髂静脉压迫综合征诊治在下肢慢性静脉功能不全中的意义

目的:探讨髂静脉压迫综合征(IVCS)在下肢慢性静脉功能不全(CVI)诊治中的意义。方法:195例IVCS伴CVI患者采用介入球囊扩张、支架置入或联合浅静脉手术进行治疗,对其治疗成功率、疗效进行回顾性分析。结果:本组195例中浅静脉曲张治愈率95.7%,下肢肿胀缓解率78.7%,疼痛缓解率80.6%,溃疡愈合率77.8%。其中仅支架置入20例,下肢肿胀缓解率78.9%,疼痛缓解率88.9%,溃疡愈合率77.8%。结论:纠正IVCS或联合浅静脉手术能明显改善CVI病人的症状,IVCS可能是部分CVI的病变基础。     

髂静脉受压综合症对非血栓性慢性下肢静脉功能不全的影响

目的 观察髂静脉受压综合症对非血栓性慢性下肢静脉功能不全(CVI)发病的影响.方法 分析2002年1月至2006年3月下肢顺行静脉造影数据库,记录髂静脉受压综合症在非血栓性下肢CVI中的发生率、静脉造影特征及其主要的治疗方式.结果 1594例CVI下肢顺行静脉造影中136例诊断为髂静脉受压综合症,占左下肢非血栓性CVI的17%(136/817).下肢顺行静脉造影诊断髂静脉受压综合症的特异性较高.39例髂静脉受压综合症患者经髂静脉血管成形、支架植入术,并同时行浅静脉手术取得了较好的临床效果.结论 髂静脉受压综合症是导致左下肢CVI的重要原因之一,在治疗左下肢CVI时,应重视左髂静脉压迫的处理.     

下肢慢性静脉功能不全术后复发60例诊治分析

目的分析和总结下肢慢性静脉功能不全(CVI)术后复发原因及诊治经验。方法对1995年8月至2005年11月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院血管外科收治的60例(66侧)CVI术后复发病人行下肢静脉顺行造影、双功多普勒彩超检查,明确复发原因,针对深、浅、交通静脉功能不全施行相应手术。结果复发原因中交通静脉功能不全占95.45%(63/66),隐静脉主干及部分属支残留占72.72%(48/66),深静脉瓣膜功能不全占43.94%(29/66)。下肢静脉顺行造影在静脉通畅性诊断准确率为100%;下肢静脉顺行造影和双功彩超在深静脉瓣膜功能检测及隐静脉主干、属支残留的诊断符合率为87.5%、79.16%;双功彩超对交通静脉的漏诊率(5.11%)明显低于静脉造影(28.31%)。再次手术术后按临床表现严重程度评分(VCSS)为(1.9±1.3)分,明显低于术前(7.0±4.2)分,P<0.01。结论交通静脉功能不全、浅静脉主干及属支残留是CVI术后复发的重要原因,再次手术应全面纠正深、浅、交通静脉功能不全,双功彩超对CVI术后复发病例的病因及定位诊断,尤其是隐-股静脉交界处的病因分析和交通静脉精确定位,具有不可替代的优势。     

下肢慢性静脉功能不全与CEAP分类系统

下肢慢性静脉功能不全(chronic venous insufficiency，CVI)是最常见的周围血管疾病．人群患病率高达27％，年新发病率0．5％～3．0％．其中静脉性溃疡约占1．5％。CVI的临床表现包括下肢浅静脉扩张或曲张、腿部乏力、沉重、胀痛，水肿、皮肤营养性改变、静脉性溃疡；涉及静脉病变范围．可局限于浅静脉、交通静脉、深静脉或累及整个下肢静脉系统；     

步进式数字减影下肢静脉顺行造影诊断非血栓性髂静脉受压综合征的价值北大核心CSCD

非血栓性髂静脉受压综合征（nonthrombotic iliac venous cmpression syndrome,NIVCS）是髂静脉受压综合征（iliac venous compression syndrome,IVCS）的早中期,多表现为一系列慢性静脉功能不全（chronic venous insufficiency,CVI）症状。如发生漏诊而单纯行下肢静脉曲张手术,术后较易复发,甚至诱发急性下肢深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis,DVT）。     

下肢慢性静脉功能不全外科治疗的现状与争议

下肢慢性静脉功能不全(chmnic venous insuffciencv，CVI)是常见的血管外科疾病，多种静脉疾病均可导致静脉功能不全，按其病因可分为原发性、继发性、先天性；按解剖范围可分为浅、深和交通静脉3个系统。下肢CVI的外科治疗主要用于原发性CVI和部分继发性CVI的病例。虽深静脉瓣膜重建术对纠正深静脉反流确有一定疗效，     

静脉高压对慢性静脉功能不全患者血小板活性的影响

目的 观察体位变化和压力对下肢慢性静脉功能不全(CVI)患者血小板活性的影响.方法 根据纳入和排除标准,选择24例CVI患者作为实验组和20例正常人作为对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定两组人群在不同体位时下肢静脉血液、肘部静脉血液及在外在压力持续作用60 min后血小板P-选择素表达水平.结果 晨起平卧位及站立30 min后两组下肢静脉血液血小板P-选择素表达水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在90～100mm Hg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)压力作用60 min后,CVI患者的下肢静脉血液和肘部静脉血液血小板P-选择素均明显高于对照组(P<0.01).结论 CVI患者血小板对压力具有高反应性,可能是CVI发病的重要机制之一.     

内镜筋膜下交通静脉结扎术治疗静脉性溃疡

下肢交通静脉功能不全在慢性静脉功能不全（chronic venous insufficiency,CVI）肢体皮肤改变,特别是静脉性溃疡发病中的作用早已为人们所注意,早在19世纪60年代,Gay就认识到下肢静脉性溃疡中存在交通静脉功能不全现象。目前虽尚存在一些争沦,但大多数学者仍持认可态度。功能正常的交通静脉由于瓣膜的作用,可保证由下肢浅静脉系统向深静脉系统的单向回流;而当其功能不全时,下肢深静脉的血流就会通过功能不全的交通静脉逆流入浅静脉,引起小腿浅静脉淤血、     

腔内治疗髂静脉受压综合征的疗效分析

目的:探讨腔内治疗髂静脉受压综合征(IVCS)的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月—2015年12月收治的244例腔内治疗的IVCS患者临床资料。结果:全组无手术死亡,1例患者左髂静脉完全闭塞,放弃腔内治疗,技术成功率99.6%(243/244)。243例患者中94例行单纯球囊扩张,149例行球囊扩张联合支架植入术,175例合并下肢静脉曲张者行二期手术治疗。224例随访3~27个月,期间患者静脉曲张无复发,左下肢肿胀均得到不同程度缓解,总有效率达100%;63例皮肤色素沉着得到不同程度减退,30例静脉性溃疡患者得到愈合或缓解。单纯球囊扩张患者与球囊扩张联合支架植入患者的左下肢肿胀完全缓解率、溃疡完全愈合率、髂静脉再狭窄或血栓形成率在术后6个月时均无统计学差异(96.0%vs.99.0%、84.6%vs.100.0%、5.3%vs.2.0%,均P0.05),但术后12、24个月时,后者均明显优于前者(70.0%vs.96.0%、61.5%vs.94.1%、12.8%vs.2.0%;60.9%vs.94.8%、53.8%vs.94.1%、23.5%vs.2.1%,均P0.05)。结论:腔内治疗IVCS具有良好的近、中期疗效。联合支架植入的中期疗效优于单纯球囊扩张。选择合适的支架类型、支架直径、支架长度;精确合理地定位支架;规律足量的抗凝治疗,对于保证远期疗效具有重要作用。     

深静脉瓣膜修复成形术治疗下肢慢性静脉功能不全的随机对照临床研究

目的探讨深静脉瓣膜修复成形术在下肢慢性静脉功能不全治疗中的作用与疗效。方法30例双下肢慢性静脉功能不全的患者接受静脉系统手术治疗。每例2条肢体各采取不同手术方式并随机分组。1条患肢行股浅静脉外瓣膜复成形术加浅静脉手术(A组);另1条患肢仅行浅静脉手术(B组)。术后1个月和3年,利用彩超、流速剖面图彩超技术、空气体积描记仪(APG)和静脉功能不全评分等方法,比较各例2条肢体的疗效以及2组间疗效。结果全组30例患者60条肢体均为CEAP临床分级(Kistner分级)C2～C4级,经彩超和下肢静脉造影证实深静脉瓣膜功能不全返流均为Ⅲ度。术后1个月和3年随访比较,各例属于A组的患肢在静脉返流度、静脉返流量及各项指标均比属于B组患肢改善明显;A组的静脉返流量、静脉灌注指数均值与B组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。2组的静脉返流度比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3年随访时2组的射血分数和剩余容量分数均值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);静脉功能不全评分均值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论深静脉瓣膜修复成形术可使下肢深静脉返流量明显减少,瓣膜功能明显恢复,与下肢浅静脉手术联合治疗下肢慢性静脉功能不全有更好的疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.