Underestimation of left-ventricular ejection fraction by radionuclide ventriculography in patients with aneurysm

The left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 72 patients with aneurysm of the anterior wall was measured by multiple gated blood pool acquisition (MUGA) in the anterior and left anterior oblique (LAO) positions, and by cineangiography (CA) in right anterior oblique (RAO) and LAO projections of 30 degrees and 60 degrees, respectively. The LVEF was overestimated by CA in the LAO projection and by MUGA in the anterior position, but underestimated by CA in the RAO projection (6.1 percentage points) and by MUGA in the LAO position (6.2 percentage points). In 50 patients without aneurysm, no systematical error occurred using MUGA. The underestimation of the LVEF in patients with aneurysm by MUGA in the LAO position is due to differences of photon attenuation in various parts of the cardiac blood pool. This systematical error can be overcome by biplane MUGA.     

Value of combined assessment of global and segmental ventricular contraction with right anterior oblique ECG-gated first-pass and left anterior oblique equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography

A semi-automated, variable-region-of-interest method of analysis was used to measure both global and segmental left ventricular (LV) and global right ventricular (RV) contraction with ECG-gated first-pass and equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. Normal values were defined in 20 healthy volunteers, and in 24 symptomatic patients, the results were compared with right anterior oblique (RAO) contrast left ventriculography. The global LV ejection fraction (LVEF) obtained by equilibrium imaging in the left anterior oblique (LAO) projection correlated closely with the results obtained by the gated first-pass method in the RAO projection (r = 0.95) and those obtained with contrast left ventriculography (r = 0.94); furthermore, the interobserver variability was small (r = 0.985). The normal values for LVEF obtained using radionuclide techniques and contrast ventriculography did not differ, but with the equilibrium radionuclide method, the RV ejection fraction (RVEF) values were underestimated in comparison to those obtained by the RAO gated first-pass technique. In five patients with localised inferior segmental akinesis at contrast angiography, the RAO first-pass cine display demonstrated a corresponding wall-motion abnormality in all cases, but LAO equilibrium cine displays did so in only one out of five patients. For segmental quantitation of LV contraction, a computer programme defined the ventricular edge, divided the RAO LV images into five segments and determined both the segmental area contraction (SAC) and the counts-based segmental ejection fraction (SEF). Radionuclide SAC measurements correlated very strongly with SEF measurements (r = 0.94-0.99). Both radionuclide SAC and radionuclide SEF correlated well with contrast angiographic SAC, except in the inferobasal segment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Oblique projections in aortography following blunt thoracic trauma

We report a patient with innominate artery false-aneurysm formation following blunt trauma to the thorax. Aortography in the standard anteroposterior and left anterior oblique (LAO) projections failed to delineate the injury. Its true extent was only demonstrable in the right anterior oblique (RAO) projection. When the clinical history and a chest radiograph suggest a high likelihood of injury to the aorta or great vessels, routine aortography may need to be performed in both the LAO and RAO projections.     

Quantitative analysis of cardiac function: Comparison of electro-cardiogram dual gated single photon emission tomography,planar radionuclide ventriculogram and contrast ventriculography in the determination of LV volume and ejection fraction

A dual gated tomography (DGT) program for end systolic and end diastolic acquisition and subsequent processing for calculation of LVEF, end diastolic and end systolic volumes (EDV, ESV) has been evaluated in 20 healthy volunteers (25 years–40 years) and 45 patients (25 years–60 years): 20 with ischaemic heart disease and 25 with valvular heart disease (VHD). All had biplane multigated blood pool (MUGA) studies in the 40° LAO projection using in vivo ^99mTc- RBCs, immediately followed by DGT. The results in the patients group were correlated with contrast ventriculography (CV). In the volunteer group, the normal values for LVEF, EDV and ESV measured with DGT were found to be 63%±10%, 91 ml±6 ml and 30 ml±6 ml and r value for the LVEF=0.91 compared with MUGA. In the IHD group, r values compared with CV were 0.915 and 0.97 for the EDV and ESV and 0.934 for the LVEF. Compared with the MUGA, the r value for LVEF was 0.883. In the VHD group, r values were 0.98 for both the EDV and ESV and 0.948 for the LVEF (P<0.002) compared with CV and 0.789 for the LVEF compared with the MUGA. We feel that DGT is an accurate and reproducible technique for LV function measurements.     

Value of combined assessment of global and segmental ventricular contraction with right anterior oblique ECG-gated first-pass and left anterior oblique equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography

A semi-automated, variable-region-of-interest method of analysis was used to measure both global and segmental left ventricular (LV) and global right ventricular (RV) contraction with ECG-gated first-pass and equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. Normal values were defined in 20 healthy volunteers, and in 24 symptomatic patients, the results were compared with right anterior oblique (RAO) contrast left ventriculography. The global LV ejection fraction (LVEF) obtained by equilibrium imaging in the left anterior oblique (LAO) projection correlated closely with the results obtained by the gated first-pass method in the RAO projection (r=0.95) and those obtained with contrast left ventriculography (r=0.94); furthermore, the interobserver variability was small (r=0.985). The normal values for LVEF obtained using radionuclide techniques and contrast ventriculography did not differ, but with the equilibrium radionuclide method, the RV ejection fraction (RVEF) values were underestimated in comparison to those obtained by the RAO gated first-pass technique. In five patients with localised inferior segmental akinesis at contrast angiography, the RAO first-pass cine display demonstrated a corresponding wall-motion abnormality in all cases, but LAO equilibrium cine displays did so in only one out of five patients. For segmental quantitation of LV contraction, a computer programme defined the ventricular edge, divided the RAO LV images into five segments and determined both the segmental area contraction (SAC) and the counts-based segmental ejection fraction (SEF). Radionuclide SAC measurements correlated very strongly with SEF measurements (r=0.94–0.99). Both radionuclide SAC and radionuclide SEF correlated well with contrast angiographic SAC, except in the inferobasal segment. Mean radionuclide SAC (29%) for the five segments did not differ from mean contrast SAC (29%). This combined protocol enables rapid and accurate biventricular assessment of global and segmental contraction. Significant diagnostic value exists in combining these two acquisition protocols in specific clinical situations.     

用电极导管标测对Koch三角的X线影像测定在慢径消融中的价值

目的测定Koch三角的x线影像学上的大小及在慢径消融中的价值.方法27例房室结双径路并折返性室上速的患者,用冠状静脉窦口及希氏束标记Koch三角的部位,分别用左前斜(LA0)45 及加头位和足位20 ,右前斜(RAO)30 及加用头位和足位20 测量Koch三角的高度,以20mn为界将Koch三角分为大小两组.结果Koch三角有较差异,以LAO45 显示最小,RA0+足位显示最大.结论小Koch三角组慢径多分布位置低,消融时可参考RA0+足位;大Koch三角组消融位置多在中下1/3以下区域.     

Thick maximum intensity projections for the assessment of left ventricular function with 64-slice computed tomography

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of thick maximum intensity projections (MIP) from computed tomography (CT) data sets mimicking projection images from biplane ventriculography for evaluation of left ventricular (LV) parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-eight patients underwent 64-slice CT. Multiphase images were reconstructed in 10% steps of the RR interval. MIP images (70-mm thickness) of the contrast-enhanced LV in fixed 30 degrees right anterior oblique (RAO)/60 degrees left anterior oblique (LAO) and in adapted short-/long-axis planes were reconstructed. LV parameters were calculated using the area-length method formula. Three-dimensional assessment with semiautomated software served as reference standard. RESULTS: Use of thick MIP reconstructions had a high intermethod reliability (86-94%) compared with the 3-dimensional approach. Smaller measurement errors were found for thick MIP reconstructions in adapted short-/long-axis planes. A significant projection error (3.0%, P < 0.001) of thick MIP reconstructions was found using fixed 30 degrees RAO/60 degrees LAO compared with adapted short-/long-axis reconstructions. CONCLUSION: Thick MIP reconstructions with adapted short-/long-axis planes allow an accurate assessment of LV parameters compared with the established 3-dimensional method.     

Quantitative analysis of cardiac function: comparison of electro-cardiogram dual gated single photon emission tomography, planar radionuclide ventriculogram and contrast ventriculography in the determination of LV volume and ejection fraction

A dual gated tomography (DGT) program for end systolic and end diastolic acquisition and subsequent processing for calculation of LVEF, end diastolic and end systolic volumes (EDV, ESV) has been evaluated in 20 healthy volunteers (25 years-40 years) and 45 patients (25 years-60 years): 20 with ischaemic heart disease and 25 with valvular heart disease (VHD). All had biplane multigated blood pool (MUGA) studies in the 40 degrees LAO projection using in vivo 99mTc- RBCs, immediately followed by DGT. The results in the patients group were correlated with contrast ventriculography (CV). In the volunteer group, the normal values for LVEF, EDV and ESV measured with DGT were found to be 63% +/- 10%, 91 ml +/- 6 ml and 30 ml +/- 6 ml and r value for the LVEF = 0.91 compared with MUGA. In the IHD group, r values compared with CV were 0.915 and 0.97 for the EDV and ESV and 0.934 for the LVEF. Compared with the MUGA, the r value for LVEF was 0.883. In the VHD group, r values were 0.98 for both the EDV and ESV and 0.948 for the LVEF (P less than 0.002) compared with CV and 0.789 for the LVEF compared with the MUGA. We feel that DGT is an accurate and reproducible technique for LV function measurements.     

Right ventricular ejection fraction determined in three projections

The right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was successively determined in three projections in ten healthy volunteers aged 28-53, mean 37 years, with a first-pass technique using 99Tcm-labelled red blood cells and a gamma camera coupled to a computer. In the anterior-posterior projection (AP) the mean RVEF was 39.3%, range 26-49%, in the left anterior oblique (LAO) 43.7% (36-58), and in the right anterior oblique (RAO) 44.5% (36-54). These mean values do not differ significantly (P = 10%). The results from one of the subjects were withdrawn, as they deviated markedly from the general pattern, and the data were reanalysed from the remaining 9 subjects. Now the mean RVEF in the AP projection was 38.2%, which is significantly lower (P = 1%) than the corresponding RVEF of 44.3% in the LAO projection and of 45.2% in the RAO projection. Our results suggest that when using the classic first-pass technique, the right ventricle histograms will in any projection be influenced by the activity in the right atrium and the large vessels.     

The two-view radionuclide ventriculogram. Advantages of the LPO view.

This report is a prospective study of 33 male patients who underwent both contrast ventriculography (CVG) and radionuclide ventriculography (RVG) within a 24-hour period. Expert, blinded observers graded the left ventricle's regional wall motion (RWM) in the left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCx), and posterior descending arterial (PDA) distributions on right anterior oblique (RAO), and left anterior oblique (LAO) CVGs, and on anterior (ANT), LAO, 70 degrees left anterior oblique (LAO70), and left posterior oblique (LPO) RVGs. When statistically compared with CVG RWM standard data, RVG studies composed of LAO and LPO views were equal to the RVG studies composed of ANT, LAO, and LAO70 views in assessment of the LAD and LCx distributions. The RVG with LAO and LPO views was superior to the RVG with ANT, LAO, LAO70 in the detection of the posterior descending artery RWM. The authors conclude that accurate assessment of RWM is efficiently performed with the RVG composed of LAO and LPO views.     

Evaluation of exposure dose to patients undergoing catheter ablation procedures—a phantom study

The aim of this study was to evaluate entrance skin dose (ESD), organ dose and effective dose to patients undergoing catheter ablation for cardiac arrhythmias, based on the dosimetry in an anthropomorphic phantom. ESD values associated with mean fluoroscopy time and digital cine frames were in a range of 0.12–0.30 Gy in right anterior oblique (RAO) and 0.05–0.40 Gy in left anterior oblique (LAO) projection, the values which were less than a threshold dose of 2 Gy for the onset of skin injury. Organs that received high doses in ablation procedures were lung, followed by bone surface, esophagus, liver and red bone marrow. Doses for lung were 24.8–122.7 mGy, and effective doses were 7.9–34.8 mSv for mean fluoroscopy time of 23.4–92.3 min and digital cine frames of 263–511. Conversion coefficients of dose-area product (DAP) to ESD were 8.7 mGy/(Gy·cm²) in RAO and 7.4 mGy/(Gy·cm²) in LAO projection. The coefficients of DAP to the effective dose were 0.37 mSv/(Gy·cm²) in RAO, and 0.41 mSv/(Gy·cm²) in LAO projection. These coefficients enabled us to estimate patient exposure in real time by using monitored values of DAP.     

Investigation of human right ventricular cast specimens

Fifty human right ventricular cast specimens were subjected to X-ray cineangiography in biplane right anterior oblique and left anterior oblique (RAO/LAO) projection. From the silhouettes seen in the two projection planes we estimated areas and lengths using a lightpen minicomputer system and calculated the volumes using various methods. The calculated volume values were compared with the true values determined by water displacement. The methods were then arranged is order of decreasing accuracy. Criteria for judging model quality were the mean squared deviations, correlation coefficient, and residual variance. The most accurate calculation of the right ventricular volume was obtained with Ferlinz' method and our own empirical approach.     

床旁防护装置对冠状动脉造影术者辐射防护效果的体模研究

目的 测量冠状动脉造影8个投照体位在有与无床旁防护装置防护下术者所受辐射剂量,为冠心病介入治疗中减少术者辐射暴露提供参考。方法 在第一及第二术者站位,距地面20至180 cm处,每隔20 cm放置一个实时剂量测量仪。采用冠状动脉造影8个体位投照,测量在有与无床旁防护装置防护下,术者在不同投照体位的不同高度接受辐射剂量情况。结果 在第一术者位,除1.2 m高度仍可测到较高剂量(剂量率0.35~4.78 mSv/h,屏蔽率27.67%~89.33%),其余各点屏蔽率均在91%以上。左前斜尾位、左前斜位、左前斜头位辐射剂量较高。第二术者位屏蔽率较第一术者位低,剂量峰值可出现在0.8、1.0及1.4 m高度(剂量率0.27~1.86 mSv/h,屏蔽率30.34%~92.13%)。右前斜尾位、左前斜尾位、正头位、左前斜位辐射剂量较高。结论 床旁防护装置防护下,术者在左前斜尾位、左前斜位、左前斜头位、右前斜尾位的辐射暴露较高,应尽量少采用上述投照体位长时间曝光。同时应加强0.8~1.4 m高度的辐射防护。     

Accuracy of predicted orthogonal projection angles for valve deployment during transcatheter aortic valve replacement

BackgroundMulti-detector computed tomography (MDCT) predicted orthogonal projection angles have been introduced to guide valve deployment during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Our aim was to investigate the accuracy of MDCT prediction methods versus actual angiographic deployment angles.MethodsRetrospective analysis of 2 currently used MDCT methods: manual multiplanar reformations (MR) and the semiautomatic optimal angle graph (OAG). Paired analysis was used to compare the 2-dimensional distributions and means.ResultsWe included 101 patients with a mean (±SD) age of 81 ± 9 years. The MR and OAG methods were used in 46 and 55 patients, respectively. A ≥5% change from the predicted MDCT range in left anterior oblique/right anterior oblique (LAO/RAO) and the cranial/caudal (CRA/CAU) angle occurred in 42% and 58% of patients, respectively. The mean predicted versus actual deployment angles were significantly different (CRA/CAU: -2.6 ± 11.5 vs. -7.6 ± 10.7, p < 0.001; RAO/LAO 8.1 ± 10.9 vs. 9.5 ± 10.6, p = 0.048; respectively). The MR method resulted in a more accurate CRA/CAU angle (CRA/CAU: -4.6 ± 11.1 vs. -6.5 ± 11.8, p = 0.139; RAO/LAO 7.4 ± 11.2 vs. 10.4 ± 11.2, p = 0.008; respectively), whereas the use of the OAG resulted in a more accurate RAO/LAO angle (CRA/CAU: -0.9 ± 10.8 vs. -9±11.2, p < 0.001; RAO/LAO 9.05 ± 10.6 vs. 8.5 ± 9.9, p = 0.458; respectively). For the entire cohort, the 2-dimensional distributions and means of the predicted versus the actual angles were significantly different from each other (p < 0.001). We repeated our analysis using both MDCT methods and demonstrated similar results with each method.ConclusionsCurrently used MDCT methods for TAVR implantation angles are significantly modified before actual valve deployment. Thus, further refinement of these prediction methods is required.     

Comparison between vertical parallel hole collimator and 30° rotating slant hole collimator for assessing global and regional left ventricular function by radionuclide angiography

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and regional wall motion abnormalities were determined in 40 patients (30 with coronary artery disease and 10 with valvular heart disease) using equilibrium radionuclide angiography. Scintigraphic acquisitions were collected in random order with 2 different collimators as follows: in anterior face (AF), left anterior oblique (25°–45° LAO) and 70° LAO, with a vertical parallel hole collimator (VTC), and in 25°–45° LAO and 65°–80° LAO with a 30° rotating slant hole collimator (RSHC), with the slant of the collimator directed towards the cardiac apex in both projections. Results were compared to contrast ventriculography (CV) performed in the 30° right anterior view (3 segments: anterior, apical, inferior) and in a 60° left anterior oblique view (3 segments: septal, apical and lateral). Radionuclide LVEF in both series was closely correlated with contrast ventriculographic LVEF (r=0.89, VTC vs CV and r=0.87, RSHC vs CV, respectively). Regional wall motion analysis was only performed among the 30 patients suffering from coronary heart disease. Eight contrast angiographic studies were normal and 22 abnormal. Global sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 63% with the VTC (3 false positives) and 91% and 87% with the 30° RSHC (2 false negatives and 1 false positive, P=ns). Agreement for the localisation of the regional wall motion abnormalities between CV and radionuclide angiography was 70.6% with the VTC and 71.2% with the RSHC (P=ns). Intensity of the regional wall motion abnormalities was assessed with the 30° RSHC as well as with the VTC (r=0.7 score CV vs score VTC and r=0.8 score CV vs score RSHC, P=ns). We conclude that the use of a rotating slant hole collimator associated with radionuclide ventriculography allows reliable determination of left ventricular ejection fraction and accurate assessment of regional wall motion abnormalities with only two projections while the vertical collimator requires three.     

小型猪冠状动脉造影方法的建立

目的建立小型猪的冠状动脉造影的方法,为小型猪的冠状动脉造影术方法提供依据。方法20头小型猪,采用动脉直视下插管以及利用人的左冠和右冠导管进行小型猪的冠状动脉造影术。分别于正位、左前斜位、右前斜位下造影。结果股动脉通路置管成功率高。正位下易对右冠进行超选,右前斜位下易对左冠进行超选。结论本文提供了小型猪冠状动脉造影的方法。     

Standardization and quantification of radionuclide solid gastric-emptying studies.

The purposes of this investigation were to standardize and validate a simple quantitative method for performing radionuclide solid gastric emptying that can be used for any dual-head gamma-camera and to establish reference values. METHODS: After eating a solid meal (egg sandwich) labeled with a radionuclide, 20 healthy volunteers (9 male, 11 female) underwent a 90-min gastric-emptying study performed with a triple-head gamma-camera. Two sets of 3 simultaneous projections were acquired sequentially for 30 s each: anterior, right posterior oblique (RPO), left posterior oblique (LPO), posterior, left anterior oblique (LAO), and right anterior oblique (RAO), and this sequence was repeated continuously for 90 min. Time-activity curves were generated using a gastric region of interest for each of the views as well as the conjugate-view geometric mean (GM) data for the anterior/posterior, LAO/RPO, and RAO/LPO combinations. Quantitative parameters were determined: percentage gastric emptying (%GE) at 90 min, half-time (min) based on an exponential fit, and clearance rate (%/min) based on a linear fit. Reference values were determined on the basis of a 95% confidence interval of the t distribution. The results were statistically analyzed and compared. RESULTS: The %GE reference values were greater for the anterior/posterior GM (>or=33%) than for the LAO (>or=31%) and anterior (>or=30%) GMs. The 3 %GE GM methods, the 3 exponential-fit GM methods, and the 3 linear-fit GM methods had high correlation coefficients (r >or= 0.874), and with only a single exception, there was no statistical difference among them. The LAO method and LAO/RPO GM mean method correlated strongly (r = 0.900) and had similar mean values (52% vs. 51%) and reference values (29% vs. 30%). All 3 methods of GM quantification also correlated strongly, and there was no significant difference among them. CONCLUSION: We have described and validated a simple method for radionuclide solid gastric emptying that can be used with a dual-head gamma-camera. We recommend the anterior/posterior GM method and have established reference values (>or=33%).     

Localization of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia with single view and biplanar radionuclide ventriculography: validation in single vessel coronary disease

The ability of single view and biplanar radionuclide ventriculography (RVG) to determine the location of myocardial ischemia during maximal graded supine bicycle exercise was assessed in 50 patients with chest pain, no prior myocardial infarction, and a single coronary stenosis of greater than or equal to 50% luminal diameter narrowing at coronary angiography. A biplane collimator was used so that both right anterior oblique (RAO) gated first-pass and left anterior oblique (LAO) equilibrium RVG could be performed at rest and exercise. Results were compared with those obtained using 4-view 201Tl myocardial scintigraphy in the same patients. Regional wall motion abnormalities (WMA) and 201Tl perfusion defects were detected and assigned to individual coronary vessels by agreement between at least two of three independent observers, who read all studies blinded along with those from control subjects with chest pain but no angiographically significant coronary artery disease. When scintigraphic abnormalities were detected, both biplanar RVG (36/39 = 92%) and 201Tl (25/25 = 100%) were more frequently correct in predicting the stenosed vessel than single view LAO RVG (24/32 = 75%) (P less than 0.05). At RVG only inferior WMA, in the RAO view, predicted right coronary stenosis. Only posterolateral WMA, in the LAO view, predicted left circumflex stenosis. Thus biplanar, but not single view, LAO exercise RVG is a reasonable alternative to exercise 201Tl for localizing exercise-induced ischemic abnormalities to individual coronary stenoses.     

Comparison between vertical parallel hole collimator and 30 degrees rotating slant hole collimator for assessing global and regional left ventricular function by radionuclide angiography

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and regional wall motion abnormalities were determined in 40 patients (30 with coronary artery disease and 10 with valvular heart disease) using equilibrium radionuclide angiography. Scintigraphic acquisitions were collected in random order with 2 different collimators as follows: in anterior face (AF), left anterior oblique (25 degrees-45 degrees LAO) and 70 degrees LAO, with a vertical parallel hole collimator (VTC), and in 25 degrees-45 degrees LAO and 65 degrees-80 degrees LAO with a 30 degrees rotating slant hole collimator (RSHC), with the slant of the collimator directed towards the cardiac apex in both projections. Results were compared to contrast ventriculography (CV) performed in the 30 degrees right anterior view (3 segments: anterior, apical, inferior) and in a 60 degrees left anterior oblique view (3 segments: septal, apical and lateral). Radionuclide LVEF in both series was closely correlated with contrast ventriculographic LVEF (r = 0.89, VTC vs CV and r = 0.87, RSHC vs CV, respectively). Regional wall motion analysis was only performed among the 30 patients suffering from coronary heart disease. Eight contrast angiographic studies were normal and 22 abnormal. Global sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 63% with the VTC (3 false positives) and 91% and 87% with the 30 degrees RSHC (2 false negatives and 1 false positive, P = ns). Agreement for the localisation of the regional wall motion abnormalities between CV and radionuclide angiography was 70.6% with the VTC and 71.2% with the RSHC (P = ns).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)