马兜铃酸的毒理学现状

目的:介绍马兜铃酸的毒理学研究进展方法:方法:参考国内外相关文献,进行综合、分析、归纳。结果:马兜铃酸具有肾毒性、消化道毒性、致癌性、致突变性和基因毒性。结论:要辨证合理使用含有马兜铃酸成分的中药材。     

二月桂酸二丁基锡对表皮细胞的毒作用研究

本研究表明,DBTL 可引起表皮细胞死亡。其TC_(50)为32μm,并对[~3H]Thd、[~3H]-UdR及DL-4,5-[~3H]-亮氨酸掺入有很强的抑制作用,IC_(50)分别为0.29、1.96和1.78μM。该化合物引起的皮肤损伤可能与其对皮肤细胞的直接作用有关,也可能是由于对DNA、RNA及蛋白质合成的抑制作用引起的。     

马兜铃酸毒理学性研究与启示

有关马兜铃酸的毒理实验国内外均有报道,尤其国外在毒理学方面做了大量研究.大量的实验提示:马兜铃酸的肾毒性与剂量呈相关性;遗传毒性研究提示马兜铃酸具有致突变作用;在对大鼠和小鼠的长期毒性研究中发现:动物可发生局部和全身肿瘤,且肿瘤的发生与给药时间和剂量呈相关性;并发现动物的主要毒性与人的不良反应有相关性.马兜铃酸的相关实验研究提醒有关方面应重视马兜铃酸问题,使传统中药更好地发挥防病治病作用.     

马兜铃酸细胞分子毒理学研究进展

马兜铃酸属于硝基菲类化合物,广泛存在于马兜铃属中药中,具有肾毒性和潜在的致癌作用。马兜铃酸诱导肾小管上皮细胞纤维化及凋亡;促进细胞周期加速,而导致泌尿道上皮异常增殖;经还原代谢,并与DNA形成加合物,使ras基因和p53基因突变,进而诱发癌变。本文对马兜铃酸的细胞分子毒性机制进行了综述,并对可能的减毒方法进行了探讨。     

香桂化浊胶囊毒理学研究

目的研究香桂化浊胶囊急性毒性及长期毒性。方法应用最大耐受量（MTD）测定法,对香桂化浊胶囊进行小鼠急性毒性实验;大鼠长期毒性实验采用连续12周灌胃给药,处死2/3动物,其余动物停药进行恢复期观察2周,观察大鼠饮食、活动、体质量、大小便、进食量、外观体征等情况,并进行血液、生化、病理学等检查。结果急性毒性实验未见明显毒性反应,MTD为48 g•kg－1,相当于推荐临床用药量（折合0.1 g•kg－1）的480倍;长期毒性实验结果显示,香桂化浊胶囊高、中、低剂量组动物未出现严重中毒表现,各脏器无病理性变化。结论香桂化浊胶囊急性毒性和长期毒性实验未见明显毒性作用。     

发育毒理学研究的若干进展

自60年代“反应停”事件后,化学物质的致畸性危害已受到人们的重视,从而促进了畸胎学的发展,致畸性测试已被广泛列入药物、化学物等的安全性评价项目中。随着人们对畸胎发生和胚胎/胎儿等发育过程的不断探索,获得了胚胎发育的很多知识,实验畸胎学已有很大扩展。进入80年代后,由于发育生物学、胚胎学、畸胎学和毒理学等学科的发展和相互交义,逐渐形成了一个新的专业领域——发育毒理学(developmental toxicolo-gy)。目前,这一学科作为毒理学的一个重要分支     

沙棘原汁毒理学研究

沙棘是我国近年开发的野生果类食物新资源.果汁中维生素C含量在800mg％以上,并含有氨基酸、有机酸等多种活性物质,受到人们的重视。国内对沙棘有许多研究,但系统的毒理学试验未见报道,为此,我们按《食品安全性毒理学评价程序(试行)》,对沙棘原汁进行了毒理学实验研究.结果报告如下:     

氰戊菊酯的毒理学研究

氰戊菊酯(Fenvalerate,Fen)亦称杀灭菊酯、速灭杀丁和戊酸氰醚酯,化学名称为(R,S)-a-氰基-3-苯氧基苄基(R,S)-2-(4-氯苯基)-3-甲基丁酸。它是一种不含环丙烷结构的新型拟除虫菊酯类农药,具有广谱、高效、低毒和低残留等特点.目前广泛用于农、林、牧业、家庭、仓贮和园艺等.有关氰戊菊酯的毒性、毒理和特殊毒性等已进行了深入研究。本文对其毒理学研究概况综述如下。     

药物毒理学研究新进展

药物毒理学是现代毒理学中研究药物的毒副作用机制、评价新药安全性的分支学科,主要目的在于指导药物合成和临床合理用药,降低药物的毒副作用及减少因毒性导致的新药研发失败。现就药物毒理学研究的新思路、发现毒理学的发展和全程式新药安全性研究评价新模式的特征以及药物毒理学研究的新方法作简要阐述。     

关木通生品及其制品的药效学及毒理学研究

目的为评价关木通生品及其制品是否具有利尿作用和其安全性,对二者进行药效学、急性毒性和长期毒性的比较研究。方法采用正常大鼠水负荷的动物模型,观察关木通生品、制品水煎剂的一次性给药和连续3d(1次/d)给药的利尿作用。结果关木通生品、制品水煎剂均无明显的利尿作用。关木通生品水煎剂的LD50为50.32g/kg,关木通制品的LD50为226.62g/kg,且该药急性毒性小鼠的死亡时间主要分布于药后48～72h之间。经过本研究初步拟定的炮制工艺炮制后的关木通制品,对肾脏的毒性明显低于同等剂量的关木通生品。结论关木通生品及其制品均没有利尿作用,炮制可以达到减毒的目的。     

之江菌素的毒性实验

之江菌素对ＩＣＲ小鼠灌胃，ＬＤ５０为１１５３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，属低毒物质。致畸致突变试验阴性。亚慢毒性试验表明，大鼠饲喂含之江菌素４００ｐｐｍ的饲料连续２８ｄ，对生长发育、饲料利用率、血液及生化指标、病理组织学观察均无明显不良影响     

Toxicological studies on malachite green: A triphenylmethane dye

The oral LD₅₀ for malachite green oxalate was found to be 275 mg/kg in rats while the approximate lethal dose for NMRI mice was 50 mg/kg. No systemic effects were seen after dermal application of 2,000 mg/kg. Repeated administration in the diet for 28 days to rats produced only minor changes in serum urea and aspartate aminotransferase levels. The rats at the highest dose level showed decreased weight gain and appeared clinically to have elevated motor activity. No sex differences were observed in either acute or prolonged experiments. In accord with human experience malachite green was irritating to mucous membranes, but no effects were seen on intact skin nor was it shown to be sensitizing. It was found to be a mutagen in the Salmonella/microsome test after metabolic activation but without clastogenic activity when tested at maximally tolerated levels in mice in the micronucleus test.     

滋阴补肾丸的毒理学研究

目的:观察动物对滋阴补肾丸的急性及长期毒性反应,为临床用药安全剂量提供参考.方法:①昆明种小鼠40只,随机分成给药和对照组2组.②Wistar大鼠160只,随机分成4组,每天2次灌胃给药,连续灌胃26周.观察一般情况,并进行病理学检查,检测血常规、生化及血凝指标等.结果:滋阴补肾丸的毒性较低,1次最大给药量为63.9 g/kg,1日最大给药量为191.7 g/kg.长期灌胃此药,大鼠体重、脏器、血液学指标和病理组织学检测均未见异常.结论:滋阴补肾丸是一种安全、毒性低的药物.     

甲壳素的毒理学研究——Ⅰ.急性毒性研究

甲壳素po小鼠和大鼠及ip小鼠,剂量在2000～8000 mg /kg（相当于推荐临床试用剂量的 500～4000倍）,在 7d的观察期内未见小鼠或大鼠死亡。     

Safety evaluation of water extracts of Toona sinensis Roemor leaf.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the safety of water extracts of Toona sinensis Roemor leaf (TSL-1). The mutagenic properties of TSL-1 was investigated using the Ames test, and no mutagenicity was found toward all tester strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535). In the acute oral toxicity study, a single limit dose of 5000 mgTSL-1/kg bw was given to male and female ICR mice, then observed for a 14-day period. In the subacute study, TSL-1 was administered as oral daily dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days. The results showed no acute lethal effect at a maximal tested dose of 5000 mg/kg bw TSL-1 in male and female mice. The subacute toxicity showed the oral administration of 1000 mg/kg bw for consecutive 28 days was safe in male mice. TSL-1 treated female mice showed decreases of food intake and kidney relative weight in acute oral toxicity test, and decreases of body weight gain, food intake and lung relative weight in subacute toxicity trial. However, no remarked toxic effects were found in the biochemical and histopathological parameters of TSL-1 treated female mice. These effects whether related to the major components or other ingredients in TSL-1 need to elucidate in the further studies.     

松针汁的毒性及致突变性研究

对松针汁进行了毒性和致突变性实验。结果显示：松针汁急性毒性试验，ＬＤ５０〉１０ｇ／ｋｇｂｗ；在所示剂量范围内，Ａｍｅｓ试验加与不加Ｓ９活化系统，各剂量组平均回主率均〈２，小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验，各剂量组微核率与阴性对照组比较无明显差异，小鼠精子畸形试验，各剂量组精子畸形率与阴性对照组比较无明业差异，表明松针汁无毒，无致突变作用。     

化妆品毒理学试验方法的标准比对

化妆品行业的快速发展离不开标准化的技术支撑,标准化对于推动技术进步、规范市场秩序、促进国际贸易起到重要的作用.本文对毒理学试验方法中的急性经皮毒性试验、亚慢性经皮毒性试验、致畸试验的国内外相关标准进行梳理和比对,分析目前标准存在的具体问题并提出建议.     

Acute and subacute toxicological evaluation of scutellarin in rodents

Acute and subacute investigations were carried out to evaluate the safety of scutellarin, an active flavone glycoside that has been used to treating cardiocerebral vascular diseases and cerebral infarction in rodents. For the acute study, scutellarin was administered to mice by gavage at different dose levels. Scutellarin caused dose-dependent general behavior adverse effects, but the LD₅₀ values could not be detected, and the maximum tolerated dose was more than 10 g/kg. In the subacute study, scutellarin was administered orally at doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg daily for 30 days to rats. Body weight, heart rate, blood pressure, biochemical, hematological and urine parameters were determined at the end of the experimental day. Daily oral administration for up to 30 days did not result in death or significant changes in hematology, blood chemistries or urinalysis. However, a 30 day regimen of scutellarin at doses of 100 or 500 mg/kg led to non-dose related decreases in BUN and triglyceride levels. Scutellarin was found to be minimally toxic or non-toxic in rodents. In view of the doses of the components used, the results from acute and subacute toxicity studies suggest that this component has a sufficient margin of safety for therapeutic use.     

Acute and a 28-day repeated-dose toxicity study of total flavonoids from Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Ktze in mice and rats

Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Ktze (Labiatae), known as ‘Duanxueliu’ in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of hemorrhagic disease. Total flavonoids from Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Ktze (TFCC), the most active ingredient, possess a variety of properties, such as antioxygenation. Until now, evidence-based toxicity data on TFCC has been limited. This study evaluated the acute (in mice and rat) and the 28-day repeated-dose (in rat) toxicity study of TFCC, respectively. In acute study, oral administration of TFCC to rats and mice did not induce toxicity or mortality up to the maximum doses of 4000 and 5000 mg/kg, respectively. In subacute toxicity study, we administered TFCC at daily doses of 70, 210, and 630 mg/kg for 4 consecutive weeks to rats via gavage. We observed no changes in food consumption, water intake, body weight, chemistry and hematological parameters, organ weight, gross pathology or histopathology. No animals from any group died. These findings indicate that TFCC is relatively nontoxic, and provide practical guidance for selecting a safe dose for further investigation of TFCC in animal studies or clinical trials.