乌鲁木齐南郊农牧区囊型包虫病流行病学研究

目的了解乌鲁木齐南郊农牧区囊型包虫病流行现状及其流行病学特征。方法采取定点整群抽样的方法，对居民进行体检和血清学检测，确定居民囊型包虫病的感染率和患病率;用粪抗原检测法调查家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率，通过问卷调查方法了解居民养犬情况。结果乌鲁木齐南郊农牧区居民囊型包虫平均感染率为35.7%（687/1925），平均患病率为1.12%（23/2049）。高山牧场居民包虫感染率最高，半农半牧地区次之，单纯农业区最低。包虫病患病率以农牧结合区最高，单纯农业区次之，高山牧场最低。结论乌鲁木齐南郊牧区囊型包虫病的传播呈现高度活跃状态，居民包虫感染率和患病率与民族、性别、年龄及养犬等有关。     

新疆阜康市包虫病流行病学调查与防治技术研究

目的了解新疆阜康市包虫病患病和感染状况,掌握流行动态,为修正防治措施、提高防治效益提供基数资料。方法 2009年采取整群抽样方法,对农牧民进行腹部B超检查和学生血清学检测,确定农牧民包虫病患病率和学生感染率;用粪抗原检测法调查家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率;通过问卷调查方法了解居民养犬状况和知识知晓率。结果阜康市农牧民包虫病患病率为0.10%（10/10 170）;学生感染率为2.8%（26/927）;家畜感染率为15.54%;犬感染率为4.23%;农牧民知识知晓率达10%,学生知识知晓率达37.9%。结论居民包虫病感染率和患病率较高,与犬的密切接触、犬未驱虫、环境卫生差和不良的生活习惯、健康知识缺乏等因素有关。     

青海省共和县包虫病流行学调查

为查明青海省共和县包虫病的流行现状、分布特征及其影响因素,用卡松尼皮内试验（ID）、间接红细胞凝集试验（IHA）、酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA） 和B超检查人群包虫病的感染与患病情况;用剖检观察触摸法检查家畜棘球蚴病的感染情况;用氢溴酸槟榔碱口饲导泻法检测家犬细粒棘球绦虫（Echinococcus granulosus,缩写为Eg,下同） 的带虫情况。结果显示,ID、IHA、ELISA检查阳性率依次为12.14%、4.04％和4.65%,人群囊型包虫患病率为2.67%,藏族居民的囊型包虫病患病率显高于汉族;绵羊和Mao牛的棘球蚴感染率分别为62.91%和46.15%,母绵羊的棘球蚴感染率显高于羯绵羊;家犬的Eg。带虫率为36.00%,牧业点犬的Eg。带虫率显高于农业点和乡镇居民点。提示该地区为包虫病高发流行区,积极推行控制包虫病流行措施十分必要。     

青海省共和县包虫病流行病学调查

为查明青海省共和县包虫病的流行现状、分布特征及其影响因素 ,用卡松尼皮内试验 ( ID)、间接红细胞凝集试验( IHA)、酶联免疫吸附试验 ( EL ISA)和 B超检查人群包虫病的感染与患病情况 ;用剖检观察触摸法检查家畜棘球蚴病的感染情况 ;用氢溴酸槟榔碱口饲导泻法检测家犬细粒棘球绦虫 ( Echinococcus granulosus,缩写为 Eg.下同 )的带虫情况。结果显示 ,ID、IHA、EL ISA检查阳性率依次为 12 .14%、4.0 4%和 4.6 5 % ,人群囊型包虫病患病率为 2 .6 7% ,藏族居民的囊型包虫病患病率显著高于汉族 ;绵羊和牦牛的棘球蚴感染率分别为 6 2 .91%和 46 .15 % ,母绵羊的棘球蚴感染率显著高于羯绵羊 ;家犬的 Eg.带虫率为 36 .0 0 % ,牧业点犬的 Eg.带虫率显著高于农业点和乡镇居民点。提示该地区为包虫病高发流行区 ,积极推行控制包虫病流行措施十分必要     

新疆包虫病流行病学基线的调查研究——Ⅱ.家犬和绵羊中细粒棘球绦虫感染

在新疆十二个代表性地区于进行人群血清学调查的同时,用剖检法调查家犬细粒棘球绦虫成虫感染率,用屠宰场调查法检查绵羊细粒棘球蚴感染水平。调查结果表明,在新疆各地的家犬和绵羊中都有细粒棘球绦虫的感染存在。 家犬成虫感染率以西部和中部天山牧区为最高(巴音布鲁克71.43％;特克斯69.57％)。塔里木盆地荒漠农业区最低(巴楚10.60％;且未6.90％)。 绵羊包虫病亦以天山牧区最高(80％以上),塔里木盆地绿洲和荒漠农业区最低(喀什市14.1％;巴楚12.18％;且未3.25％)。绵羊患病率随年龄的增长而上升,最高可达90％以上。南疆的喀什、和田地区绵羊患病率低而家犬成虫感染率高,可能是由于牛的包虫病患病率高造成的。在包囊发生部位上,天山牧区西、北天山区域以肝包虫占主要地位,肺包虫比例最低。中部天山区域肺包虫比例略有上升。南天山牧区肺包虫的比例较高。而塔里木南缘与东昆仑山和阿尔金山有牧业连系的且未县,绵羊肺包羊竟占85.71％。作者认为对脏器的趋性不同可能反映了不同虫株的生物学特征。讨论了流行程度的划分问题。建议应以人群血清学调查结果为主,结合家犬和绵羊的感染水平进行划分为宜。提出了划分不同程度地方性流行区的参考标准。     

甘肃省天祝藏族自治县包虫病流行病学调查

1991—1993年在该县柏林、钱宝、西大滩乡和打柴沟镇开展了包虫病流行病学调查，共调查3950人，感染率为5．82％，患病率1．44％；同时在柏林、钱宝乡和打柴沟镇进行了畜间包虫病调查，绵羊感染率76．90％，牦牛感染率58．33％，屠宰厂解剖淘汰畜1058头(只)，带虫率97．23％；解剖家犬66条，带虫率36．33％。包虫病造成人间经济损失手术治疗费等900余万元，丧失劳动力损失60万元。畜间减肉、减毛、内脏损失三项合计675万余元。2001—2002年在松山乡调查1558人，查出包虫病人31例，患病率1．99％。     

甘南藏族自治州玛曲县和碌曲县人群包虫病流行情况调查

目的掌握甘南藏族自治州玛曲县和碌曲县包虫病流行状况,为该地区包虫病的传播动力学研究及开展大规模包虫病防治做好前期工作。方法每位被调查者均填写调查表,用便携式B超对被调查者进行腹部常规扫描,阳性者,行快速斑点免疫金渗滤法免疫学检查,免疫学检查亦阳性者,则被确定为包虫病患者。结果玛曲县和碌曲县共调查1040人,检出包虫病患者23人,患病率为2.21%;两县人群包虫病患病率分别为3.32%和1.00%。不同年龄组、不同饮用水类型及家中养犬数量不同的人群包虫病患病率也不同。结论甘南藏族自治州存在人群包虫病流行。     

2009年新疆塔城市包虫病调查报告

目的了解新疆塔城市包虫病流行状况,为有效防治包虫病提供依据。方法 2009年按《新疆维吾尔自治区包虫病防治方案》的要求进行。结果人群患病率2.18%,血清学阳性率3.39%,家犬感染率2.67%,屠宰绵羊感染率50.63%。结论采取有效措施防治包虫病流行已刻不容缓。     

犬用吡喹酮缓释药棒预防人、畜包虫病效果的流行病学评价

目的　评价大规模现场应用SRPⅢ型犬用吡喹酮缓释药棒预防人、畜包虫病的流行病学效果。方法　在新疆北部包虫病流行的农牧区有代表性的乡村 ,对 90 %以上的家犬皮下埋植吡喹酮缓释药棒 ,作为唯一的干预措施。以家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率、小学新生血清抗体阳性率、7～ 16岁学生包虫病的患病率和 1岁龄绵羊包虫病患病率为指标 ,连续观察 4年 ,做出预防效果的评价。结果　家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率实验前为 4 1 2 % ,埋植药棒后第二和第三年末均为零 ,第四年末为 2 98% ;小学新生血清抗体阳性率实验前为 4 1 2 3% ,以后逐年下降 ,至第四年末为 5 36 % ,同年对照区为 30 6 % ;7～ 16岁学生包虫病患病率实验前两个乡各为 1 6 9%和 1 89% ,三年后未检出新发患者 ;1岁龄绵羊包虫病患病率实验前为 4 4 77% ,第三年末为 10 6 6 % ,同期对照区为 4 6 38%。结论　SRPⅢ型犬用吡喹酮缓释药棒在家犬皮下埋植后的有效缓释时间可达 3年。流行病学监测结果证实以埋植这种药棒作为惟一的干预措施 ,在按规定的技术方案实施的条件下 ,可以完全控制人畜包虫病的传播。     

青海省泽库县包虫病流行病学评价报告

2000年6－9月对青海省泽库县境内人、家畜和野生动物感染包虫病情况进行了调查,共检查1046人,确诊囊型包虫病77例,泡型包虫病3例;女性包虫病感染率和患病率均高于男性,牧民病例数最多,患病率也较高;包虫病的感染率和患病率在年龄分布中有随年龄增长而逐升的趋势;泽库且绵羊、牦牛、高原鼠兔和灰尾兔有多房棘球蚴的感染,感染率分别为5．36％、4．69％、3．45％和12．50％;共剖检无主犬12只,5只感染细粒棘球绦虫,1只感染多房棘球绦虫。结果表明泽库县包虫病流行十分严重,是两型包虫病并存的混合流行区。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.