嗜铬细胞瘤患者肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素和糖耐量异常的相关分析

目的探讨儿茶酚胺释放类型对嗜铬细胞瘤患者糖耐量异常机制.方法:评估诊断为嗜铬细胞瘤并接受手术切除的57例患者资料.根据血糖情况将患者分为糖耐量正常组和糖耐量异常组,并评估了手术前后的血压、血糖参数、胰岛素分泌参数(HOMA-β)、胰岛素抵抗参数(HOMA-IR)和手术前后24 h尿甲氧基肾上腺素、尿甲氧基去甲肾上腺素....     

男性2型糖尿病患者骨密度与C肽水平的关系

目的探讨男性2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)的变化与C肽水平关系。方法采用双能X线骨密度仪对143例糖尿病患者和63例非糖尿病者(对照组)进行腰椎L1-4骨密度测量,记录年龄、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、糖尿病病程。检测糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、骨代谢指标及空腹、餐后2h血糖、C肽。采用C肽改良HOMA公式计算胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-CR)。糖尿病患者根据BMD水平分为2组:骨量正常组(DM-A组)和骨量减少/骨质疏松组(DM-B组)。结果糖尿病患者骨密度、空腹及餐后2h C肽均低于对照组(P0.05)。与DM-A组相比,DM-B组HOMA-CR、I型胶原羧基末端肽β特殊序列(βCTX)水平升高(P0.05),I型前胶原羧基末端肽(PICP)水平降低(P0.05)。多元逐步回归结果提示,BMI和空腹C肽是腰椎骨密度的主要影响因素。结论男性2型糖尿病患者骨密度与空腹C肽水平密切相关,C肽水平偏低的男性2型糖尿病患者更容易发生骨密度降低。     

胆囊结石与糖脂代谢关系的探讨

目的 探讨糖脂代谢在胆囊结石形成中的作用。方法 收集1998年1－4月25例胆囊结石患者和25例自愿者，并应用性别和年龄进行了个体配对（1：1），测量所有研究对象的体重指数（BMI）和腰臀比（W／H），并采空腹静脉血测定血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C)、胰岛素、C肽以及全脂全套指标，采血后研究对象立即口服75g葡萄糖，2小时后再测定血糖、胰岛素、C肽。结果 结石组与对照组的BMI和W／H无明显统计学差异。两组空腹血糖、HbA1C及2小时血糖差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05、P＞0．2、P＞0．1）。结石组中糖代谢异常10例，占40％（7例糖尿病，3例糖耐量减低），对照组糖代谢异常4例（1例糖尿病3例糖耐量减代），差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。结石组空腹及2小时胰岛素平均浓度明显高于对照组（P＜0．02，P＜0．05），结石组空腹C肽亦高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结石组中高胰岛素血症14例，对照组2例，差异有显著性意义（P＜0．01）。两组血脂各项指标（TG、TC、HDL－C、LDL－C、VLDL－C）无统计学差异。结论 糖尿病和胰岛素水平升高在胆囊结石形成中可能有重要作用。     

七氟醚和丙泊酚对腹腔镜下行子宫肌瘤切除术患者胰岛功能的影响

目的探讨七氟醚和丙泊酚对腹腔镜下行子宫肌瘤切除术患者胰岛功能的影响。方法选择择期行腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤切除术患者40例,年龄40~55岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机数字表法分为七氟醚组(S组)和丙泊酚组(P组),每组20例。所有患者采用丙泊酚2 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.5μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.9mg/kg常规麻醉诱导,麻醉维持:S组吸入麻醉维持七氟醚MAC 0.7~1.3,P组靶控输注丙泊酚维持其血浆靶浓度为2.0~5.0μg/ml。术中控制BIS值在40~55,分别检测诱导前(T_0)、手术开始时(T_1)、手术结束时(T_2)的血糖、胰岛素、C肽、胰高血糖素、皮质醇浓度。结果与T0时比较,T_1、T_2时两组患者血糖、胰岛素、C肽、胰高血糖素、皮质醇明显升高(P0.05);与T_1时比较,T_2时两组患者血糖、胰岛素、C肽、胰高血糖素、皮质醇明显升高(P0.05)。T_1、T_2时P组血糖、胰高血糖素、皮质醇明显低于S组(P0.05),胰岛素明显高于S组(P0.05)。结论与七氟醚比较,丙泊酚更能促进胰岛素和C肽的分泌,抑制皮质醇和胰高血糖素的分泌,抑制术中血糖的升高。     

Ⅰ型糖尿病肾病患者肾移植前行胎胰组织移植的治疗效果观察

目的　研究胎胰移植对I型糖尿病肾病患者行肾移植的影响。方法　我院近 2年多来在I型糖尿病患者肾移植手术前行胎胰组织移植 (移植组 ) 43例 ,并与同期未行胎胰移植的肾移植手术患者 76例 (对照组 )进行比较。结果　移植组 43例中有 2 7例术后胰岛素用量减少 >5 0 % ,持续 3个月以上 (62 .8% ) ,其中有 4例持续已达 2年 ,1例完全停用胰岛素 ;术后 2周内血清胰岛素水平升高 >10 0U /ml的 3 6例 (83 .7% ) ;术后血清C肽升高 >0 .5ng/ml的共 3 4例 (79.1% )。移植组术后生存率及完全恢复工作能力的比率均明显高于对照组。结论　对行肾移植术的I型糖尿病肾病患者 ,肾移植术前先行胎胰移植可提高I型糖尿病性肾功能衰竭患者肾移植术后的疗效     

肝硬化合并肝癌患者围手术期糖代谢的临床分析

目的 探讨肝硬化合并肝癌患者围手术期糖代谢的临床特点,以便更好地控制患者术前血糖. 方法 检测40例肝硬化合并肝癌患者空腹及服糖后0.5,1,2,3 h血糖(BG)、胰岛素(INS)、C肽(C-P)水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-IS),10名健康者为对照. 结果 肝癌组糖耐量显著低于正常组.血清胰岛素测量:正常对照组空腹为(10.3±3.7)mIu/L,服糖后0.5,1,2,3 h分别为35.2±12.8,65.1±10.2,19.5±11.2,12.2±10.1 mIu/L;肝癌组空腹为(20.4±5.7)mIu/L(P<0.05),服糖后0.5,1,2,3h分别为55.1±12.6,95.1±14.2,75.3±21.5,36.4±16.5 mIu/L(P值均<0.05).血清C肽测定:正常对照组空腹为(1.5±0.3)ng/ml,服糖后0.5,1,2,3 h分别为4.1±0.1,6.1±1.4,1.9±0.6,2.1±0.9ng/ml;肝癌组空腹为(3.2±0.1)ng/ml(P<0.05),服糖后0.5,1,2,3 h分别为6.3±0.3,10.1±0.9,8.3±1.2,4.8±1.1 ng/ml(P值均<0.05).胰岛素抵抗指数(IR)对照组和肝癌组分别是2.42和5.26(P<0.05),胰岛β细胞功能指数(IS)对照组和肝癌组分别是93.6和177.4(P<0.05).肝癌组中Child B的患者口服葡萄糖2h后,血糖、胰岛素和C肽明显高于对照组和Child A的患者. 结论 肝硬化合并肝癌患者容易引起糖代谢异常,主要表现为糖耐量降低、胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能异常,糖代谢异常与肝功能状态有关.     

梗阻性黄疸对胰岛β细胞分泌功能影响的临床研究

目的　通过观察恶性梗阻性黄疸病人的胰岛 β细胞分泌功能的变化 ,初步探讨梗阻性黄疸对胰腺功能影响的机制。方法　 34例胆道恶性肿瘤病人及 1 6例健康人前瞻性进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验及测定胰岛及 C-肽释放的动力学。1 6例健康人为 A组 ,1 6例轻度梗阻性黄疸病人为 B组 ,1 8例中、重度梗组阻性黄疸患者为 C组。结果　 1血糖反应 :口服葡萄糖后 ,A组与 B组血糖值在每个时点均无显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;C组血糖在每个时点均高于 A组 ,在 30、6 0、1 2 0、1 80 m in明显不同(P<0 .0 5 ) ;2胰岛素反应 :A组与 B组胰岛素值在每个时点均无显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;C组与 B组 ,在 30、6 0、1 2 0 m in有显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。 3结论　梗阻性黄疸与糖耐量受损及胰岛素代谢失衡有直接关系 ,梗阻性黄疸导致胰岛 β细胞功能受损 ,胰岛素分泌低对口服葡萄糖呈低胰岛素反应     

肝硬化患者糖代谢异常的临床研究

目的 比较分析肝硬化所致肝源性糖尿病患者、肝硬化合并Ⅱ型糖尿病患者与单纯原发性Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的血糖、胰岛素、C肽水平及胰岛素敏感性,指导临床治疗。方法 肝硬化所致肝源性糖尿病组15例,Ⅱ型糖尿病组20例,Ⅱ型糖尿病合并肝硬化组12例,均进行OGTT实验,结果进行t检验。结果 肝硬化所致肝源性糖尿病患者胰岛素敏感性好于Ⅱ型糖尿病患者;Ⅱ型糖尿病合并肝硬化患者与单纯Ⅱ型糖尿病患者胰岛素敏感性没有差异。结论 肝源性糖尿病患者若应用胰岛素,其剂量应相对小,并以短效胰岛素为好;治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病合并肝硬化时,胰岛素应用与单纯Ⅱ型糖尿病没有差异。     

糖尿病雄性大鼠性腺5α-还原酶Ⅱ型活性变化

目的 :探讨大鼠青春期和成年期糖尿病时性腺 5α 还原酶Ⅱ型的活性变化。　方法 :取 4 0d和 90d龄雄性Wistar大鼠各 30只 ,分别分为对照组 (C)、糖尿病组 (D)和胰岛素治疗糖尿病组 (ID)。采用薄层层析法测定各组附睾头、附睾尾、前列腺和睾丸组织内 5α 还原酶 Ⅱ型的活性。　结果 :①青春期大鼠性腺的各部位内 ,5α 还原酶 Ⅱ 型的活性D组均明显低于C组 (P <0 .0 1) ,而ID组明显高于D组 (P <0 .0 1) ;②成年期大鼠性腺的各部位内 ,5α 还原酶 Ⅱ型的活性在C、D和ID组各组间差异无显著性 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。　结论 :青春期大鼠性腺内 5α 还原酶 Ⅱ型的活性更易受代谢环境、激素水平及局部特异性因素的影响 ,而成年期大鼠性腺内 5α 还原酶Ⅱ 型的活性相对稳定     

腹腔镜下改良Roux-en-Y胃空肠转流术治疗2型糖尿病：附11例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜下改良Roux-en-Y单纯胃空肠转流术治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析11例接受腹腔镜下改良Roux-en-Y单纯胃空肠转流术治疗2型糖尿病患者的临床资料,分析手术前后口服糖耐量及C肽、胰岛素刺激释放试验的变化.结果 术后1个月患者BMI(体重指数)无明显变化,口服糖耐量及C肽、胰岛素刺激释放试验均较术前显著好转(P＜0.05),糖化血红蛋白有明显下降趋势,糖尿病症状获得明显缓解.其中2例随访时间超过9个月,3例随访时间超过3个月,术后BMI无明显变化,糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖及餐后2 h血糖均较术前有显著缓解.结论 腹腔镜下改良Roux-en-Y单纯胃空肠转流术是非肥胖型和轻度肥胖型2犁糖尿病一种有效的治疗方法.     

Insulin resistance is a common denominator of post-transplant diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in renal transplant recipients

Background. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus is a known complication of steroid therapy in renal transplant recipients. Both insulin resistance and insulin deficiency have been shown to be necessary for development of post-transplant diabetes mellitus. It is not known whether recipients with impaired glucose tolerance have similar degree of insulin resistance or deficient insulin response as recipients with post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Methods. To address this question, we used an oral glucose tolerance test to categorize 46 renal transplant recipients on triple immunosuppressive medication to groups with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance or post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Insulin sensitivity was measured using a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp. Insulin response was calculated from the increase in serum insulin concentration during the oral glucose tolerance test. Results. Twenty-five were categorized to normal glucose tolerance, 15 to impaired glucose tolerance and six to post-transplant diabetes mellitus. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding prednisolone dose, azathiprine dose, use of {beta}-blocker, age, gender, weight, waist-hip ratio, body mass index, donor source, smoking habits, or first-degree relatives with histories of diabetes mellitus. The impaired glucose tolerance and post-transplant diabetes mellitus groups showed a significant reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal rate (mg/kg^.min) compared to the normal glucose tolerance group (4.6±1.6 and 3.4±1.3 respectively vs 7.1±2.4, P<0.05). The insulin response (picomol/l) was not different between the normal glucose tolerance and impaired glucose tolerance groups but was significantly reduced in the post-transplant diabetes mellitus group (448±310 and 450±291 respectively vs 170±128, P<0.05).Conclusion. Insulin resistance is a common denominator of post-transplant diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in renal transplant recipients.     

Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents

AIM: To investigate which obese children have an increased risk for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), a risk factor for later diabetes.METHODS: We studied 169 European untreated obese children and adolescents with normal glucose tolerance at baseline. Waist circumference, fasting glucose, lipids, blood pressure, pubertal stage, 2 h glucose in oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT), and HbA1c were determined at baseline and 1 year later.RESULTS: One year after baseline, 19 (11.2%) children demonstrated IGT, 4 (2.4%) children had impaired fasting glucose, no (0%) child suffered from diabetes, and 146 (86%) children still showed normal glucose tolerance. At baseline, the children with IGT and with normal glucose tolerance in a one-year follow-up did not differ significantly in respect of any analyzed parameter, apart from pubertal stage. The children developing IGT entered puberty significantly more frequently (37% vs 3%, P < 0.001). One year after baseline, the children with IGT demonstrated significantly increased waist circumference, blood pressure values, insulin and triglyceride concentrations, and insulin resistance index HOMA. The children remaining in the normal glucose tolerance status 1 year after baseline did not demonstrate any significant changes.CONCLUSION: During the study period of 1 year, more than 10% of the obese children with normal glucose tolerance converted to IGT. Repeated screening with oGTT seems meaningful in obese children entering puberty or demonstrating increased insulin resistance, waist circumference, blood pressure, or triglyceride concentrations.     

胃袖带切除术对GK大鼠2型糖尿病的影响及其机理

目的研究胃袖带切除术（sleevegastrectomy,SG）对GK大鼠2型糖尿病（type2diabetesmellitus,T2DM）的治疗作用及其可能机理。方法将13只12周龄的GK大鼠随机分为2组：SG组7只和假手术组（SO组）6只,分别行SG术和假手术。于术前及术后1、4、10和26周测量2组大鼠的体质量、24h进食量、空腹血糖值、血清胰高血糖素样肽-1（glucagon-likepeptide-1,GLP-1）和血清生长激素释放肽（Ghrelin）浓度;于术后10周检测2组大鼠的粪便能量含量,并进行口服葡萄糖耐量实验（OGTT）和胰岛素耐受性实验（ITT）。结果①体质量：各时点2组大鼠的体质量比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;与术前比较,术后1周2组大鼠的体质量均降低（P〈0．01）,术后10和26周的体质量均增加（P〈0．01）。②24h进食量：与SO组比较,术后4和10周SG组大鼠的24h进食量均较低（P〈0。05）。与术前比较,SG组大鼠术后1、4及10周的进食量均较低（P〈0．05）,SO组大鼠术后1周的进食量低于术前（P〈0．05）。③空腹血糖值：与SO组比较,术后各时点SG组大鼠的空腹血糖值均较低（P〈0．01）。与术前比较,SG组大鼠术后各时点的空腹血糖值均较低（P〈0．01）,而SO组大鼠仅术后1周明显低于术前∽〈0．OD。④血清GLP-1水平：与SO组比较,术后4、10及26周SG组大鼠的血清GLP．1水平均较高（P〈0．05）。与术前比较,术后4、10及26周SG组大鼠的血清GLP-1水平较高（P〈0．05）,而术后SO组大鼠的血清GLP．1水平无明显变化（P〉0．05）。⑤血清Ghrelin水平：与SO组比较,术后各时点SG组大鼠的血清Ghrelin水平均较低（P〈0．01）。与术前比较,术后各时点SG组大鼠的血清Ghrelin水平均较低（P〈0．001）,而SO组大鼠的血清Ghrelin水平无明显变化（P〉0．05）。⑥曲线下面积（AUC）：SG组大鼠的AUC（OGTT和ITT）均较SO组低（P〈0．01）。结论SG术可以明显降低GK大鼠的空腹血糖值,改善葡萄糖耐量及增强胰岛素敏感性,该作用可能是GLP．1、Grelin等多种胃肠道激素共同作用的结果。SG术可能是潜在的非肥胖型T2DM的治疗方法。     

Carbohydrate metabolism and pancreatic islet-cell function in thalassemia major.

To investigate the development of diabetes mellitus in patients with thalassemia major, plasma glucose and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels following oral glucose and intravenous tolbutamide and glucose disappearance rates following intravenous insulin were measured in 10 patients before and during five years on a high transfusion program (HTP). Plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) levels following oral glucose, intravenous insulin, and arginine were measured during the sixth year. Serial percutaneous liver biopsies were performed on seven patients. The oral glucose tolerance tests (OGAT) and mean peak IRI levels were normal in nine of 10 patients before HTP. After HTP was begun a progressive deterioration of OGTT occurred despite normal IRI levels. Following tolbutamide, the mean per cent fall in plasma glucose in the patients before HTP was significantly less than in controls (p less than 0.01) and similar to that of controls during five years of HTP in spite of higher than normal peak IRI levels. Of seven survivors after six years of HTP, three had normal OGTT and four had chemical diabetes; mean peak IRI levels were normal, but fasting IRG levels were significantly higher than in controls (p less than 0.05). In all seven patients, plasma IRG failed to increase following insulin-induced hypoglycemia and was significantly higher than in controls after arginine (p less than 0.01); after oral glucose, plasma IRG fell significantly below that of fasting only in the patients with chemical diabetes (p less than 0.03). Following intravenous insulin, the mean per cent fall in glucose before and during HTP was significantly less than in controls (p less than 0.01). Hemosiderosis and cirrhosis were present in all biopsied patients. Four patients died; two had chemical and two had nonketotic insulin-dependent diabetes. These data suggest that diabetes mellitus occurs frequently in patients with thalassemia on HTP and that insulin resistance and hyperglucagonemia, possibly due to cirrhosis, are important etiologic factors.     

The dynamics of glucose metabolism under calcineurin inhibitors in the first year after renal transplantation in nonobese patients

BACKGROUND: The incidence of glucose metabolism disturbances after transplantation often is based on the use of hypoglycemic agents and not on the results of glucose tolerance tests (GTTs), which may camouflage the real incidence. A lack of information also exists regarding the profile of glucose metabolism during the first year after transplant. METHODS: Oral GTT along with insulin measurements and drugs pharmacokinetics were prospectively performed at days 30, 60, 180, and 360 after transplant to diagnose disturbances of glucose metabolism after renal transplantation, in nonobese patients receiving either tacrolimus (n=55) or cyclosporine (n=29), along with mycophenolate mofetil and steroids. RESULTS: The incidence of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus reached a peak at 60 days and decreased at 1 year. It could not be adequately diagnosed using fasting plasma glucose in a decreased abnormal (>99 ng/mL) range. In both groups, insulin secretion, evaluated by the Homeostasis Model Assesment (HoMA-beta), decreased (P<0.005) from the condition of normal GTT (101+/-56%) to impaired glucose tolerance (72+/-35%) and diabetes mellitus (54+/-25%). In the cyclosporine group, insulin secretion was normal and stable throughout the study period, but in the tacrolimus group, insulin secretion recovered over time and was inversely correlated with tacrolimus exposure. Insulin resistance (HoMA-IR) did not change. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the need to perform an oral GTT at 60 days and at the end of the first year of renal transplantation to adequately diagnose impaired glucose metabolism.     

Type I diabetes manifested solely by 2-h oral glucose tolerance test criteria

The clinical presentation of type 1 diabetes usually involves symptoms such as polyuria and polydipsia. However, investigators in the Diabetes Prevention Trial of Type 1 Diabetes (DPT-1) have detected a group of subjects with type 1 diabetes who have a different phenotype. These subjects are asymptomatic, have normal (<6.1 mmol/l) (group A) or impaired (6.1- <7.0 mmol/l) (group B) fasting glucose, but have 2-h glucose values >11.1 mmol/l on their oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). Of the 585 OGTTs performed on islet cell antibody (ICA)-positive relatives with insulin autoantibodies (IAA) or low first-phase insulin response (FPIR), normal glucose tolerance (NGT) was found in 427 subjects; impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was found in 87 subjects, and diabetes was found by 2-h OGTT criteria alone in 61 subjects. Despite marked differences in 2-h glucose values (NGT 5.8 +/- 1.1 mmol/l, IGT 8.9 +/- 0.9 mmol/l, and group A 13.5 +/- 2.5 mmol/l), there were no significant differences in fasting glucose values among NGT (4.8 +/- 0.5 mmol/l), IGT (5.03 +/- 0.5 mmol/l), and group A (4.99 +/- 0.7 mmol/l) categories. Mean FPIR was higher in subjects with NGT compared with subjects with IGT and subjects diagnosed by 2-h OGTT criteria alone. However, the correlation between FPIR and 2-h glucose value was low (r2 = 0.114). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that additional independent variables provide smaller contributions to the 2-h glucose value. In conclusion, there are asymptomatic type 1 diabetic subjects whose diabetes was diagnosed by the 2-h criteria on OGTT alone. Despite the importance of beta-cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes, factors other than impaired FPIR must also contribute to postprandial glucose tolerance in these subjects.     

Hormonal and metabolic responses to an oral glucose load in obese Black diabetics.

Plasma insulin responses to a 4-hour glucose tolerance (100 g) were studied in urbanized Black people. Persons of normal weight without diabetes (12) and obese persons without diabetes (18) were compared with obese diabetics (19). Fasting serum ketone levels were measured, and the plasma potassium, triglyceride and growth hormone responses during the glucose tolerance test were determined. Obese subjects without diabetes had a twofold greater total plasma insulin response (area under curve) than their counterparts of normal weight, but there was a progressive fall in total plasma insulin response from subjects with mild diabetes (with fasting normoglycaemia) to those with severe diabetes (with fasting hyperglycaemia). The early plasma insulin responses of the group with mild diabetes were significantly impaired, and the peak response was only reached at 120 minutes. The subjects with severe diabetes had a flat insulin response curve. Fasting serum ketone levels were highest in the group with severe diabetes. The growth hormone responses were similar in all the groups. Plasma potassium and tryglyceride levels fell less during the glucose tolerance test in the group with severe diabetes than in the other three groups. These data indicate that insulin secretion is reduced in obese Blacks with chemical evidence of diabetes and this reduction becomes severe in the symptomatic diabetic.     

Early Improvement of Glucose Tolerance after Ileal Transposition in a Non-obese Type 2 Diabetes Rat Model

Background: Surgical operations which shorten the intestinal tract between the stomach and the terminal ileum result in an early improvement in type 2 diabetes, and one possible explanation is the arrival of undigested food in the terminal ileum. This study was designed to evaluate the role of the distal ileum in the improvement of glucose control in type 2 diabetic patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Methods: An ileal transposition (IT) to the jejunum was performed in lean diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. The IT was compared to sham-operated diabetic rats and a control group of diabetic rats. Non-diabetic controls were age-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, which underwent IT and no operation. Food intake and body weight were measured. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed 10 days before the operation and 10 days, 30 days and 45 days after the surgery. GLP-1 and insulin were measured during the OGTT 45 days after surgery. An insulin tolerance test (ITT) was performed 50 days after surgery. Results: Glucose tolerance improved in the IT diabetic group compared with both the sham-operated animals and control diabetic group 30 days and 45 days after surgery (P=0.029 and P=0.023, respectively). Insulin sensitivity, as measured by an ITT, was not significantly different between diabetic groups and the normal groups respectively after surgery. No differences in basal glucose and glucose tolerance were noted between non-diabetic operated animals and control non-diabetic rats. No differences were recorded between the diabetic rat groups and the non-diabetic rats in terms of weight and food intake. GLP-1 levels were significantly higher in the IT diabetic group compared with the sham-operated rats (P=0.05). Conclusions: Ileal transposition is effective in inducing an improvement in glucose tolerance in lean diabetic rats without affecting weight and food intake. The possible mechanism underlying the early improvement of diabetes after bariatric surgery may be due to the action of the terminal ileum through an insulin-independent action.     

胃转流术对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛细胞胰岛素受体及胰岛素受体底物2表达的影响

目的：探讨胃转流术对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛细胞中胰岛素受体（IRc）及胰岛素受体底物2（IRS-2）表达的影响。 方法：高糖高脂饮食联合腹腔注射小剂量链脲佐菌素建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,将造模成功的大鼠分为模型组和胃转流组,另取正常大鼠作为正常对照组,胃转流组大鼠行胃空肠吻合术加空肠侧侧吻合,模型组与正常对照组大鼠均行假手术。检测术前及术后8周大鼠空腹血糖、血清胰岛素,计算胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）,用免疫组化法检测胰腺组织IRc及IRS-2的表达。 结果：与正常对照组比较,模型组与胃转流组术前空腹血糖均明显升高,ISI均明显降低,但术后胃转流组两项指标均较模型组明显改善（均P<0.05）;各组胰岛素水平手术前后均无统计学差异（均P>0.05）。术后8周,胃转流组胰岛细胞IRc和IRS-2表达量均明显高于模型组（均P<0.05）,其中IRc表达量仍低于正常对照组（P<0.05）,但IRS-2表达量与正常对照组接近（P>0.05）。 结论：2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛细胞中IRc及IRS-2表达下调,而胃转流术能够使其表达显著增加,这可能是该手术产生对2型糖尿病产生疗效的机制之一。     

Insulin action enhancement normalizes brachial artery vasoactivity in patients with peripheral vascular disease and occult diabetes

Purpose: Brachial artery vasoactivity (BAVA) evaluation is a reliable, noninvasive method of assessing arterial endothelial function in vivo. We previously have shown that patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and occult diabetes have abnormal BAVA results when fasting and after oral glucose intake during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Troglitazone is an oral hypoglycemic agent that enhances the action of insulin. The effect of troglitazone on BAVA in patients with occult diabetes and PVD is not known. Methods: Patients with PVD, normal fasting glucose levels, and abnormal OGTT results were identified. With a duplex ultrasound scan, BAVA was evaluated by measuring the brachial artery (BA) flow (in millimeters per minute) before and after 5 minutes of BA occlusion during fasting and at 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours after the administration of 75 g of glucose during OGTT. Troglitazone therapy (400 mg/day) was begun, and the BAVA evaluation was repeated after 2 and 4 months. These results were compared with the results of the control group who had normal fasting glucose levels, normal OGTT results, and no evidence of PVD. A paired t test was used to compare the BA flow before and after BA occlusion, with a P value of less than .05 considered significant. Results: The control group had a normal hyperemic response with a significantly increased BA flow after 5 minutes of BA occlusion during fasting and at all stages of the OGTT. The occult diabetic group had an abnormal response to hyperemia before the treatment with troglitazone and showed little change in flow after BA occlusion. After 2 months of troglitazone therapy, BAVA results improved after oral glucose intake but not during fasting. After 4 months, BAVA results normalized both while fasting and after oral glucose intake during the OGTT. Conclusion: Patients with occult diabetes and PVD have impaired BAVA, which normalizes after treatment with troglitazone. Insulin-action enhancers may slow the progression of PVD in patients with diabetes by improving endothelial cell function. Agents that are aimed at enhancing the action of insulin may have an advantage over the other traditional therapies for diabetes. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:1024-32.)