肾康丸对糖尿病大鼠肾脏SIP1表达的影响

目的:观察肾康丸对糖尿病(DM)大鼠模型的肾功能及Smad相互作用蛋白1(Smad-interacting protein 1,SIP1)表达的影响。方法:用链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射法诱导建立大鼠DM模型,模型成功后随机分为3组:模型对照组、开搏通组、肾康丸组,另设正常对照组。治疗8周,观察治疗期间及治疗后大鼠一般状况、血糖、24 h尿蛋白、肌酐、尿素氮、肾重、相对肾重,并用实时荧光定量PCR测定肾脏SIP1 mRNA的表达情况,免疫组织化学法观察SIP1蛋白表达情况。结果:造模3组均出现DM及肾脏损害,同时肾脏SIP1mRNA的表达也明显降低。肾康丸可以改善大鼠基本状况、肾功能、降低血糖、尿蛋白(P<0.05,P<0.01),上调肾脏组织SIP1的表达。结论:肾康丸可以增加SIP1的产生,延缓糖尿病肾病进程。     

D-青霉胺和二巯丙磺酸钠对汞致大鼠肾毒性的影响

目的　研究预投D- 青霉胺 (D- penicillamine ,DPA)和二巯丙磺酸钠 (2 ,3 - Dimercato 1 Propanesulfonate ,DMPS)对汞致急性肾毒性的保护作用及其机制。方法　 48只Wistar大鼠随机分成 6组。第 1组以 5mL/kg体重皮下注射质量分数为 0 . 9%的氯化钠溶液 ,第 2、3和 4组分别皮下注射 0 .75、1.5和 2 .5mg kgHgCl2 溶液。第 5、6组大鼠分别腹腔注射2 0 0 μmoLDMPS和 2 0 0 μmoLDPA ,2h后再投与 2 5mg/kgHgCl2 溶液。染毒 12h后 ,收集 12h尿样 ,测定尿N- 乙酰 - β- D- 氨基葡萄糖苷酶 (NAG)和尿碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)活力、尿蛋白和尿汞含量。染毒 48h后 ,切取肾脏和肝脏 ,分别测定肾脏和肝脏中的丙二醛 (MDA)和谷胱甘肽 (GSH)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH- Px)活力、肝脏汞和肾脏汞含量。结果　DMPS显著降低NAG和ALP活力和尿蛋白含量 ;DPA明显降低NAG活力和尿蛋白含量 ,对ALP没有影响。DMPS显著降低肾脏MDA含量 ,而DPA对肾脏MDA含量没有影响。DMPS-和DPA两干预组在肾脏中GSH含量和GSH -Px活力都明显高于 2 . 5mg kg染汞组 ,差异有显著性。DPA能显著降低肾脏汞含量。结论　DMPS比DPA更能有效地保护肾功能。DMPS会显著减轻汞在肾脏的氧化损伤 ,而DPA则没有影响。DMPS和DPA能明显减少肾脏GSH和GSH- Px的耗     

慢性汞染毒大鼠尿汞排泄与蛋白尿的关系

大鼠慢性汞染毒时尿汞排出先呈现“快速相”,继而“缓慢相”,最后转入“稳定相”。停止染毒后2wk,尿汞可下降80-90％,提示尿汞只宜作为汞的近期接触指标。尿蛋白排出量与尿汞水平有明显相关,但并不能根据尿汞水平直接判断有无发生蛋白尿的可能。研究发现,低分子量(MW<10 000)汞复合物(LM-Hg)可能是生理状态下肾脏主要排汞形式;随染毒增加,LM-Hg反渐减少,可能是肾脏对汞解毒能力减退的反应,是蛋白尿的预兆。     

罗格列酮对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的 探讨罗格列酮对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠肾脏的保护作用.方法 单次腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病大鼠模型,将糖尿病大鼠随机分为糖尿病肾病组(DN组,6只)和罗格列酮组(R组,8只),以正常大鼠(N组,6只)作对照.干预8周后,观察各组大鼠尿蛋白、血糖、血脂、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)变化;用免疫组化及实时荧光定量PCR分析肾脏环氧化酶-2(COX-2)、过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体γ(PPARγ)的表达.结果 DN组尿蛋白、BUN、SCr、肾脏COX-2蛋白及mRNA水平均较N组明显升高,PPARγ蛋白表达下调;而R组大鼠上述各项检测指标明显逆转;24-h尿蛋白定量分别与COX-2蛋白及mRNA水平呈显著正相关.DN组血糖、血脂均显著高于N组,罗格列酮治疗后上述指标无明显变化.结论 罗格列酮可能通过PPAR途径下调DN大鼠肾脏COX-2表达,发挥不依赖糖脂代谢的直接肾保护作用.     

松花粉对急性汞中毒大鼠肝肾的保护作用及机制研究

目的研究松花粉对急性汞中毒大鼠肝肾的保护作用及机制。方法将大鼠随机均分为正常对照组,染汞模型组,松花粉低、中、高剂量组(2、4、8 g/kg)。通过皮下注射HgCl_2建立急性汞中毒模型,末次染汞后,各组分别灌胃给予相应药物,2次/d,共5 d。通过电感耦合等离子体质谱仪,测定肝汞、肾汞、血汞和尿汞的含量。通过试剂盒,测定尿素氮(BUN)、尿蛋白、尿乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、尿碱性磷酸酶(ALP),血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、血清总胆红素(TBIL),以及肝、肾中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量或活性。结果与正常对照组比较,染汞模型组大鼠的肝汞、肾汞、血汞、尿汞、BUN、尿蛋白、尿LDH、尿ALP、血清ALT、血清AST、血清TBIL、肾脏MDA和肝脏MDA含量或活性均升高(P<0.01),肾脏和肝脏SOD、GSH-Px、GSH含量或活性降低(P<0.01)。与染汞模型组比较,松花粉低、中、高剂量组大鼠的尿汞含量增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),上述其余指标均能显著地向正常对照组的数值变化(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论松花粉具有清除体内汞蓄积、修复急性汞中毒诱导的急性肝肾损伤的作用,其机制与抑制脂质过氧化损伤相关。     

火把花根对系膜增殖性肾炎模型大鼠单核细胞趋化因子-1与转化生长因子β1表达的影响

目的 观察火把花根对系膜增殖性肾炎（MsPGN）大鼠24 h尿蛋白转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）和单核细胞趋化因子-1（MCP-1）表达的影响,探讨其肾脏保护作用的机制。方法 采用抗胸腺细胞血清诱发的系膜增殖性肾炎大鼠模型,将Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、肾炎模型组和火把花根治疗组,14 d后测量24 h尿蛋白,处死大鼠,用PAS染色观察肾脏病理变化;RT-PCR及Western blot检测肾组织中TGF-β1和MCP-1的mRNA及蛋白质表达情况。结果 火把花根治疗组大鼠24 h尿蛋白、肾组织TGF-β1和MCP-1mRNA和蛋白表达明显下降,肾组织病理改变明显改善,与模型组相比均差异有极显著性（均P＜0.01）,与正常对照组比较均差异无显著性（均P＞0.05）。结论 火把花根可显著改善系膜增殖性肾炎大鼠肾脏病变,抑制系膜细胞的增生,减少系膜基质的蓄积,其机制可能与抑制TGF-β1和MCP-1表达有关。     

罗格列酮对阿霉素致肾小球硬化症大鼠的尿蛋白排泌量及肾小球蛋白(synaptopodin)表达的影响

目的 观察罗格列酮(胰岛素增敏药)对阿霉素致肾病大鼠的尿蛋白排泌量及肾小球蛋白表达的影响.方法 用罗格列酮治疗阿霉素诱导的局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)大鼠模型;用双缩脲法动态检测大鼠24 h尿蛋白量;分别用荧光实时定量PCR和免疫组织化学法检测大鼠肾组织synaptopodin mRNA和蛋白表达量.结果 罗格列酮能显著减缓FSGS大鼠尿蛋白排泄量的增加(P＜0.05);恢复大鼠肾组织蛋白表达量(P＜0.05),而不影响其mRNA表达量(P＞0.05);FSGS大鼠肾组织蛋白表达量与尿蛋白排泄量呈负相关(P＜0.01).结论 罗格列酮能减轻FSGS模型尿蛋白排泌量,其机制可能部分与维持足细胞足突肌动蛋白微丝骨架系统的稳定有关.     

早期糖尿病大鼠肾脏中HIF-1α表达和细胞凋亡的研究

目的:探讨缺氧诱导因子(HIF)-1α在早期糖尿病大鼠肾脏中表达的变化规律和细胞凋亡与糖尿病肾病(DN)发生发展的关系。方法:实验分为DN组和正常对照组。采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导大鼠DN模型,分别于造模成功后2、4、8周,用免疫组化、免疫印迹和原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)染色,连续多时点观察肾脏HIF-1α表达和细胞凋亡情况,并分析两者之间的关系及其与肾脏病理变化指标的相关性。结果:免疫组化、蛋白印迹检测显示DN组2、4、8周HIF-1α的表达均强于对照组,DN组HIF-1α的表达与尿蛋白、肾脏肥大指数(KI,肾质量/体质量)呈正相关;DN组2、4、8周肾小管细胞凋亡指数(AI)均高于对照组,DN组AI与尿蛋白、KI呈正相关。DN组HIF-1α表达量和肾脏细胞AI呈正相关。结论:HIF-1α在早期糖尿病大鼠肾脏中表达上调,其表达变化与糖尿病大鼠肾脏病变发生发展相关。细胞凋亡也参与了早期DN的发生发展,HIF-1α可能诱导细胞凋亡增加,从而促进DN的发展。     

大黄素对糖尿病大鼠肾组织单核细胞趋化蛋白-1表达的影响

目的探讨大黄素对糖尿病大鼠肾组织单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)表达的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病对照组、糖尿病大黄素治疗组,经大黄素治疗糖尿病大鼠2,4和8周后,分别观察大鼠血肌酐及24 h尿蛋白定量,以及肾脏MCP-1表达的变化。结果与正常对照组相比,糖尿病大鼠的24 h尿蛋白以及肾组织MCP-1表达显著增加,经大黄素治疗后上述指标在一定程度上有所减轻。结论糖尿病时MCP-1表达增加,大黄素可能通过抑制糖尿病大鼠肾脏MCP-1表达而达到延缓糖尿病肾病的进展。     

解毒通络保肾散对实验性糖尿病大鼠肾脏功能和结构的影响

目的研究解毒通络保肾散对实验性糖尿病大鼠肾脏功能和结构的影响。方法以链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导大鼠DM为模型,分为正常对照组、糖尿病组、洛汀新组、解毒通络保肾散组,采用功能和形态相结合的方法,以洛汀新为改善肾功能对照药,从解毒通络保肾散对DM大鼠肾脏保护作用进行了观察。结果解毒通络保肾散能够降低血糖、调节脂质代谢、减少尿蛋白、尿微量白蛋白,保护肾功能、抑制肾脏肥大、抑制肾小球高滤过、减轻肾脏病理损伤。（P〈0．01）。结论解毒通络保肾散能够改善实验性DM大鼠一般状况,调节糖脂代谢。解毒通络保肾散能够抑制实验性DM大鼠肾脏肥大及高滤过,保护肾小球结构和功能,减少尿蛋白的排出,阻止或延缓DN的病理进程。     

尿石汤配方颗粒改善肾草酸钙结石大鼠肾功能效果及其机制

目的:探讨尿石汤配方颗粒改善肾草酸钙结石(CaXO)大鼠肾功能效果及其机制.方法:建立草酸钙肾结石大鼠模型,检测大鼠造模前后体质量变化,肾脏质量、脏器系数变化,排尿量、尿液pH、尿液Ca2+、尿液结晶数量及类型,观察肾结石模型在大鼠机体上的宏观变化.采用He染色和Von-Kossa'S染色,观察尿石汤配方颗粒对肾结石模...     

羟苯磺酸钙对5/6肾切除大鼠模型血液流变学的影响

目的:观察羟苯磺酸钙对5/6肾切除大鼠慢性肾衰模型血液流变学的影响,探讨该药对肾脏的保护机制.方法:建立5/6肾切除大鼠慢性肾衰模型,设立假手术组、5/6肾切除组以及羟苯磺酸钙组,治疗12周后观察大鼠24 h尿蛋白、肾功能、血粘度、纤维蛋白原以及残肾组织病理改变.结果:与5/6肾切除组比较,羟苯磺酸钙组大鼠尿蛋白减轻,肾功能改善,全血和血浆粘度下降,纤维蛋白原含量降低,残肾组织病理表现好转.结论:羟苯磺酸钙可能通过改善慢性肾衰大鼠的血液流变学指标从而发挥其对肾脏的保护作用.     

Actinonin, a meprin inhibitor, protects ischemic acute kidney injury in male but not in female rats

We investigated the effects of actinonin, an inhibitor of a matrix-degrading enzyme meprin, on ischemic acute kidney injury in male and female rats, and these were compared with the effects of verapamil, a Ca(2+) channel blocker. Ischemic acute kidney injury was induced by occlusion of the left renal artery and vein for 45 min followed by reperfusion, 2 weeks after contralateral nephrectomy. At 24 h after reperfusion, renal function and histology of both males and females showed significant deterioration. The degrees of renal dysfunction and histological damage were much more severe in males than in females. Pre-ischemic treatment with actinonin (10 or 30 mg/kg, i.v.) dose-dependently attenuated the ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in male rats, but failed to improve the renal injury in female rats. On the other hand, verapamil (1 mg/kg, i.v.) could efficiently prevent the ischemic acute kidney injury in female rats, as well as male rats. These results indicate that the renoprotective effect of actinonin is male-specific, thereby suggesting that meprin is involved in exacerbation of ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in male rats. The possibility that meprin is a key factor involved in the sex difference in the pathogenesis of ischemic acute kidney injury, warrants further attention.     

The relationship between chemical‐induced kidney weight increases and kidney histopathology in rats

The kidney is a major site of chemical excretion, which results in its propensity to exhibit chemically‐induced toxicological effects at a higher rate than most other organs. Although the kidneys are often weighed in animal toxicity studies, the manner in which these kidney weight measurements are interpreted and the value of this information in predicting renal damage remains controversial. In this study we sought to determine whether a relationship exists between chemically‐induced kidney weight changes and renal histopathological alterations. We also examined the relative utility of absolute and relative (kidney‐to‐body weight ratio) kidney weight in the prediction of renal toxicity. For this, data extracted from oral chemical exposure studies in rats performed by the National Toxicology Program were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. Our analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between absolute, but not relative, kidney weight and renal histopathology in chemically‐treated rats. This positive correlation between absolute kidney weight and histopathology was observed even with compounds that statistically decreased terminal body weight. Also, changes in absolute kidney weight, which occurred at subchronic exposures, were able to predict the presence or absence of kidney histopathology at both subchronic and chronic exposures. Furthermore, most increases in absolute kidney weight reaching statistical significance (irrespective of the magnitude of change) were found to be relevant for the prediction of histopathological changes. Hence, our findings demonstrate that the evaluation of absolute kidney weight is a useful method for identifying potential renal toxicants. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Metformin alleviates renal injury in diabetic rats by inducing Sirt1/FoxO1 autophagic signal axis

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and the most important cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Metformin is the preferred oral hypoglycaemic drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recent studies have shown that besides lowering blood glucose, metformin also has protective effects on renal function, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, we established a diabetic rat model by high-fat feeding combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Their changes of renal function, oxidative stress, histopathology and structure, and autophagy were observed after 8 weeks of metformin treatment at different dose. Sirt1 inhibitor EX527 and metformin were used to observe whether the protective effect of metformin on DN kidney was achieved through the Sirt1/FoxO1 autophagic signalling pathway. The results showed that metformin could protect renal function by up-regulating autophagy level, alleviating oxidative stress level of renal tissue and pathological and structural changes of glomeruli, and inhibiting the expression of extracellular matrix. Sirt1 inhibitor could block the protective effect of metformin on kidney of diabetic rats, suggesting that metformin could alleviate kidney injury in diabetic rats by inducing Sirt1/FoxO1 autophagy signal axis. So metformin could alleviate renal injury in diabetic rats, which may be achieved by regulating Sirt1/FoxO1 autophagic signalling pathway and inducing renal autophagy.     

尿石汤配方颗粒对大鼠草酸钙结石肾脏的保护作用

目的 探讨尿石汤配方颗粒对大鼠草酸钙结石肾脏的保护作用.方法 建立草酸钙大鼠肾结石模型,检测尿石汤不同剂量给药后大鼠血清中肌酐(CRE)、尿素氮(BUN)、Ca2+、Mg2+的变化以及肾脏组织病理变化和肾脏骨桥蛋白(OPN)的表达水平变化.结果 造模后大鼠血清CRE、BUN、Ca2+水平显著升高,Mg2+水平显著下降,...     

Simultaneous treatment with citrate prevents nephropathy induced by FYX-051, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, in rats.

The possible mechanism of the underlying nephropathy found in the rat toxicity study of FYX-051, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, was investigated. Rats received oral treatment of either 1 or 3 mg/kg of FYX-051, with and without citrate for four weeks to elucidate whether nephropathy could be caused by materials deposited in the kidney. Furthermore, analysis of the renal deposits in rats was also performed. Consequently, interstitial nephritis comprising interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, dilatation, basophilia and epithelial necrosis of renal tubules and collecting ducts, deposits in renal tubules and collecting ducts, and so forth was seen in six of the eight rats and in all eight rats in the 1 and 3 mg/kg FYX-051 alone groups, respectively, with the intensity in the 3 mg/kg group being moderate to severe. In the simultaneous treatment with citrate group, however, no alterations were observed in the kidney, except for minimal interstitial nephritis in one instance in the 3 mg/kg FYX-051 + citrate group along with an increased urinary pH, leading to an increase in xanthine solubility. Analysis of intrarenal deposits showed that the entity would be composed of xanthine crystals. The present study, therefore, showed that nephropathy in rats occurring after the administration of FYX-051 was a secondary change caused by xanthine crystals being deposited in the kidney, and no other causes could be implicated in this kidney lesion.     

Long-term treatment with Hachimi-jio-gan attenuates kidney damage in spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob rats

Diabetes mellitus is now the most common cause of end-stage renal failure. In this study, the effects of Hachimi-jio-gan on diabetic kidney damage in spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob rats were examined. Oral administration of Hachimi-jio-gan to WBN/Kob rats for 25 weeks significantly suppressed urinary protein excretion. It did not affect body weight loss or blood glucose levels, whereas it reversed the increase in kidney weight of WBN/Kob rats. Hachimi-jio-gan also reduced fibronectin and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) protein expression in the renal cortex. Furthermore, renal lipid peroxidation levels of WBN/Kob rats given Hachimi-jio-gan were significantly lower than those of untreated controls. Renal superoxide dismutase activity was elevated by Hachimi-jio-gan treatment in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that Hachimi-jio-gan could prevent diabetic kidney damage by reducing renal oxidative injury and expression of fibronectin and TGF-beta1 proteins, which are all involved in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy.     

Role of endothelin ETB receptor in partial ablation-induced chronic renal failure in rats

We investigated the role of endothelin ET(B) receptor in the remnant kidney model of chronic renal failure, by using the spotting-lethal (sl) rat, which carries a naturally occurring deletion in the endothelin ET(B) receptor gene. After 5/6 nephrectomy, systolic blood pressure and renal functional parameters were measured for 12 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, arterial blood sample, remnant kidney, heart and aorta were collected and used for biochemical measurements and histopathological studies. The ET(B)-deficient sl/sl rats exhibited earlier and higher increases in systolic blood pressure, urinary protein excretion, blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine concentration, compared with cases in wild-type rats. Histopathologic examination of the kidney revealed glomerular and tubular lesions, alterations of which were more severe in sl/sl than in wild-type rats. While aortic endothelin-1 contents were increased similarly in both groups, the level of renal endothelin-1 content was significantly elevated in sl/sl rats, but not in the wild-type rats. These results suggest that enhanced endothelin-1 production is at least partly responsible for the increased susceptibility to partial ablation-induced chronic renal failure in ET(B) receptor-deficient rats and that ET(B) receptor-mediated actions are protective against vascular and renal injuries in this disease.     

The relationship of dietary protein to metallothionein and cadmium-induced renal damage

The effect of dietary protein on the concentration of kidney metallothionein and cadmium in relationship to renal damage was investigated. Rats fed a low-protein diet accumulated significantly less cadmium in the kidney, liver, lung, and small intestine than rats fed a normal or high-protein diet. Metallothionein synthesis and/or storage was significantly reduced in rats fed the low-protein diet compared with rats fed the normal or high-protein diet. In rats fed the high-protein diet extensive proximal renal tubular necrosis was observed when kidney cadmium was below 200 μg/g wet weight and metallothionein was above 740 μg/g wet weight. Proximal tubular necrosis was slight to moderate in rats fed the normal or low-protein diet, which correlated with relatively low levels of cadmium and metallothionein in the kidney. These studies show that dietary protein affects the tissue level of both cadmium and metallothionein. The results also demonstrate that extensive renal damage can occur when the level of kidney cadmium is below the suggested critical concentration of 200 μg/g wet weight. Based on studies which show the nephrotoxic effects of cadmium-metallothionein and results of the present experiments, we suggest that the concentration of this complex in the kidney is of greater pathological importance than the level of kidney cadmium.