犯肺动脉干可判断其受侵的方式、途径和范围 ,对手术方式的选择有一定指导意义。     

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压双能量CT表现

目的:探讨慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(CTEPH)的双能量CT表现.方法:对经临床及心脏超声证实的13例CTEPH患者进行双能量CT扫描.由两位放射科医师以肺叶为单位独立分析双能量CT肺血容量灌注成像(LungPBV)肺灌注缺损的数目、位置,分析CTEPH患者的CT肺动脉成像(CTPA)表现.利用Kappa检验分析两位阅片者诊断CTEPH的一致性.结果:13例CTEPH表现为血栓沿肺动脉内壁分布,呈不规则偏心性、附壁性充盈缺损或肺动脉突然狭窄.肺梗死1例,“马赛克”样肺灌注6例,胸腔积液1例,肺动脉主干直径/同层主动脉直径(PA/AA)＞1者12例,对比剂腔静脉返流3例.以肺叶为分析单位,阅片者1、2利用双能量CT肺灌注成像均发现21个肺叶出现灌注缺损,两位阅片者联合发现20个肺叶有灌注缺损.两位阅片者诊断的一致性Kappa值为0.918(P＜0.001),灌注缺损主要为分布于肺外带的楔形灌注减低区.结论:双能量CT能同时获得CTPA及肺灌注成像图像,可为CTEPH的诊断提供重要信息,可作为临床CTEPH疑似患者的首选检查方法.     

家兔急性肺栓塞的DSA、CTPA及DEPI的对比研究

目的 通过对家兔急性肺栓塞(APE)模型的DSA、CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)及双能量肺灌注成像技术(DE-PI)结果进行对比研究,探讨双源CT肺血管成像技术(CTPA)及DEPI对家兔APE的诊断价值.方法 10只实验用兔,X线透视下将4F导管经由右心室插入双侧肺动脉,并注入大小不等的明胶海绵,建立家兔APE模型,然后行DSA及双源CT DEPI,处死家兔进行病理解剖学检查.(1)分别计算DSA、CTPA、DEPI诊断家兔APE的敏感性及特异性,利用Kappa分析比较3种方法(DSA、CTPA、DEPI)与病理解剖结果的一致性;(2)利用配对t检验计算并比较家兔栓塞前后的双室短轴最大径比(RV/LV)值.结果 (1)与病理解剖结果相比,DSA、CTPA及DEPI诊断APE的敏感性和特异性分别为90.5％和100％、71.4％和100％、85.7％和92.9％,Kappa值分别为0.884、0.667、0.767,DEPI及DSA的一致性较好,CTPA的一致性一般.DEPI上,栓塞区表现为蓝黑色的灌注减低区,非栓塞区表现为黄红色的正常灌注区.(2)栓塞前后家兔的RV/LV差异有统计学意义(P =0.02 ＜0.05),栓塞后家兔的RV/LV值明显高于栓塞前.结论 双源CT的CTPA能较好地显示肺解剖信息,DEPI能较好地评价肺功能信息,对APE有着重要的诊断价值.     

双能量CT肺灌注及血管成像与核素肺通气灌注成像诊断肺栓塞的对照研究

目的 通过与核素肺通气灌注显像比较,评价双能量CT肺血管成像(DE-CTPA)及双能量CT肺灌注成像(DE-CTLP)技术诊断肺栓塞的能力.方法 比较50例临床怀疑肺栓塞的患者DE-CTPA、DE-CTLP及核素肺通气灌注显像结果,以非线性相关检验比较DE-CTPA显示肺血管腔内充盈缺损与DE-CTLP显示灌注缺损之间的相关性,以核素为参考标准,应用一致性检验方法(Kappa检验)对照分析两者之间的一致性及DE-CTLP诊断肺栓塞的敏感性和特异性.结果 (1)50例临床怀疑肺栓塞患者中,4例CT图像质量差,不能评价.余46例共920个有效肺段中,DE-CTPA显示262个肺段肺血管腔内充盈缺损,DE-CTLP显示266个肺段明确灌注缺损.核素肺通气灌注扫描显示268个肺段灌注与通气不匹配.(2)DE-CTLP与DE-CTPA两者间显著相关(r=0.883,P<0.01);DE-CTLP与核素肺通气灌注显像的一致性良好(Kappa=0.940,P<0.01);以核素肺通气灌注成像为诊断参考标准,应用DE-CTLP诊断肺栓塞的阳性预测值95.5%(279/292),阴性预测值98.3%(641/652),敏感性96.2%(279/290),特异性98.0%(641/654).(3)应用CareDose 4D技术,DE-CTPA和DE-CTLP患者平均射线损伤剂量为(4.37±0.47)mSv.结论 应用DE-CTPA和DE-CTLP技术可以在一次扫描中同时获得常规CT肺血管成像的血管形态学信息和肺实质血流灌注情况,为临床诊断肺栓塞提供直观、有效的综合影像信息.     

猪肺动脉MR增强血管造影和肺灌注成像的对比剂最佳剂量研究及与DSA对照

目的　通过动物实验探讨胸部动态增强MR血管造影 (CEMRA)以及肺灌注成像 (PPI)的对比剂最佳成像剂量 ,并与DSA对照 ,评价CEMRA和PPI对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法　应用5、10、15、2 0和 2 5ml的钆喷替酸葡甲胺 (Gd DTPA)溶液 (0 5mmol/ml)以 3ml/s的流率对 6头中华黑毛猪进行肺动脉 3DCEMRA及PPI;之后 ,用明胶海绵颗粒制备猪肺动脉栓塞模型 ,再以 2 0ml剂量和3ml/s的流率进行CEMRA和PPI,通过与DSA和病理对照 ,评价其诊断急性肺动脉栓塞的能力。结果猪肺动脉的信号强度、信噪比随着对比剂的剂量增加而升高 ,肺动脉与肺组织对比度在 10～ 15ml之间 (0 2 5 0～ 0 375mmol/kg)最好。猪肺灌注的满意剂量在 15～ 2 0ml(0 375～ 0 5 0 0mmol/kg)左右。肺动脉CEMRA显示栓塞率低于DSA ,但结合肺灌注图像所显示的肺动脉栓塞数量 (10 / 10 )高于单纯DSA(8/ 10 ) ,表现为楔形低信号灌注缺损区 ,平均信号强度值为 137 86± 4 5 32 ,而正常灌注区为330 14± 4 6 5 2 ,两者差异有非常显著性意义 (t =8 4 0 ,P <0 0 0 1) ,易于辨认。结论　猪肺动脉 3DCEMRA的最佳剂量为 0 2 5 0～ 0 375mmol/kg之间 ,猪肺灌注的满意剂量在 0 375mmol/kg以上 ,兼顾血管造影和肺灌注成像的最佳剂量为 0 375mmol/kg。肺动脉C     

多层螺旋CT在诊断肺动脉栓塞中的应用

目的　评价多层螺旋CT血管造影 (MSCTA)在诊断肺动脉栓塞 (PE)中的价值。方法　对 16例临床怀疑有PE的患者行多层螺旋CT血管造影 ,其中 8例发现有肺动脉栓塞 ,5例在溶栓治疗 2 0～ 3 0d后进行了多层螺旋CT血管造影复查。结果　 8例PE患者中发现肺段以上肺动脉 43支发生肺动脉栓塞 ,CT影像表现为肺动脉的完全堵塞、不规则充盈缺损、附壁充盈缺损、轨道征等 ;肺动脉主干的扩张 ;肺段和肺叶的缺血性改变或表现为“马塞克”征。 5例在溶栓治疗后跟踪CT复查 ,4例肺动脉栓塞基本消失 ,1例明显缩小好转。结论　多层螺旋CT血管造影是诊断肺动脉栓塞的一种无创伤性的有效检查方法 ,也是临床判断溶栓疗效的直观检查方法。     

多层螺旋CT血管造影对肺癌患者肿瘤侵犯中央肺血管的诊断评价

中晚期肺癌容易直接侵犯中央肺血管及其纵隔内的重要结构.中央肺血管是否受侵以及受侵的范围和程度,直接关系到能否手术切除及如何选择手术方式.多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)系非侵人性检查,具有扫描时间短、图像后处理功能先进等优点,已广泛在血管疾病诊断中应用.我院试图通过MSCTA探讨肺癌侵犯中央肺血管的直接征象,为肺癌有无中央肺血管侵犯的术前诊断及恶性肿瘤国际临床病期分期提供依据,现报告如下.     

兔实验性急性肺栓塞双源双能量CT与3.0T MR肺动脉成像联合肺灌注成像的对照研究

目的 评价双源双能量CT与3.0TMR诊断家兔急性肺栓塞的准确性.材料与方法 经股静脉注人明胶海绵栓子制作家兔急性肺动脉栓塞模型,栓塞后2h行双能量CT及MRI,得到CT肺动脉图像(CTPA)、双能量肺灌注图像(DEPI)及MR肺动脉图像(MRPA)和MR肺灌注图像(MRPP).以肺叶为单位,记录栓塞的数目和部位.以病理学为金标准,计算上述方法诊断肺栓塞的敏感性、特异性和一致性.结果 CTPA、DEPI检测肺动脉栓塞的敏感性分别为95.8%、95.8%;特异性分别为94.1%、90.2%;MRPA和MRPP的敏感性和特异性分别为83.3%、90.2%;37.5%、98%.CTPA与DEPI对急性肺动脉栓塞检测的吻合度非常好(Kappa值=0.971,P<0.001),DECT(CTPA和DEPI联合)与MRPA对急性肺动脉栓塞检测的吻合度较好(Kappa值=0.796,P<0.001).对于诊断急性肺动脉栓塞DECT与MRPA的差别无统计学意义(P>0.05);但DEPI诊断肺栓塞的准确性(92%)高于MRPP(78.7%),差别有统计学意义(P<0.001).结论 双源CT诊断家兔实验性急性肺动脉栓塞的敏感性略高于MRPA,但差别无统计学意义;DEPI显示肺栓塞所致的灌注缺损优于MRPP.     

肺癌侵犯中央肺血管的影像表现及临床应用评价

中央型肺癌位于肺门区 ,容易直接侵犯中央肺血管 ,而侵犯的范围和程度直接关系到能否手术切除和选择手术方式 ,对中央肺静脉干的侵犯则是肺癌侵犯左心房并进入体循环造成全身血行播散的主要途径。肺癌侵犯肺动、静脉者 5年存活率均仅为 7%。肺癌侵犯中央肺血管 (T4N0 1 M0 )仅限于左或右肺动、静脉主干者完全可行手术切除 ,当侵犯肺动、静脉主干时应行心包内切除 ,故术前判断肺癌与中央肺血管的关系有重要意义。本文旨在对肺癌侵犯中央肺血管的影像表现及临床应用价值作一综述。影像检查方法IV DSA(intravenousdigitalsubtractionangio…     

High resolution computed tomographic features of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare, chronic lung disease with unknown etiology and with a nonuniform clinical course. Nonuniformity of clinical course might be related to the degree of pulmonary parenchymal alterations, which can be revealed with high resolution computed tomography (HRCT). However, HRCT findings of PAM were not fully described in the current literature. AIM: The aim of this study was to interpret and to contribute to describe HRCT findings of PAM and to investigate a correlation between profusion of micro nodules (MN) and pulmonary parenchymal alterations in patients with PAM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten male patients with PAM (mean age: 22+/-3.2) were included into the study. HRCT images were assessed for patterns, distribution, and profusion of pulmonary abnormalities. Dividing the lungs into three zones, profusion of abnormalities was assessed. A profusion score (1-4) was given and the scores of each zone were then summed to obtain a global profusion score for HRCT ranging from 0 to 12. Also a parenchymal alteration score (PAS) was defined with respect to profusion of abnormalities. Chest X-rays were also scored. RESULTS: All of ten patients with PAM had findings of interstitial lung disease in varying degrees on their HRCTs. HRCT findings of patients with PAM were as following: MN, parenchymal bands (PB), ground glass opacity (GGO) and, sub pleural interstitial thickening (SPIT) in 10 patients; interlobular septal thickening (ILST), in 9 patients; paraseptal emphysema (PSA) in 8 patients; centrilobular emphysema (CLA) in 7 patients; bronchiectasis (BE), confluent micro nodules (CMN) in 6 patients; peri bronchovascular interstitial thickening (PBIT) in 5 patients; panacinar emphysema (PANAA) in 3 patients; pleural calcification (PC) in 2 patients. A significant correlation between MN scores and PAS (r=0.68, p=0.031, MN scores and GGO scores (r=0.69, p=0.027) and, MN scores and CLA scores (r=0.67, p=0.034) was detected. We also found significant correlations between HRCT scores and results of pulmonary function tests (PFTs), HRCT scores and chest X-ray score (CXRS) and, CXRS and results of PFTs. CONCLUSION: We conclude that patients with PAM may have all findings of interstitial lung disease in varying degrees as well as MNs on their HRCTs. More importantly, this study suggests a proportional relationship between profusion of MNs and parenchymal alterations in patients with PAM. This study also suggests that the degree of parenchymal alterations closely related with the degree of pulmonary function loss in patients with PAM.     

Pulmonary blastoma: radiologic findings in five patients

PURPOSE: To determine the radiologic findings of pulmonary blastoma on chest radiograph and CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chest radiographs and CT scans of five patients with pathologically proven pulmonary blastoma were retrospectively evaluated and radiologic findings were correlated with histopathologic findings. RESULTS: On chest radiograph, the pulmonary blastoma manifested as a solitary parenchymal mass (n = 2), a solitary parenchymal nodule (n = 1), hilar bulging with fingerlike parenchymal opacities (n = 1), or opacification of hemithorax (n = 1). On CT, the pulmonary blastoma manifested as a solitary parenchymal mass (n = 2), a solitary parenchymal nodule (n = 1), an endobronchial mass with postobstructive pneumonitis (n = 1), or a parenchymal mass with multiple subpleural masses and pleural effusion (n = 1). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary blastomas most commonly manifested as a solitary parenchymal mass on chest radiograph and CT. These radiologic features are nonspecific and many primary or metastatic tumors of the lung could be included in differential diagnosis.     

非结核分枝杆菌肺病的 MSCT 表现及诊断

目的：探讨非结核分枝杆菌（NTM）肺病的CT表现特点。方法回顾性分析在本院经MSCT扫描,并经双相培养基菌群鉴定明确诊断为NTM肺病的患者42例（NTM肺病组）,与随机抽取的同期结核菌培养阳性并经菌群鉴定为肺结核的初治患者60例（肺结核组）的资料进行对照,并对9种C T征象检出及病灶分布特点进行分析、总结。对结果进行统计学分析,P＜0．05为差异有统计学意义。结果 NTM肺病组女性多见（χ2＝5．500,P＝0．019）,平均年龄高于肺结核组,差异有统计学意义（ t＝3．456, P＝0．001）。NTM肺病组在中叶、舌段检出率明显高于肺结核组（χ2＝8．361,P＝0．004）。 Logistic回归分析结果显示支气管扩张和支气管狭窄或闭塞是NTM肺病的独立危险因素,是与肺结核区分的重要征象。结论 NTM 肺病CT表现有一定的特点,对临床诊断有提示作用。     

Lung uptake on a bone scan: a case of pulmonary Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia

Pulmonary involvement secondary to Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WMG) is described in a 40-year-old male by incidental findings on a bone scan. He was examined for right leg pain, and bone scan revealed unexpected pulmonary uptake of Tc-99m MDP. CT scan of the thorax revealed pleural effusion and slightly disseminated micronoduler density increase in the right lung and parenchymal infiltration in the left lung. Transdermal lung biopsy demonstrated diffuse infiltration of lymphoplasmocytoids. Reporting the presence of pulmonary involvement is important because it may prevent morbidity from pulmonary dysfunction.     

Multidetector CT angiography in pulmonary sequestration

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of multidetector CT angiography in the diagnosis and preoperative assessment of pulmonary sequestration with angiographic or surgical correlation. METHODS: Eight patients (5 males, 3 females) in the age range of 2 days to 35 years suspected of having pulmonary sequestration on the basis of clinical history and chest radiographs were included in the study. All patients underwent CT angiography (4 or 16 slice) and MPVR, MIP and 3D volume rendered images were generated. The axial images were also reviewed at soft tissue and lung window settings to evaluate the parenchymal changes. RESULTS: CT angiography showed five pulmonary sequestrations on the left and three on the right, located in the basal segments (n = 7) or paravertebral region (n = 1). Aberrant systemic arterial supply was demonstrated in all cases: from the descending thoracic aorta (n = 2); abdominal aorta (n = 3) and celiac axis (n = 3). Venous drainage into inferior pulmonary veins was demonstrated in 4 patients. The angioarchitecture depicted on CT angiography was confirmed on surgery in five patients and by DSA in two patients who subsequently underwent embolization using PVA particles and/or coils. CONCLUSION: The ability of CT angiography to simultaneously image the arterial supply, venous drainage and parenchymal changes in a single examination makes it the imaging modality of choice for the diagnosis and preoperative assessment of pulmonary sequestration.     

CT误诊外围型肺癌20例分析

文章对20例经手术病理证实为CT误诊病例进行了分析。认为误诊原因为:1.窗口技术不适当、对肺癌的征象判断不准确;2.忽视综合分析为诊断原则;3.对形态不典型的外围型肺癌认识不足。作者认为易导致误诊的是早期外围型肺癌;与肺结核并存的肺癌;类似机化性肺炎或肺良性肿瘤的肺癌;不按肺癌倍增时间生长的肺癌。文中重点讨论了外围型肺癌与肺结核和慢性肺炎的鉴别诊断。作者强调外围型肺癌的各种CT征象中无一项具有特异性诊断价值,提高肺癌诊断准确率的关键仍是影象所见结合临床、具体分析、综合诊断。     

经肺动脉灌注碘油对肺转移瘤的血供研究

目的 通过肺动脉灌注少量碘油研究肺动脉与肺转移瘤的血供关系.方法 10例肺转移瘤患者,其中原发灶为肝癌5例、肾癌3例、脊索瘤1例和恶性神经纤维瘤1例.胸部CT平扫排除钙化;肺动脉插管造影观察有无肿瘤血管和染色.超选到转移瘤所在肺叶动脉造影排除肺动静脉瘘及其他异常交通循环,确定管头位置后严格透视下释放少量碘油,肺叶动脉用量0.5～1.5 ml,总量不超过3 ml.随即送至CT室平扫,观察碘油沉积情况.结果 除2例患者肺动脉注入碘油后出现胸闷咳嗽外,余均无不适症状.共观察27个转移灶,全部病例未见肺动脉增粗或肺动脉肿瘤染色征象,6个结节内碘油积聚呈云雾样,5个肿块内碘油积聚呈散在细小砂粒样,另有16个结节无明显碘油积聚.结论 肺动脉部分参与肺转移瘤的供血,对于肺野外带转移灶其供血比例较高;经肺动脉灌注少量碘油是安全的,肺野的密度升高在一段时间后可以恢复正常.     

Pulmonary cryptococcosis: CT and pathologic findings

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to describe the CT and pathologic findings of pulmonary cryptococcosis. METHOD: CT scans of 11 patients (7 immunocompromised, 4 immunocompetent) with proven pulmonary cryptococcosis were analyzed for number, morphologic characteristics, and distribution of parenchymal abnormalities as well for presence of lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion. Pathology of lung specimens obtained by open biopsy or resection (n = 5) and transbronchial biopsy (n = 1) was reviewed by one dedicated pulmonary pathologist. RESULTS: Pulmonary nodules, either solitary or multiple, were the most common CT finding, present in 10 of 11 patients (91%); associated findings included masses (n = 4), CT halo sign (n = 3), and consolidation (n = 2). On histologic examination, focal areas of ground-glass attenuation surrounding or adjacent to nodules were found to represent airspace collections of macrophages and proteinaceous fluid. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary cryptococcosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of solitary or multiple pulmonary nodules (with or without associated CT halo sign), particularly in immunocompromised patients.     

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR tomoangiography of major pulmonary arteries

We evaluated the use of contrast-enhanced MR tomoangiography of the major pulmonary arteries in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and hilar lung carcinoma. Patients with acute pulmonary emboli of the major pulmonary arteries, pulmonary hypertension (n = 11), and hilar lung carcinoma with suspected infiltrated pulmonary artery (n = 4), underwent MRI after selective digital subtraction pulmonary angiography (DSA). Subsecond contrast-enhanced MR tomoangiograms were obtained in the long axis of each pulmonary artery after bolus injection of a paramagnetic MR contrast agent. All proximal thrombi visualized using DSA (n = 13) were depicted using contrast-enhanced MR tomoangiography. Pulmonary artery obstruction (n = 2) or stenosis (n = 2) by the tumor were similarly assessed by DCMRA and DSA. Contrast-enhanced MR tomoangiography allows a reproducible, fast, dynamic, and multiplanar good quality imaging of the major pulmonary arteries and their proximal branches. This technique may be useful in patients with pulmonary hypertension for whom DSA is dangerous, and in the diagnosis of malignant involvement of central pulmonary arteries.