大学生心理资本问卷的初步编制

目的:探索中国大学生的心理资本结构,并编制大学生心理资本问卷。方法:采用整群抽样方法,选取北京某大学1010名大学生,经项目分析、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析之后形成最终问卷。结果:大学生心理资本包括自我效能、乐观、韧性、感恩和兴趣五个维度。该问卷共29题,具有良好的结构效度,效标效度,内部一致性信度,分半信度,重测信度。结论:大学生心理资本问卷的信、效度均符合心理测量学要求,可供大学生心理资本研究和实践使用。     

大学生日常情绪调节问卷的编制及其信效度检验

目的:编制大学生日常情绪调节问卷。方法:随机抽取39名大学生进行开放式问卷调查,以形成初始问卷;以531名大学生为被试对问卷进行项目分析和探索性因素分析,以577名大学生为被试对问卷进行验证性因素分析和信效度检验,以形成正式问卷。结果:大学生日常情绪调节问卷共27个项目,分为积极情绪调节和消极情绪调节两个分量表,且包括认知重评、认知沉浸、表达抑制和表达宣泄4个维度。问卷的内部一致性系数为0.74,分量表各维度的内部一致性系数在0.60至0.76之间,问卷的结构效度和效标效度(问卷与效标问卷的相关显著,且相关在0.41至0.51之间)均达到心理测量学要求。结论:本研究编制的大学生日常情绪调节问卷信效度指标良好,可以作为测量我国大学生日常情绪调节策略使用的有效工具。     

河南省大学生身体自尊结构研究

目的探讨河南省大学生身体自尊结构并编制河南省大学生身体自尊问卷。方法572名大学生参加了问卷调查,用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析等方法对515份有效问卷进行研究。结果问卷的α系数为0.8834,分半信度为0.8072,探索性因素分析显示大学生身体自尊由4个维度构成,验证性因素分析也证明4因素模型相对理想。结论问卷具有较好的信度、效度,可为进一步的研究提供有价值的参考。     

大学生自我同一性过程问卷编制

目的：编制大学生自我同一性过程问卷。方法：大学生自我同一性过程问卷由37个项目构成，做了信、效度分析。结果：大学生自我同一性过程问卷具有较好的信度（0．811）和效度，并用自尊和焦虑作为大学生自我同一性过程问卷的效标，问卷具有较好的效标效度。结论：大学生自我同一性过程问卷具有较好的信、效度。     

大学生网络交往问卷的初步编制及信效度检验

目的:编制大学生网络交往问卷(IIQUS),用来测量大学生的网络交往行为,并检验其信效度。方法:选取296名大学生进行预测调查,进行项目分析及探索性因素分析;另外抽取711名大学生进行正式问卷调查,用于进行验证性因素分析及考察同质性信度和结构效度。以网络成瘾类型问卷中的网络关系成瘾维度为效标。结果:大学生网络交往问卷共有26题,包括网络社交自我知觉、网络自我表露、网络人际关系以及网络交往依赖4个因子,解释了总方差的47.8%。问卷具有良好的结构效度(χ2/df=6.61,CFI=0.95,IFI=0.95,RM SEA=0.08),网络人际关系成瘾得分与网络交往依赖得分正相关(r=0.56,P<0.01)。总量表和4个因子的Cronbachα系数为0.78～0.90,重测信度为0.70～0.88。结论:本研究编制的大学生网络交往问卷具有较好的信效度,能用来测量大学生的网络交往行为。     

大学生生涯阻碍知觉问卷的编制

目的:编制适用于中国大学生的生涯阻碍知觉问卷。方法:在综合国内外相关研究并结合开放式问卷调查的基础上,构建了大学生生涯阻碍知觉的理论维度,并据此编制了大学生生涯阻碍知觉问卷;然后通过对533名大学生的探索性因素分析和532名大学生的验证性因素分析形成最终问卷。结果:大学生的生涯阻碍知觉由背景差别待遇、婚姻家庭制约、父母行为阻碍、学校教育不足、信息探索不足、性格缺陷与技能储备不足七个维度构成;问卷共35题,具有良好的结构效度、效标效度、内部一致性信度和重测信度。结论:该问卷的因素结构清晰,信、效度较好,可以作为大学生生涯阻碍知觉的测量工具。     

大学生理想自我与现实自我差异问卷的编制

目的 编制大学生理想自我与现实自我差异问卷.方法 参考国内外文献,结合开放式调查和心理咨询实践,从心理健康角度编制大学生理想自我与现实自我差异问卷.结果 经因素分析,问卷由人际、品性、学业、情绪、家庭、魅力6个因素构成,累积解释率为54.18%,内部一致性信度和重测信度均在0.80以上.验证性因素分析表明,该问卷的理论结构模型拟合良好,CFI、NNFI均达到0.90以上,RMSEA小于0.08.结论 自编问卷具有良好的信度、效度,可用于大学生理想自我与现实自我差异的测量.     

大学生人际交往效能感的理论构念与测量

目的:构建人际交往效能感理论结构,编制测量工具.方法:本研究通过对1000余名大学生人际交往状况调查,分析了大学生人际交往效能感,根据国内外有关人际交往和自我效能感的研究成果,编制了大学生人际交往效能感量表.结果:大学生人际交往效能感问卷具有较好的信、效度.结论:大学生人际交往效能感由六个维度组成:亲和效能、印象管理效能、利他效能、沟通效能、情绪控制效能、自我价值感;大学生人际交往效能感问卷可以作为预测大学生人际交往状况的工具.     

大学生自我管理问卷的初步编制

目的:编制大学生自我管理问卷并分析大学生自我管理的特点.方法:通过文献分析构建大学生自我管理问卷结构,并编制问卷对290名大学生进行了调查,检验问卷的信度和效度.结果:问卷的内部一致性系数为0.930,各维度的内部一致性系数在0.625-0.913之间;验证性因素分析显示,问卷各拟合指数达到心理测量学可接受的范围(AGFI、NFI、CFI>0.80,RMSEA<0.08).结论:大学生自我管理问卷具有较好的信度和效度;不同性别、不同年级大学生在自我管理的各个维度上具有差异性.     

大学生生涯辅导需求问卷的编制

目的编制适用于中国大学生的生涯辅导需求问卷。方法在综合国内外相关研究并结合开放式问卷调查的基础上,建构了大学生生涯辅导需求的理论维度,并据此编制了大学生生涯辅导需求问卷;然后通过对2932名大学生的探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析形成最终问卷。结果最终问卷由32个项目组成,包括自我探索、环境探索、生涯抉择与规划、生涯准备、生涯安置5个维度。验证性因素分析显示,5因素模型拟合指标χ2/df,NNFI,CFI,IFI,NFI,RMSEA分别为3.493,0.938,0.926,0.917,0.900,0.049,各维度之间的相关系数在0.412~0.612之间,各维度与总分的相关系数在0.754~0.841之间,表明问卷结构效度良好;问卷与大学生生涯适应力呈显著负相关,表明问卷效标效度良好;问卷的Cronbachα系数为0.876,重测信度为0.861,说明问卷信度良好。结论该问卷的因素结构清晰,信、效度良好,可以作为大学生生涯辅导需求的测量工具。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.