《肝细胞癌合并肝静脉或下腔静脉癌栓多学科诊治中国专家共识（2019版）》解读

肝细胞癌合并肝静脉或下腔静脉癌栓（HVTT/IVCTT）是肝癌的一种特殊类型，发生率为1.4%~4.9%，疾病进展快、预后差。中国医师协会肝癌专业委员会基于国内外HVTT/IVCTT相关研究获得的循证医学证据，并结合我国的临床实践，制订了《肝细胞癌合并肝静脉或下腔静脉癌栓多学科诊治中国专家共识（2019版）》。该共识针对肝细胞癌合并HVTT/IVCTT的临床表现、诊断和分型，外科治疗，辅助治疗以及其他局部、区域性和系统性治疗提出了较详细的初步指导意见，对规范和统一我国肝细胞癌合并HVTT/IVCTT病人的治疗将起到积极地推动作用。     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断与治疗

肝细胞癌（简称肝癌）合并胆管癌栓不常见。胆管癌栓通常是由肝癌侵入其所在部位的肝内胆管而形成并沿肝内胆管向肝门部胆管甚至胆总管生长,最终导致梗阻性黄疸或合并胆道出血。肝癌合并胆管癌栓并不是一种终末期疾病,有时会被误诊为胆管癌,及时正确诊断至关重要。积极手术切除治疗有助于延长生存时间、改善远期预后。     

肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓诊治进展

肝细胞癌可侵犯肝内外胆管形成胆管癌栓,其易与胆总管结石、胆管癌等疾病相混淆。目前,肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断及鉴别诊断主要依靠超声、CT、磁共振等影像学检查。在肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓治疗方面,外科手术切除已成为主要治疗方式。尽管有文献报道肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓的病人在接受根治性手术后能达到与不伴癌栓的病人相似的生存结局,但总体上此类病人的预后仍不良。手术治疗与胆管引流、经动脉化疗栓塞、射频消融等非手术疗法的综合应用或能提高此类病人的远期预后,在肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓的治疗中具有良好应用前景。     

肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓诊治进展

肝细胞癌可侵犯肝内外胆管形成胆管癌栓,其易与胆总管结石、胆管癌等疾病相混淆。目前,肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断及鉴别诊断主要依靠超声、CT、磁共振等影像学检查。在肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓治疗方面,外科手术切除已成为主要治疗方式。尽管有文献报道肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓的病人在接受根治性手术后能达到与不伴癌栓的病人相似的生存结局,但总体上此类病人的预后仍不良。手术治疗与胆管引流、经动脉化疗栓塞、射频消融等非手术疗法的综合应用或能提高此类病人的远期预后,在肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓的治疗中具有良好应用前景。     

《肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓多学科诊治中国专家共识（2016年版）》解读

肝癌细胞容易侵犯肝内的脉管系统尤其是门静脉系统,形成门静脉癌栓（PVTT）,一旦出现PVTT,病情发展迅速,提示预后不良。基于现有的循证医学证据,尤其是国内学者对肝细胞癌合并PVTT的研究结果,全国肝癌合并癌栓诊治研究协作组制定了《肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓多学科诊治中国专家共识（2016年版）》。笔者从PVTT分型及不同类型癌栓治疗方式选择等角度对共识进行了解读。

     

原发性肝癌合并癌栓的研究进展

原发性肝癌是由肝细胞或胆管细胞异常增生、分化所形成的恶性肿瘤。影响原发性肝癌预后的一个重要因素是癌栓的形成,所以充分认识癌栓（包括门静脉癌栓和胆管癌栓）对临床的治疗及判断预后尤为重要。笔者就原发性肝癌合并癌栓的研究进展进行综述。     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓二例并文献复习

华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院2021年收治肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓2例,其中1例由于肝内未见明显病灶且甲胎蛋白(AFP)阴性,术前极易误诊为胆管癌,另1例为高龄病人肝癌术后复发合并胆管癌栓,经保守治疗之后病情好转。结合该2例病例,作者对肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的临床诊治进展进行文献复习,分析该病的发病机制、诊断及治疗方式等。结论：肝细胞癌侵犯肝内外胆管形成胆管癌栓在临床上较少见,易被误诊为胆管癌、胆道结石、胆管炎等,目前其术前诊断主要依赖于影像学检查,治疗上采用手术治疗为主的综合治疗。     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的外科治疗进展

肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓临床少见,肝炎、肝硬化病史、甲胎蛋白的升高以及肝癌的特征性影像学表现是其诊断的主要依据。但术前漏诊、误诊率高,误诊原因多是片面强调影像学检查结果,忽视了对临床资料的综合分析。肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓并非晚期表现,胆管癌栓并没有增加手术的风险,也没有明显降低术后存活率,因此对肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓行合理术式是一种积极有效的治疗方法。肝移植作为一种极端的手术方式值得探讨。     

肝内胆管癌外科治疗中国专家共识(2020版)

肝内胆管癌是一种原发性肝癌。近年来,该病发病率在国内外呈明显上升趋势。因发病隐匿,侵袭性强,且缺乏有效治疗方法,肝内胆管癌预后极差。国家科技部传染病防治重大专项课题专家组基于国内外本领域研究获得的循证医学证据,并结合符合我国国情的临床实践,特制订《肝内胆管癌外科治疗中国专家共识(2020版)》。该共识针对肝内胆管癌的危险因素、发病机制、病理特征、临床表现、诊断方法、疾病分期、外科治疗、辅助治疗,以及其他局部、区域性和系统性治疗进行系统阐述,旨在规范、普及和提高对肝内胆管癌的诊断和多学科治疗水平,改善该病总体预后。     

肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓所致黄疸的诊治（附五例报道）

目的　讨论肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓致黄疸的外科手术治疗及其效果。方法　回顾性总结和分析 1987～ 2 0 0 0年来我科收治的 5例胆管癌栓致肝细胞癌伴发黄疸的诊治情况及预后。结果　行肝癌切除术、胆管癌栓取出、T管引流术后 ,4例生存 1年以上 ,无手术死亡。结论　肝癌伴黄疸者并非绝对手术禁忌 ,需考虑到伴有胆管癌栓的可能。肝癌切除、胆管切开癌栓取出术是本病积极、有效的治疗方法。     

肝癌合并门静脉或胆管癌栓的综合治疗

The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)is poor,and tumor thrombus in the portal vein or in the bile duct is an important influencing factor.Approximately 30%of HCC patients are found to have portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT)when diagnosed,and their median survival time is about 2.7-4.0 months if they do not receive any treatment.The incidence of HCC complicated with bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT)is less than 10%,while the prognosis is dismal.Once tumor thrombus extends to the major bile ducts,obstructive jaundice and subsequent hepatic dysfunction are inevitable.The survival time of patients with HCC complicated with BDTT is less than 4 months if they only receive palliative biliary stenting.The management of HCC complicated with PVTT or BDTT is challenging with controversy at present.Different treatment approaches and their benefits for patients with HCC complicated with PVTT or BDTT are introduced in this paper.     

Impact of Bile Duct Tumor Thrombus on the Long-Term Surgical Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

Annals of Surgical Oncology - Hepatectomy with tumor thrombectomy is the preferred treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT); however, the...     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的CT表现及临床应用价值

目的分析肝细胞癌（HCC）合并胆管癌栓的CT表现，以期提高对HCC合并胆管癌栓的影像诊断水平。 方法收集2012年1月至2018年9月中山大学附属第一医院和江门市新会中医院26例HCC合并胆管癌栓患者资料，病例均经手术后病理证实，并行64排螺旋CT平扫及双期（动脉期和门静脉期）增强扫描。回顾性分析其CT表现，包括受累胆管的位置、胆管内癌栓的密度、强化方式、肝内肿块与胆管癌栓的关系、胆管壁的情况。以手术及病理结果为"金标准"，分析CT对HCC合并胆管癌栓定位及定性的准确性。 结果26例均明确诊断为肝内肿块及胆管内肿块，HCC和胆管癌栓在CT上均清楚显示。原发HCC的CT增强扫描表现为三种强化方式："快进快退"18例（69.2%），"快进慢退"4例（15.4%），"三低"4例（15.4%）；胆管癌栓CT表现为扩张的胆管内填充有软组织块影，胆管远端扩张，胆管壁无增厚。24例（92.3%）HCC与癌栓相连，2例（7.7%）HCC与胆管癌栓不相连。增强扫描25例（96.2%）癌栓强化方式与肝内肿瘤的强化方式一致，1例（3.8%）强化方式不一致。CT对HCC合并胆管癌栓的检出例数、成像位置与手术及病理结果基本一致，准确性为100.0%（26/26）。 结论HCC合并胆管癌栓的CT表现具有一定的特征性，仔细分析肝内肿块及胆管内癌栓的CT表现，有助于疾病诊断。     

The benefit of curative liver resection with a selective bile duct preserving approach for hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic bile duct tumor thrombus

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presenting with macroscopic bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT) is an uncommon event. The role of a curative hepatic resection and associated long-term outcomes remain controversial. In addition the necessity for bile duct resection is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of hepatectomy with a selective bile duct preservation approach for HCC with BDTT in comparison to outcomes without BDTT.MethodsA total of 22 HCC with BDTT patients who had undergone curative hepatic resection with a selective bile duct preservation approach at our institute were retrospectively reviewed. These were compared to group of 145 HCC without BDTT patients. The impact of curative surgical resection and BDTT on clinical outcomes and survival after surgical resection were analyzed.ResultsAll HCC with BDTT cases underwent major hepatectomy vs. 32.4% in the comparative group. Bile duct preservation rate was 56.5%. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of HCC with BDTT patients in comparison to the HCC without BDTT group were 81.8%, 52.8% and 52.8% vs. 73.6%, 55.6% and 40.7% (P=0.804) respectively. Positive resection margin, tumor size ≥5 cm and AFP ≥200 IU/mL were significant risk factors regarding overall survival. However, it is unclear whether presence of a bile duct tumor thrombus has an adverse impact on either recurrence free survival or overall survival.ConclusionsBile duct obstruction from tumor thrombus did not necessarily indicate an advanced form of disease. Tumor size and AFP had greater impact on long-term outcomes than bile duct tumor thrombus. Major liver resection with a selective bile duct preserving approach in HCC with BDTT can achieve favorable outcomes comparable to those of HCC without BDTT in selected patients.     

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??Difficulties and countermeasures of diagnosis and treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal venous tumor thrombus SUN Ju-xian??SHI Jie??CHENG Shu-qun. No. 6 Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438??China
Corresponding author??CHENG Shu-qun??E-mail??chengshuqun
@aliyun.com
Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is prone to invade portal vein system known as portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT). PVTT is one of the main reasons for poor prognosis of HCC because of its rapid progress and lack of effective treatments. Cheng’s classification provides a scientific basis for disease evaluation??treatment options and prognosis monitoring. But there are still many difficulties of diagnosis and treatment of PVTT at present??how to identify with portal venous thrombosis??how to reduce the postoperative recurrence rate??how to choose the initial treatment correctly??how to carry out the multidisciplinary treatment??and there is no national consensus to guide the diagnosis and treatment of PVTT. New effective therapeutic methods should be developed??and multidisciplinary treatment should be used to set personalized treatment in the future. More clinical randomized controlled study also should be carried out to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of PVTT.     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的治疗

目的探讨肝细胞癌(HCC)合并胆管癌栓的治疗。方法对1995年1月～2002年12月收治的34例HCC合并胆管癌栓的治疗情况进行回顾性总结和分析。结果34例中1例未予治疗,6例行PTCD, 27例开腹手术。开腹手术术后30d死亡率为22.2%(6/27), 并发症发生率为55.6%(15/27)。16例行肝切除术、胆管取癌栓及胆道引流术病人术后生存时间为1个月～27个月,中位生存期为16.5个月。结论HCC合并胆管癌栓的预后差,但对其早期诊断和扩大手术治疗,是改善此病预后的关键。     

肝癌合并门静脉癌栓诊治难点及对策

肝癌发生发展过程中易于侵犯门静脉形成门静脉癌栓,由于病情进展迅速且缺乏有效的治疗手段,是造成肝癌整体预后差的主要原因之一。程氏分型的提出对评估门静脉癌栓病人病情、选择治疗方案及监测预后提供了科学的依据,但目前门静脉癌栓的诊治存在诸多难点：如何与门静脉血栓相鉴别、如何降低术后复发率、如何正确选择初始治疗、如何进行多学科联合治疗等,对提高门静脉癌栓病人疗效尤为重要,且目前国内尚缺乏统一的共识或规范来指导门静脉癌栓的诊治。将来亟待开发新的有效治疗手段,采用多学科综合治疗共同探讨个性化治疗方式,设计并开展更多临床随机对照研究,规范门静脉癌栓诊疗路径以提高疗效。