国产自膨式镍钛记忆合金带膜食管支架的临床应用

背景与目的：晚期恶性食管狭窄、食管癌或贲门癌术后单纯吻合口狭窄、食管癌放疗后狭窄所致的进食困难甚至出现食管气管瘘、食管纵隔瘘是影响患者生存质量及生存时间的一个重要因素。如何微创、简便、有效的治疗上述食管狭窄或食管气管瘘、食管纵隔瘘一直是临床工作者研究的热点之一。本研究探讨国产自膨式镍钛记忆合金网状带膜支架治疗食管狭窄的价值和注意事项。方法：自1998年4月至2005年10月，我科采用国产自膨式镍钛记忆合金网状带膜支架治疗食管狭窄患者96例（其中食管恶性狭窄65例，包括食管气管瘘18例、食管纵隔瘘3例；食管癌或贲门癌术后单纯吻合口狭窄26例；食管癌放疗后狭窄5例），男性71例，女性25例，平均年龄70岁。所有患者均在X线辅助下行食管内支架置入术。结果：本组共置入食管内支架114枚，均一次成功，成功率100％，近期疗效满意。随访1～60个月，无一例发生支架移位，术后平均生存时间8．6个月。恶性食管狭窄行内支架置入后联合化疗，中位生存期7．4个月。本组患者术后再狭窄率38．5％，予球囊扩张或再次内支架置入治疗（再次介入治疗29．2％）。结论：食管内支架置入是恶性食管狭窄的良好的姑息性治疗手段，也适用于食管癌或贲门癌术后单纯吻合口狭窄、食管癌放疗后狭窄，有助于延长患者生存时间、提高生活质量。但如何降低食管内支架置入后的再狭窄仍有待进一步的研究。     

国产食管金属内支架的临床应用

目的探讨国产食管金属内支架治疗食管癌性狭窄、食管—气管瘘及食管—纵隔瘘临床应用价值。方法先用导丝通过狭窄段,经球囊扩张,置入带膜食管金属内支架。结果48例食管狭窄者内支架置入后吞咽困难完全消除的7例（14．6％）,41例（85．4％）明显缓解。6例食管—气管瘘口封闭。结论国产食管金属内支架置入是治疗食管恶性狭窄安全可靠的方法,术后应继续进行抗癌治疗。     

改进的食管支架置入法治疗42例重度食管恶性狭窄

[目的]探讨改进后的胃镜直视下食管覆膜支架置入治疗重度食管恶性狭窄的方法、疗效及安全性。[方法]在改进后胃镜直视下，42例重度食管恶性狭窄被置入食管覆膜支架，观察术后临床效果、并发症。[结果]所有患者均一次性置入成功，成功率100％，术后吞咽困难立即缓解，术后1个月体重平均增加4．8kg，平均生存期9．8个月，胸痛为常见术后并发症，在7d内消失。[结论]改进后的胃镜直视下食管覆膜支架置入治疗重度食管恶性狭窄是一种操作简便、安全有效的姑息方法。     

带膜支架治疗恶性食管狭窄63例

[目的]评价国产食管带膜支架治疗食管恶性狭窄的临床疗效。[方法]选取63例因晚期食管癌或贲门癌导致恶性食管狭窄的患者，行X线透视下国产食管带膜支架置入术进行治疗，其中食管癌51例，贲门癌12例。[结果]所有病人内支架置入均获成功，随访病人3个月～2年，吞咽困难症状缓解率100％。[结论]国产食管带膜支架置入是治疗恶性食管狭窄的有效治疗方法。     

食管支架置入术治疗食管恶性狭窄及食管气管瘘46例疗效分析

目的:探讨食管支架置入术治疗食管癌引起的食管狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床效果。方法:对46 例确诊为食管癌所致的恶性狭窄及食管气管瘘患者行食管支架置入,术后行影像学随访,评价其疗效。结果:46 例患者共置入 49 枚食管支架材料,均 1 次性成功置入。术后患者吞咽梗阻、呛咳缓解或消失,进食明显改善,未出现严重并发症。结论:支架置入治疗食管癌引起的食管狭窄以及食管气管瘘近期效果良好。     

国产食管金属内支架的临床应用

目的：探讨国产食管金属内支架治疗食管癌性狭窄、食管－气管瘘及食管－纵隔瘘临床应用价值。方法：先用导丝通过狭窄,经球囊扩张,置入带膜食管金属内支架。结果48例食管狭窄内支架置入后吞咽困难完全消除的7例（14．6％）,41例（85．4％）明显缓解。6例食管－气管瘘口封闭,结论：国产食管金属内支架置入是治疗食管恶性狭窄安全可靠的方法,术后应继续进行抗癌治疗。     

食管腔内记忆合金支架置入治疗食管癌狭窄15例报告

目的 :总结食管腔内记忆合金支架置入治疗食管癌狭窄的临床经验 ,探讨食管癌狭窄的治疗方法。方法 :分析我院置入记忆合金支架治疗食管癌狭窄 15例的相关临床资料。结果 :15例病人接受食管腔内记忆合金支架置入后 ,均解除了食管狭窄 ,恢复了正常饮食 ,部分病人术后几日有胸骨后疼痛及胃酸返流症状 ,亦经药物治愈。结论 :食管腔内记忆合金支架置入能有效解除食管癌狭窄 ,维持经口途径进食 ,提高了病员的生活质量。掌握好适合证 ,这是一种治疗食管癌狭窄较为理想的方法     

食管腔内记忆合金支架置入治疗食管癌狭窄15例报告

目的：总结食管腔内记忆合金支架置人治疗食管癌狭窄的临床经验，探讨食管癌狭窄的治疗方法。方法：分析我院置入记忆合金支架治疗食管癌狭窄15例的相关临床资料。结果：15例病人接受食管腔内记忆合金支架置人后，均解除了食管狭窄，恢复了正常饮食，部分病人术后几日有胸骨后疼痛及胃酸返流症状，亦经药物治愈。结论：食管腔内记忆合金支架置入能有效解除食管癌狭窄，维持经口途径进食，提高了病员的生活质量。掌握好适合证，这是一种治疗食管癌狭窄较为理想的方法。     

金属内支架治疗食管恶性狭窄并发症的分析

为探讨食管支架置入术后的并发症和对策，对126例严重食管狭窄及食管癌合并有瘘的患者给予食管内支架治疗，术前先扩张狭窄部位，术后部分患者辅以放疗。126倒惠者均置入成功，近期疗效良好，术后主要并发症有胸骨后疼痛、胃食管反流、食管气管瘘、支架置入后再狭窄、支架移位脱落和心律失常，这些症状经治疗后大都得到缓解或消失。初步研究结果提示，食管支架是治疗食管狭窄的有效方法，其并发症可采取防范措施，术后给予辅助治疗可减少或防止再狭窄的产生，对放疗后食管狭窄的病例放置支架应有所选择。     

带膜支架在食管恶性狭窄治疗中的应用

目的评价带膜支架治疗食管恶性狭窄的临床应用价值。方法对70例食管恶性狭窄患者在X线电视监视下置入带膜支架,其中单纯食管恶性狭窄64例、狭窄合并食管-支气管瘘5例、狭窄合并食管-纵隔瘘1例。结果全组70例中,69例置入成功,1例下胸段食管癌因患有胃扭转,置入支架失败。手术成功率为98.57%。结论带膜支架在治疗食管恶性狭窄、食管瘘方面简单易行、疗效可靠。     

国产不同类型食管内支架的临床应用

背景与目的：食管癌患者临床表现以吞咽困难为主。食管支架置入术是解决患者吞咽困难的一种有效方法。食管内支架种类较多,本研究通过对国产“Z”型食管内支架与镍钛合金网状编织型支架及被覆支架与非被覆支架的对比观察,探讨不同类型食管内支架在治疗食管恶性狭窄中的临床应用价值。方法：给40例食管癌患者置入不同类型食管内支架,其中“Z”型不锈钢支架13例,镍钛合金网状编织型支架27例;被覆支架24例,非被覆支架16例。支架置入前均未用球囊扩张。结果：40例食管支架均一次性成功置入,无并发症。“Z”型不锈钢支架术中即刻张开,术后均有明显胸痛,持续10～20天。镍钛合金网状编织型支架术中虽未能完全张开,术后1～3天可逐渐张开,术后9例有胸痛,持续3～5天,其中采用被覆支架者7例,采用非被覆支架者2例。9例伴有食管气管瘘者瘘口封堵完全。无食管气管瘘者置入的被覆支架与扩张的食管壁之间有钡剂潴留。结论：镍钛合金网状编织型支架的临床适应性优于“Z”型不锈钢支架,对于合并食管气管瘘的患者应选用被覆支架,对于无合并食管气管瘘的患者,非被覆支架优于被覆支架。支架置入术前可不必球囊扩张。     

Evaluation of biliary stenting therapy for malignant biliary stricture at our hospital

The clinical results of biliary stenting therapy for non-resectable malignant biliary stricture were assessed for patency periods and survival periods in consideration of the types of stents and disease. The subjects were 51 patients with non-resectable malignant biliary stricture due to disease of the pancreas and biliary tract treated at our hospital between April 2001 and March 2005. No significant differences were observed in the patency periods and survival periods among the various types of stents. In regard to the type of disease, the survival period for biliary tract cancer was longer (616 +/- 246 days) than those for other diseases. There was no difference in the number of times of stenting among the various stents, and jaundice was effectively reduced. No patients in our series died of failure to reduce jaundice. We therefore considered it necessary to choose a proper stent indwelling route and a stent type according to stricture site, disease type and PS (performance status) at the time of stenting. The usefulness of the biliary stenting therapy for non-resectable malignant biliary stricture was suggested.     

Swallowing performance after radiation therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus

The purpose of the study reported in this article was to tabulate the incidence and etiologic factors of importance in the development of strictures after radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus and to analyze the outcome of patients who develop such strictures. Eighty patients were treated with radiotherapy, 50 having radical and 30 having palliative treatment. Sixty-nine patients had squamous cell carcinoma, four had adenocarcinoma, one had sarcoma, one had mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and five had undifferentiated tumors. Forty percent developed no stricture, 30% had benign fibrotic stricture, and 28% developed malignant stricture. The etiologic factors analysed included age, pretreatment swallowing score, histology and length (size) of tumor; stage of disease, dose of radiotherapy, and use of chemotherapy. None of these factors were shown to be of etiologic importance. The survival of patients who developed benign strictures was found to be significantly longer (1-year survival 88%) than those who developed no stricture (50%) or malignant stricture (19%). Using a "success score" for palliation of dysphagia, it was found that the majority of patients (71%) who developed a benign stricture had a moderately successful outcome--they were able to tolerate a full or soft diet and required dilatation with a median duration between dilatations of 5 months. Patients who developed a malignant stricture were palliated poorly by dilatation alone, and most required esophageal intubation.     

A clinical case of the esophagogastric malignancy palliated with covered metallic stent with anti-reflux mechanism

Esohophageal stents are often used in treating malignant stricture. But, when stents are placed across the esophagogastric junction, they may lead to esophagogastric reflux. We report a case of successfully treated esophagogastric strictures using the new stent with anti-reflux mechanism (long cover type Niti-S? esophageal stent). A 78-year-old man presenting with severe strictures from the lower esophagus to cardiac part of stomach was histopathologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. CT scan images showed multiple liver metastatic tumors. However, he refused chemotherapy. Palliation using long cover type Niti-S? esophageal stent was performed. No adverse effect was occurred. He started solid meals on the 7th postoperative day. He was thereafter able to ingest solid meals without the symptom of esophgogastric reflux and stenosis until he died of the primary disease two month later.     

金属食管支架治疗食管恶性狭窄22例分析

[目的]研究金属支架治疗食管恶性狭窄的价值。[方法]采用镍钛合金和Z型支架治疗食管狭窄22例 (18例恶性狭窄 ,4例吻合口狭窄 ) ,包括6例食管支气管瘘。通过胃镜在X线下确定狭窄段的上下缘 ,以及瘘管的位置 ,并在体外和体内定位 ,拔出胃镜后留置导丝 ,将支架置入器沿导丝送到狭窄部位 ,在X线透视下确定支架位置正确后 ,缓慢释放支架 ,并适当调整位置。[结果]病人置放支架后吞咽困难分级降低1.67个等级 ,食管直径由(0.4±0.2)cm扩张至(1.6±0.2)cm。带膜金属支架使瘘口完全封闭 ,术后无严重并发症发生。[结论]金属支架治疗对于不能手术切除的晚期食管癌 ,食管瘘或手术后吻合口狭窄以及吻合口复发的病人是有效的姑息治疗方法 ,带膜支架对食管支气管瘘堵瘘非常有效     

Self-expandable covered metallic esophageal stent impregnated with beta-emitting radionuclide: an experimental study in canine esophagus

PURPOSE: A specially designed self-expandable covered metallic stent impregnated with the beta-emitting radioisotope 166Ho (166Ho, energy: 1.85 and 1.76 MeV, T12: 26.8 h) was developed at our institute for the purpose of intraluminal palliative brachytherapy, as well as for treating malignant esophageal stricture and swallowing difficulty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tissue response to brachytherapy and the safety of the radioactive metallic stent with regard to the normal canine esophagus before clinical application. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 166Ho was impregnated into the polyurethane membrane (50 micron thickness) covering the outer surface of a self-expandable metallic stent (diameter, 18 mm; length, 40 mm). Stents with radioactivity 4.0-7.8 mCi (Group A, n = 15), 1.0-1.8 mCi (Group B, n = 5), and 0.5-0.7 mCi (Group C, n = 5) were placed in the esophagi of 25 healthy beagle dogs, and the stents were tightly anchored surgically to prevent migration. The estimated radiation dose calculated by Monte Carlo simulation was 194-383 Gy in Group A, 48-90 Gy in Group B, and 23-32 Gy in Group C. The dogs were killed 8-12 weeks after insertion of the stents, and histologic examinations of the esophageal walls were performed. RESULTS: In Group A, 3 of 15 dogs died of wound infection, so specimens were obtained from only 12 dogs; all 12 cases showed esophageal stricture with mucosal ulceration. Microscopically, severe fibrosis and degeneration of the muscular propria were found in 3 dogs, complete fibrosis of the entire esophageal wall was found in 7 dogs, and esophageal fibrosis with radiation damage within periesophageal soft tissue was found in 2 dogs. However, esophageal perforation did not develop, despite extremely high radiation doses. In Group B, glandular atrophy and submucosal fibrosis were found, but the muscular layer was intact. In Group C, no histologic change was found in 3 dogs, but submucosal inflammation and glandular atrophy with intact mucosa were found in 2 dogs. CONCLUSIONS: A radioactive, self-expandable covered metallic stent can be used as an alternative therapeutic modality for the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal stricture.     

双支架治疗恶性肿瘤引起的食管、气管狭窄

目的:探讨双支架治疗恶性肿瘤所致的食管、气管狭窄的安全性及其疗效。方法:恶性肿瘤引起气管、食管狭窄24 例,其中食管癌侵犯食管、气管20例,肺癌纵隔转移累及气管、食管4例。经食管造影、胸部CT及气管三维重建,明确食管、气管狭窄位置及长度,置入覆膜镍钛合金食管支架,自膨胀网状镍钛合金气管支架。结果:24例均成功置入气管、食管双支架。术后呼吸困难及进食困难明显缓解,随访8个月,存活平均4.2 个月;1例术后7天大咯血死亡。2例食管气管支架术后2个月出现呛咳。结论:双支架可短期有效缓解晚期恶性肿瘤所致气管、食管狭窄引起的呼吸、吞咽困难症状,改善患者存活质量。     

Antegrade Double J Ureteral Stenting for Ureteric Strictures: Use of Silicone Stents

In 16 patients with ureteric strictures, silicone double J ureteral stents were inserted antegradely following percutaneous nephrostomy. In 9 patients prior attempt at retrograde placement of a stent had failed. Balloon dilatation of the stricture using angiographic catheters was also performed in 5 patients. The ureteric strictures were most commonly caused by malignant infiltration, post operative fibrosis, infection and ureteric calculi. Most previous reports have described the use of polyethylene and polyurethrane stents. Technical problems with the use of silicone stents are discussed. Although silicone stents are better tolerated by patients and associated with low complication rates, in 5 of 18 stents inserted (28%) the procedure failed. Suboptimal positioning of the stent due to poor radio-opacity and premature occlusion were the causes. With the availability of co-polymer stents, it is likely that these will replace silicone stents as the stent material of choice for antegrade insertion.