2008年河北省居民户食用盐监测结果分析

目的 了解2008年河北省非高碘县碘盐和高碘县非碘盐的居民食用情况,为碘缺乏病防治工作提供科学依据.方法 根据<全国碘缺乏病监测方案(试行)>,在河北省以县(市、区)为单位,按照系统抽样和简单随机抽样原则抽取乡(镇)和行政村,在行政村按照简单随机抽样原则抽取居民户,取家中食用盐检测盐碘.用直接滴定法测定非高碘县居民户盐碘,半定量检测高碘县居民户盐碘.结果 在167个非高碘县(市、区)共抽取48 448份居民户食用盐,经过县级人口数加权后非碘盐率为4.73%,碘盐覆盖率为95.27%,碘盐合格率为96.13%,合格碘盐食用率为91.96%.碘盐覆盖率≥195%的县(市、区)占80.83%(135/167),碘盐合格率>90%的县(市、区)占92.81%(155/167),合格碘盐食用率>90%的县(市、区)占82.04%(137/167).在5个高碘县共抽取食用盐1466份,非碘盐1367份,非碘盐率为93.25%(1367/1466).结论 河北省非高碘地区的碘缺乏病防治工作基本达到国家要求,但部分非高碘县(市、区)碘盐覆盖率和合格碘盐食用率较低,应加大防治工作力度,而高碘地区应尽快落实停供碘盐政策.     

2002年山东省居民户食用盐现状调查

目的　掌握山东省居民户食用盐现状以评价碘缺乏病防治进程。方法　采取横断面调查方法 ,随机抽查并定量检测居民户食用盐样本。结果　调查 3 8个县的 3 0 40个居民户 ,检测食盐 3 0 40份。盐碘含量均值(2 7.8± 10 .4) mg/ kg,中位数 2 9.0 mg/ kg,范围 0～ 115.3 mg/ kg。加碘盐 2 82 6份占 93 .0 % ,合格碘盐 2 63 5份占86.7% ,非碘盐 2 14份占 7.0 % ;精制盐 2 80 6份占 92 .3 % ,原盐 2 3 4份占 7.7%。碘盐覆盖率 94.1% ,合格碘盐食用率 88.4% ,非碘盐率 5.9%。 3 8个县 (市、区 )中碘盐覆盖率≥ 90 %占 76.3 % ,合格碘盐食用率≥ 90 %占 65.8% ;非碘盐率 >10 %占 2 3 .7%。结论　山东省居民户碘盐覆盖率和合格碘盐食用率总体已经达到标准要求 ,但沿海地区存在非碘盐 ,应强化综合干预措施尤其是市场净化和健康促进加以彻底解决     

2002年浙江省居民户食用盐现状调查结果分析

目的　掌握浙江省居民用户食用盐碘含量水平现状以评价碘缺乏病防治进程。方法　采用横断面调查方法 ,随机抽查并定量检测居民户食用盐样本。结果　调查 3 3个县 (市、区 )的 2 64 0户居民 ,全定量检测食盐 2 64 0份。盐碘含量均值为 2 8.78± 9.14mg/Kg ,中位数为 2 9.5mg/Kg ,范围为 ( 0～ 96.1)mg/Kg。加碘盐 2 5 15份占 95 .2 7% ,合格碘盐2 40 9份占 91.2 5 % ,非碘盐 12 5份占 4.73 %。碘盐覆盖率 95 .2 7% ,人口加权合格碘盐食用率为 94.0 8%。结论　浙江省居民户碘盐覆盖率和合格碘盐食用率总体上已经达到标准要求 ,但山区和海岛地区存在非碘盐 ,应强化综合干预措施和健康促进来提高合格碘盐食用率。     

2005年甘肃省白银市居民户食用碘盐监测报告

目的了解甘肃省白银市居民食用加碘盐质量情况,以更好地控制本地区碘缺乏病。方法2005年对白银市3县2区防治碘缺乏病居民户食用盐进行督导检查和常规监测。结果督导检查3县2区食用盐400份,合格362份(非碘盐15份),合格率为94%,碘盐覆盖率为96.3%,合格碘盐食用率为90.5%;常规监测食用盐1440份,合格1329份,合格率为96.3%,合格碘盐食用率为92.3%,非碘盐60份,碘盐覆盖子率为95.8%。结论白银市居民食用盐总体质量及普及情况已达到以消除碘缺乏病要求,但个别县尚未达标。     

2011~2012年兰州市城关区碘盐监测结果分析

目的掌握甘肃省兰州市城关区居民食用碘盐质量,为碘缺乏病防治措施的制定与实施提供科学依据。方法根据《甘肃省碘缺乏病监测方案》对城关区内居民户食用盐进行抽样,采用GB/T13025.7-1999中直接滴定法和仲裁法对采集样品进行定量测定。结果 2011~2012年共检测588份样品,非碘盐率为0,碘盐覆盖率100.00%,碘盐合格率96.62%,合格碘盐食用率96.62%。结论兰州市城关区居民户碘盐保持了2010年全国各省(自治区、直辖市)及95%以上的县(市)合格碘盐食用率≥90%的目标,但仍需加强食用碘盐监管力度,以巩固碘缺乏病防治工作成果。     

2008～2010年新疆阿克苏地区居民户碘盐监测结果分析

目的全面掌握新疆阿克苏地区居民户合格碘盐普及情况,为适时采取针对性防治措施和科学调整干预策略提供依据。方法按照《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》中碘盐监测随机抽样方法执行,采用直接滴定法定量测定盐中碘含量。结果 2008～2010年全地区9个县（市）共对207个乡（镇）、828个行政村、7 896户居民户的食用盐抽样检测,共检测居民户食用盐7 896份,合格碘盐6 975份,不合格碘盐165份,非碘盐756份,合格碘盐食用率为88.33%,碘盐覆盖率为90.42%,非碘盐率为9.57%,盐碘均数31.2 mg/L。结论通过阿克苏地区各级政府和防治机构的共同努力,2010年全地区合格碘盐食用率、碘盐覆盖率均达到了国家基本消除碘缺乏病的目标。由于自然环境缺碘不会改变,消除碘缺乏病工作必须长期、有效地坚持下去。     

2013—2017年甘肃省华亭县居民户食用盐碘含量监测分析

目的分析2013—2017年华亭县居民户食用盐加碘情况,及时发现存在的问题,为采取针对性干预措施提供依据。方法按照《甘肃省碘缺乏病防治项目方案》要求抽样,收集分析2013—2017年华亭县碘盐监测资料,盐碘测定采用GB/T 13025.7-2012中的氧化还原法。结果 5年共监测居民户食用碘盐1 500份,碘盐覆盖率98.40%,2016年碘盐覆盖率仅为92.33%,未达到国家消除碘缺乏病碘盐覆盖率≥95%的要求,其他年度碘盐覆盖率均大于99%;合格碘盐1 440份,碘盐合格率97.56%;合格碘盐食用率96.00%;检出非碘盐24份,非碘盐率1.60%(24/1 500);3种不同种类的食盐中,非碘盐检出率以粗粒盐最高(3.64%)、精制盐最低(1.33%);碘盐合格率以精制盐最高(96.68%)、粗粒盐最低(89.09%)。结论 2016年华亭县非碘盐检出率高,碘盐覆盖率未达到95%以上,应引起高度重视;加强碘盐监管力度和监测工作,坚持落实各项防控措施,确保居民长期食用合格碘盐。     

2008─2014年甘肃省民勤县居民户碘盐监测分析

目的了解甘肃省民勤县居民碘盐普及、食用现状,掌握食盐加碘防治碘缺乏病措施落实情况,为采取有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法依照《甘肃省碘缺乏病监测实施方案》(试行)的要求,对2008─2014年民勤县居民户食用盐随机抽样测定盐碘含量。结果共抽检居民户食用盐样2 052份,合格1 819份,不合格233份,非碘盐19份,碘盐合格率89.57%,非碘盐率0.92%;不同年份碘盐覆盖率差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.65,P0.05),而合格碘盐食用率(χ2=43.09)、碘盐合格率(χ2=42.08)差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);抽样的南部片区碘盐覆盖率最高99.54%,北部最低98.39%;实施新标准后碘盐合格率、合格碘盐食用率较旧标准平均降低7.66个百分点。结论甘肃省民勤县居民合格碘盐食用率基本达到了碘缺乏病消除标准,新标准实施后呈现出碘盐中位数下降、不合格碘盐增多、盐碘含量不均、碘盐质量下降等问题应引起有关部门的高度重视,加强碘盐的质量监管刻不容缓。     

2007-2009年河北省居民户碘盐监测分析

目的 全面了解河北省居民户食用碘盐情况,为碘缺乏病防治工作提供科学依据.方法根据<全国碘缺乏病监测方案(试行)>,2007-2009年在河北省以县(市、区)为单位,按照系统抽样原则抽取乡(镇)和行政村,在行政村按照单纯随机抽样法抽取居民户,采集家中食用盐,用直接滴定法测定其含碘量.结果 2007、2008和2009年分别检测盐样48 675、48 448和48 756份,按人口数加权后合格碘盐食用率分别为91.16%、91.96%和96.17%.2007年和2008年合格碘盐食用率＜90%的县(市、区)分别有41和30个,占24.6%(41/167)和18.0%(30/167),2009年100.0%(167/167)的县(市、区)合格碘盐食用率≥90%.3年间各县(市、区)合格碘盐食用率频数分布比较,差异有统计学意义(H=10.778,P＜0.01),其中2007年和2008年比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),2007、2008年与2009年比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).结论 2007-2009年河北省居民户合格碘盐食用率逐步上升,到2009年所有县(市、区)的合格碘盐食用率≥90%,达到了<实现县级消除碘缺乏病目标考核评估方案>中的要求.     

2010年青海省碘盐监测结果分析

目的 分析青海省碘盐覆盖情况和质量,为碘缺乏病防治工作提供理论依据.方法 2010年,按照《全国碘缺乏病监测方案(试行)》中的抽样和检测方法,在随机抽样中选择37个县(市、区),在重点抽样中按20％的比例选择6个县(市),对上述县(市、区)进行碘盐监测.随机抽样监测采用直接滴定法(GB/T 13025.7-1999)定量测定盐碘;重点抽样监测采用半定量法检测盐碘.结果 全省共检测居民户食用盐样10999份,其中合格碘盐10525份,不合格碘盐269份,非碘盐205份,碘盐覆盖率为98.14％(10794/10999),碘盐合格率为97.51％(10525/ 10794),合格碘盐食用率为95.69％(10525/10999),非碘盐率为1.86％(205/10999).重点抽样监测中的6个县(市)共检测1800份居民户盐样,其中碘盐1712份,非碘盐88份,碘盐覆盖率为95.11％(1712/1800),非碘盐率为4.89％(88/1800),格尔木市、乌兰县、久治县非碘盐率分别为10.00％(30/300)、6.33％(19/300)、5.33％(16/300).结论 青海省碘缺乏病防治工作取得一些成效,但还存在一些问题,部分地区要建立健全盐政执法机构,完善碘盐销售网点,健全碘盐管理网络,强化健康教育等措施.     

对我国5城市消费者关于普及食盐加碘政策的认知调查

目的了解消费者对普及食盐加碘(USI)政策及相关问题的认识,为碘缺乏病(IDD)防治工作提供参考。方法采用拦截访问和问卷调查相结合的方式,对我国5城市(北京、合肥、杭州、广州、武汉)共计4 797名消费者进行调查。以Epidata3.1软件录入并核对数据,SPSS 13.0软件完成统计分析。结果 95.2%的被调查者认为USI政策正确或基本正确;62.3%的消费者知晓食盐加碘是为了预防碘缺乏病;56.4%的消费者会主动选择购买碘盐;72.0%消费者希望超市同时供应碘盐和非碘盐。结论绝大多数被调查者肯定USI政策的成就和重大意义,但调查人群对碘相关知识认识不足。应结合目前正在实施盐碘浓度的调整,进一步加大相关知识的宣传力度,增强与公众间的风险沟通,按照因地制宜,分类指导,科学补碘的原则,保证人群碘营养处于适宜水平,既纠正人群碘缺乏、又避免碘过量的风险。     

The Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of the implementation of salt reduction interventions (March–August 2016)

This review aims to identify, summarize, and appraise studies reporting on the implementation of salt reduction interventions that were published between March and August 2016. Overall, 40 studies were included: four studies evaluated the impact of salt reduction interventions, while 36 studies were identified as relevant to the design, assessment, and implementation of salt reduction strategies. Detailed appraisal and commentary were undertaken on the four studies that measured the impact of the interventions. Among them, different evaluation approaches were adopted; however, all demonstrated positive health outcomes relating to dietary salt reduction. Three of the four studies measured sodium in breads and provided consistent evidence that sodium reduction in breads is feasible and different intervention options are available. None of the studies were conducted in low‐ or lower middle–income countries, which stresses the need for more resources and research support for the implementation of salt reduction interventions in these countries.     

2008～2011年凯里市居民食用碘盐监测结果分析

目的了解和掌握凯里市居民食用碘盐的基本情况,及时了解我市碘营养状况,为我市防治碘缺乏病提供科学依据,对提高我市人口素质具有重要的意义。方法依照《全国碘盐监测方案》及《黔东南州碘盐监测方案》要求进行抽样并进行监测。结果 2008～2011年共监测1 153份样品,合格1 136份,不合格17份,非碘盐1份。2008～2010年每年抽样288份,非碘盐为0份;2011年共抽样289份,非碘盐为1份。2008～2011年碘盐覆盖率为99.91%、合格率为98.61%、合格碘盐食用率为98.53%,达到国家标准。结论 2008～2011年凯里市碘盐覆盖率、居民户合格碘盐食用率达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准,但2011年市场出现了非碘食盐的供应,因而要加强我市盐业市场的管理,严格打击非碘盐的供应,杜绝非碘盐流入市场,加大对居民户碘缺乏病防治知识的宣传力度、指导居民科学食用碘盐,这样才能实现可持续消除碘缺乏病的目标。     

Monitoring and implementation of salt reduction initiatives in Africa: A systematic review

This systematic review aims to document salt consumption patterns and the implementation status and potential impact of salt reduction initiatives in Africa, from studies published between January 2009 and November 2019. Studies were sourced using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library electronic databases, and gray literature. Of the 887 records retrieved, 38 studies conducted in 18 African countries were included. Twelve studies measured population salt intake, 11 examined salt level in foods, 11 assessed consumer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, 1 study evaluated a behavior change intervention, and 3 studies modeled potential health gains and cost savings of salt reduction interventions. The population salt intake studies determined by 24‐hour urine collections showed that the mean (SD) salt intake in African adults ranged from 6.8 (2.2) g to 11.3 (5.4) g/d. Salt levels in foods were generally high, and consumer knowledge was fairly high but did not seem to translate into salt lowering behaviors. Modeling studies showed that interventions for reducing dietary sodium would generate large health gains and cost savings for the health system. Despite this evidence, adoption of population salt reduction strategies in Africa has been slow, and dietary consumption of sodium remains high. Only South Africa adopted legislation in 2016 to reduce population salt intake, but success of this intervention has not yet been fully evaluated. Thus, rigorous evaluation of the salt reduction legislation in South Africa and initiation of salt reduction programs in other African countries will be vital to achieving the targeted 30% reduction in salt intake by 2025.     

全国居民户水平盐碘监测结果分析

目的　评估 1999年全民食盐加碘干预措施落实情况。方法　用 PPS法抽取 31个省 (自治区、直辖市 )各 12 0 0份居民食用盐 ,根据各省上报盐碘定量测定结果 ,利用 Epinfo6 .0软件进行资料汇总分析。结果　全国有 2 1个省碘盐覆盖率达到 90 %以上 ,而仅有 5个省的合格碘盐覆盖率达到 90 %以上。结论　适当降低加碘浓度 ,提高碘盐合格率 ,杜绝非碘盐冲击 ,才能确保居民食用合格碘盐 ,科学地防治碘缺乏病     

Impact of self‐monitoring of salt intake by salt meter in hypertensive patients: A randomized controlled trial (SMAL‐SALT)

Salt intake over reference level would result in elevated blood pressure (BP) and long‐term morbidity. Salt meter is a device used to detect sodium content in daily food. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of salt‐meter addition to dietary education. The authors conducted a randomized‐controlled trial in hypertensive patients with uncontrolled BP (systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg). Patients were randomized to receive salt meter plus dietary education (group A) or education only (group B), and followed up for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in 24‐h urinary sodium excretion. Changes in BP, salt taste sensitivity, cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI) were also analyzed. There were total number of 90 patients who had complete follow‐up, 45 in each group. Mean age was 62.9 years and 53% were females. Mean baseline 24‐h urine sodium was 151.6 mmol/24 h and mean SBP and DBP were 152.8 and 83.4 mmHg, respectively. Baseline characteristics were similar between two groups. At 8 weeks, mean change in urine sodium were –31.83 mmol/24 h and 0.36 mmol/24 h in group A and group B, respectively (p = .006). Mean decrease in BP were SBP, 14.44 versus 8.22 mmHg (p = .030), and DBP 5.53 versus 1.93 mmHg (p = .032). The salt sensitivity was improved more in group A. There was no different between change in CAVI. From this study, salt meter in conjunction with dietary education, for self‐monitoring of salt intake is superior to education alone in hypertensive patients, and provided better blood pressure control. Salt meter should be considered in uncontrolled hypertensive patients.     

Assessing the Policy Landscape for Salt Reduction in South-East Asian and Latin American Countries – An Initiative Towards Developing an Easily Accessible,Integrated, Searchable Online Repository

Background:High dietary salt intake is an avoidable cause of hypertension and associated cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Thus, salt reduction is recommended as one of the most cost-effective interventions for CVD prevention and for achieving the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 25% reduction in premature non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality by 2025. However, current and comprehensive information about national salt reduction policies and related actions across different regions are difficult to access and impede progress and monitoring.Objectives:As an initial step to developing an online repository of salt reduction policies and related actions, and to track nation-wise progress towards the WHO’s 25 by 25 goal, we aimed to identify and assess salt reduction policies and actions in select countries from two of the top five most populous regions of the world- the South-East Asia and Latin America.Methods:We conducted a literature review to identify national and regional salt reduction policies in the selected South-East Asian and Latin American countries, from January 1990–August 2020, available in English and Spanish. We also contacted selected WHO country offices (South-East Asian region) or relevant national authorities (Latin America) to gain access to unpublished documents.Results:In both regions, we found only a few dedicated stand-alone salt reduction policies: Bhutan, Sri-Lanka and Thailand from South East Asia and Costa Rica from Latin America. Available polices were either embedded in other national health/nutritional policy documents/overall NCD policies or were unpublished and had to be accessed via personal communication.Conclusions:Salt reduction policies are limited and often embedded with other policies which may impede their implementation and utility for tracking national and international progress towards the global salt reduction target associated with the 25 by 25 goal. Developing an online repository could help countries address this gap and assist researchers/policymakers to monitor national progress towards achieving the salt reduction target.