甲状腺乳头状癌术中喉前及气管前淋巴结联合冷冻病理检测的临床价值

目的:探讨甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)术中喉前淋巴结(DLN)及气管前淋巴结(PLN)联合冷冻病理检测的临床价值。方法:收集2015年1月—2016年12月昆明医科大学第二附属医院甲状腺乳腺外科术前经细针穿刺活检明确诊断并接受首次手术治疗的245例PTC患者的临床资料,患者均行DLN与PLN术中冷冻病理检测,并根据DLN与PLN转移情况选择手术方式。结果:245例患者术中冷冻病理均发现DLN与PLN,淋巴结数目2～11枚,126例(51.43%)发现DLN与PLN转移。术后病检气管旁淋巴结转移165例,侧颈区淋巴结转移62例。76例行单侧腺叶及峡部全切+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫,42例行全甲状腺切除+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫,101例行全甲状腺切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清扫,26例行全甲状腺切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清扫+侧颈区清扫。统计分析表明包膜侵犯是DLN与PLN转移的独立风险因素(OR=9.62,P=0.021)。结论:DLN与PLN可作为PTC前哨淋巴结,其转移与气管旁淋巴结转移、侧颈区淋巴结转移密切相关。术中行DLN与PLN联合冷冻病理检测有助于选择最佳手术方式,实现对PTC更加精准的治疗。     

甲状腺乳头状癌射频消融治疗后再手术5例临床分析

目的 总结射频消融治疗（RFA）后甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）病人再手术的治疗体会。方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院甲状腺外科2014年11月至2015年 1月收治的5例经外院RFA治疗后病理检查证实为PTC病人的临床资料。结果 单发癌3例,多发且双叶癌2例,癌直径0.4～3.0cm,平均1.76 cm。行患侧腺叶+峡部切除+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫术2例,全甲状腺切除+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫术1例,全甲状腺切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清扫1例,全甲状腺切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清扫+右侧改良型侧颈区淋巴结清扫1例。术后石蜡病理检查均证实为PTC。中央区淋巴结转移4例,其中颈侧方淋巴结转移1例。术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下1例,无其他并发症。结论 应规范RFA适应证。RFA治疗后诊断为PTC的病人,应积极手术治疗,由于RFA治疗后局部粘连和水肿较明显,手术应由有经验的外科医师来施行。     

个体化手术治疗分化型甲状腺峡部癌19例报道

目的探讨分化型甲状腺峡部癌患者合理的手术方案。方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2018年5月期间于首都医科大学宣武医院普通外科行手术治疗的19例分化型甲状腺峡部癌患者的临床资料。结果 19例患者中,15例为单发癌灶且局限于峡部,4例的2个癌灶分别位于峡部和单侧腺叶。1例行峡部扩大切除+喉前和气管前淋巴结清扫术,6例行单侧腺叶切除+峡部切除+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫术,4例行单侧腺叶切除+峡部切除+对侧部分切除+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫术,7例行单侧腺叶全切除+峡部切除+对侧腺叶全/近全切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清扫术,1例行甲状腺全切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清扫+双侧颈部侧区淋巴结选择性清扫术。手术时间为67～313 min,中位时间为126 min;术中出血量为10～85 mL,中位出血量为30 mL;住院时间为4～11 d,中位时间为6 d。术后12例发生低钙血症,无喉上神经及喉返神经损伤发生。19例患者术后均获随访,中位随访时间为26个月(14～69个月)。随访期间,所有患者均未发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下,无发生颈部淋巴结复发和远处转移患者,无死亡病例,5年无复发生存率为100%,总体生存率为100%。结论针对不同直径及不同前哨淋巴结状态的分化型甲状腺峡部癌患者,应采用个体化的手术治疗方案。     

甲状腺微小乳头状癌的诊治：附47例报告

目的:探讨甲状腺微小乳头状癌(PTMC)的临床病理特征及诊治策略。方法:回顾性分析2011年6月—2016年5月经手术与病理证实的47例PTMC患者临床资料。结果:47例患者中,男9例,女38例;年龄(46.3±12.1)岁;病程(12.4±23.7)个月;均行术前超声检查,14例行超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查(FNA),经FNA确诊PTMC 11例(78.6%);13例行患侧甲状腺全切,3例行患侧甲状腺全切+对侧叶大部切除术,31例行双侧甲状腺全切;14例行中央区颈淋巴结清扫术,15例行中央区加颈侧区淋巴结清扫。肿瘤病灶平均长径(0.68±0.23)cm;21例(44.7%)为多发病灶,其中14例(29.8%)为双侧甲状腺多发病灶;中央区淋巴结转移率48.3%(14/29),颈侧区淋巴结转移率53.3%(8/15)。单因素分析显示,肿瘤侵犯包膜与淋巴结转移有关(P=0.035)。8例患者术后发生并发症,其中暂时性甲状旁腺功能不全5例,切口积液1例,暂时性喉返神经损伤1例,暂时性喉上神经损伤1例。结论:甲状腺外科医生需熟悉甲状腺癌超声特点,不建议扩大FNA指征。对于术前超声已提示多发结节、术中探查可疑多发结节或存在高危因素者,手术建议行双侧甲状腺全切。预防性中央组淋巴结清扫结合术中冷冻病理对确定个体化手术方案及指导术后治疗是必要的。     

甲状腺髓样癌手术切除范围及预后影响因素研究

目的 分析甲状腺髓样癌（MTC）手术切除范围及预后影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年6月期间首诊于天津医科大学肿瘤医院MTC病人的临床资料。分析临床病理特征与中央区、侧颈区淋巴结转移及生化治愈的关系;探讨影响病人无进展生存期的危险因素。结果 77例病人,术前降钙素水平正常者5例,升高者72例。行全甲状腺切除28例,单侧腺叶切除49例。仅行中央区淋巴结清扫39例,中央区及患侧侧颈淋巴结清扫38例。MTC病人中央区淋巴结转移与性别、侵出腺叶、肿瘤直径、TNM分期、术前降钙素、降钙素水平/肿瘤直径具有相关性（P＜0.05）。侧颈淋巴结转移与年龄、TNM分期具有相关性（P＜0.05）。生化治愈率66.1%（39/59）,与中央区淋巴结转移、TNM分期、肿瘤直径、术前降钙素水平及降钙素水平/肿瘤直径具有相关性（P＜0.05）。中位随访时间35（7~69）个月。侵出腺叶、中央区淋巴结转移、淋巴结转移、淋巴结切除范围、TNM分期、术前降钙素水平和生化治愈是MTC病人无进展生存期的影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论 MTC病人建议至少行患侧腺叶切除及中央区淋巴结清扫,必要时行全甲状腺切除,根据超声、CT及降钙素水平等检查结果行预防性/治疗性侧颈淋巴结清扫。规范化的手术治疗是达到较高生化治愈率,减少复发的关键。     

甲状腺髓样癌手术切除范围及预后影响因素研究

目的 分析甲状腺髓样癌（MTC）手术切除范围及预后影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年6月期间首诊于天津医科大学肿瘤医院MTC病人的临床资料。分析临床病理特征与中央区、侧颈区淋巴结转移及生化治愈的关系;探讨影响病人无进展生存期的危险因素。结果 77例病人,术前降钙素水平正常者5例,升高者72例。行全甲状腺切除28例,单侧腺叶切除49例。仅行中央区淋巴结清扫39例,中央区及患侧侧颈淋巴结清扫38例。MTC病人中央区淋巴结转移与性别、侵出腺叶、肿瘤直径、TNM分期、术前降钙素、降钙素水平/肿瘤直径具有相关性（P＜0.05）。侧颈淋巴结转移与年龄、TNM分期具有相关性（P＜0.05）。生化治愈率66.1%（39/59）,与中央区淋巴结转移、TNM分期、肿瘤直径、术前降钙素水平及降钙素水平/肿瘤直径具有相关性（P＜0.05）。中位随访时间35（7~69）个月。侵出腺叶、中央区淋巴结转移、淋巴结转移、淋巴结切除范围、TNM分期、术前降钙素水平和生化治愈是MTC病人无进展生存期的影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论 MTC病人建议至少行患侧腺叶切除及中央区淋巴结清扫,必要时行全甲状腺切除,根据超声、CT及降钙素水平等检查结果行预防性/治疗性侧颈淋巴结清扫。规范化的手术治疗是达到较高生化治愈率,减少复发的关键。     

中央区淋巴结清扫在分化型甲状腺癌治疗中的必要性探讨

目的 探讨分化型甲状腺癌手术中行中央区淋巴结清扫的临床意义.方法 术前或术中病理确诊为分化型甲状腺癌125例,手术方式为甲状腺全切或患侧全切+峡部+对侧近全切除术,同时加行颈中央区淋巴结清扫术;如术前、术中怀疑或明确颈侧区淋巴结转移时,则进一步行颈侧区淋巴结清扫.结果 中央区(Ⅵ区)淋巴结转移发生率为57.6％ (72/125),5例发生跳跃性转移.中央区淋巴结转移率与性别(P =0.705)、单双侧(P =0.504)及有无周围组织侵犯(P=0.086)无明显相关;而年龄＜45岁患者、非微小癌患者的中央区淋巴结转移率明显高于年龄≥45岁的患者(70.8％ vs 43.3％,P=0.002)、微小癌患者(68.8％ vs 25％,P=0.000).cN0患者中仍有43.8％(25/57)术后证实中央区淋巴结有转移.甲状腺全切组甲状旁腺及喉返神经并发症发生率(29.1％)与患侧全切+峡部+对侧近全切组(10％)相比有明显升高(P=0.008).结论 中央区淋巴结在分化型甲状腺癌中有较高的转移率,中央区淋巴结的清扫可以清除隐匿性淋巴结转移,进行准确的病理分期以指导手术后治疗,故应常规进行中央区淋巴结清扫.     

分化型甲状腺微小癌的诊断和治疗：附138例报道

目的:探讨分化型甲状腺微小癌(TMC)的临床特征与诊治疗经验。方法:回顾分析2007年1月—2013年12月间经手术及病理证实138例分化型TMC患者的临床资料,并与2012年1月—2013年12月间29例怀疑甲状腺恶性肿瘤而手术的良性甲状腺结节(BTN)患者资料对比分析。结果:138例TMC中,微小乳头状癌131例,微小滤泡状癌5例,微小混合型癌2例;49例合并结节性甲状腺肿,5例与结节性甲状腺肿和桥本甲状腺炎共存,7例合并桥本甲状腺炎,2例合并甲状腺功能亢进。与BTN患者比较,TMC患者中TI-RADS分级恶性诊断率明显升高、砂砾钙化率、超声造影检查中的恶性诊断率均明显升高(均P0.05)。所有TMC患者均行术中快速病理检查,患侧甲状腺全切84例,患侧甲状腺全切+对侧甲状腺部分切除46例,双侧甲状腺全切5例,患侧甲状腺全切+对侧甲状腺近全切除3例;85例患者行患侧中央区气管旁淋巴结清扫,3例患者加行患侧功能性颈部淋巴结清扫术。术后均终生服用甲状腺素片。结论:高分辨率彩超、TI-RADS分级及超声造影联合应用可提高甲状腺TMC诊断率,TMC多为分化好的乳头状癌,高钙化率,患侧腺叶加峡部切除同时行患侧中央区淋巴结清扫是其主要的手术方式。     

手术治疗分化型甲状腺癌48例

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌的治疗方法。方法 48例均行手术治疗,据病理组织类型、肿瘤大小、病变范围、年龄和颈部淋巴结转移选择不同术式。单侧分化型甲状腺癌行患侧甲状腺及峡部切除或加对侧甲状腺部分切除;双侧者行全甲状腺切除,保留背侧部分组织;高危患者(年龄>45岁,肿瘤>4 cm)行颈淋巴结清扫术,术后辅以内分泌治疗。结果患侧腺叶+峡部切除术12例,患侧腺叶+峡部切除术+对侧腺体部分切除术34例,双侧甲状腺全切除术2例,功能性颈淋巴结清扫术16例,中央区颈淋巴结清扫术18例。术后发生神经损伤及甲减3例,无手术死亡病例。随访5 a以上者44例,无死亡病例,颈部淋巴结转移4例,无远处转移病例。结论分化型甲状腺癌应根据病理组织类型、肿瘤大小、病变范围、年龄和颈部淋巴结转移选择不同手术方式。     

桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊治体会

目的 探讨桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾分析74例桥本病合并甲状腺癌的临床资料.结果 2002年1月-2009年8月共收治252例桥本病,其中74例为桥本病合并甲状腺癌,均为乳头状癌,其中56例TGAb升高,68例MeAb升高,74例TPOAb升高.手术行患侧甲状腺全切除、峡部切除加对侧次全切除术45例,双侧甲状腺近全切除术1例(峡部癌).26例微小癌行甲状腺次全切除术或一侧腺叶全切除,2例双侧癌行双侧甲状腺全切除.所有病例同时行中央区淋巴结清扫,中央区淋巴结转移率20/74(27%).10例因患侧颈淋巴结转移行一侧颈部淋巴结改良清扫术.69例获得随访,随访时间1个月-7年,中位随访时间29个月.4例患者因发生一侧颈淋巴结转移而再次入院行改良颈淋巴清扫术. 结论'TGAb、McAb、B超、FNAB对术前诊断桥本病合并甲状腺癌有重要价值,手术应按甲状腺癌根治原则进行.     

散发性甲状腺髓样癌术式选择及预后分析

散发性甲状腺髓样癌是甲状腺髓样癌的主要类型,尽管临床少见,但预后较差。手术是治疗散甲状腺发性髓样癌的主要手段,不规范的手术会导致肿瘤和转移淋巴结残留,增加复发风险,降低治愈率和存活率。全甲状腺切除和双侧中央区淋巴结清扫及治疗性颈侧区淋巴结清扫是治疗散发性甲状腺髓样癌的主要手术方式,在无明确影像学证据情况下,不推荐预防性颈侧区淋巴结清扫。年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、腺外侵袭、远处转移、手术方式、RET基因突变、血清降钙素和CEA水平是影响散发性甲状腺髓样癌预后的危险因素。     

Clinical evaluation of operative procedure for differentiated carcinoma of isthmus of the thyroid

We studied 19 patients who had undergone operation for differentiated carcinoma of isthmus of the thyroid in Shinshu University Hospital from 1967 to 1986. Regarding the operations, total thyroidectomy was performed in 6 cases, subtotal thyroidectomy in 8 cases, lobectomy in one case and isthmectomy in 4 cases. In 12 cases, lymph node dissection was carried out. Among these 12 cases, 6 cases (50%) had evidence of metastasis. Intraglandular metastasis was found in 3 cases. There were no relationship between tumor size and nodal metastasis. From these results, we do not think that total thyroidectomy is indicated in the case of differentiated carcinoma of isthmus of the thyroid. In conclusion, subtotal thyroidectomy with bilateral modified radical neck dissection is sufficient as the operative procedure for differentiated carcinoma of isthmus of the thyroid.     

散发性甲状腺髓样癌术式选择及预后分析

散发性甲状腺髓样癌是甲状腺髓样癌的主要类型,尽管临床少见,但预后较差。手术是治疗散甲状腺发性髓样癌的主要手段,不规范的手术会导致肿瘤和转移淋巴结残留,增加复发风险,降低治愈率和存活率。全甲状腺切除和双侧中央区淋巴结清扫及治疗性颈侧区淋巴结清扫是治疗散发性甲状腺髓样癌的主要手术方式,在无明确影像学证据情况下,不推荐预防性颈侧区淋巴结清扫。年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、腺外侵袭、远处转移、手术方式、RET基因突变、血清降钙素和CEA水平是影响散发性甲状腺髓样癌预后的危险因素。     

Review analysis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: a 15-year Indian experience

The aim of this study was to emphasize the importance of adequate primary surgery in cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. We retrospectively reviewed 44 cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid treated in Government General Hospital, Chennai between 1987 and 2002. Patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with only central compartment dissection were compared with those who had undergone total thyroidectomy with meticulous triple compartment (bilateral lateral and central groups) nodal dissection. The group of total thyroidectomy with only central compartment dissection had a high rate of lymph nodal recurrence and persistent hypercalcitoninemia compared with the group with total thyroidectomy with meticulous triple compartment nodal dissection. (chi square, 4.503; P > 0.05). Primary surgery with total thyroidectomy with meticulous triple compartment dissection is superior to total thyroidectomy with central compartment dissection alone in terms of preventing nodal and local recurrences and achieving normal (basal and stimulated) serum calcitonin levels postoperatively.     

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??Re-operation for papillary thyroid carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation therapy: A clinical analysis of 5 cases DONG Wen-wu??ZHANG Hao??ZHANG Ping??et al. Department of Thyroid Surgery??the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University??Shenyang 110001??China
Corresponding author??ZHANG Hao??E-mail??haozhang@mail.cmu.edu.cn
Abstract Objective To investigate the treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) after radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Methods The clinical data of 5 cases of PTC after RFA from November 2014 to January 2015 in the Department of Thyroid Surgery??the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University were studied retrospectively. Results There were 3 cases of single lesion and 2 cases of multiple lesions in bilateral lobes. The mean tumor size was 1.76 cm (range 0.4??3.0 cm). Two cases received unilateral thyroid lobectomy plus isthmusectomy with ipsilateral central lymph node dissection (CLND). One case received total thyroidectomy with unilateral CLND. One case received total thyroidectomy with bilateral CLND and 1 case received total thyroidectomy with bilateral CLND and unilateral modified lateral lymph node dissection. All cases were diagnosed as PTC by routine histopathology. There were 4 cases of central lymph node metastasis in which 1 case of lateral lymph node metastasis. There was no complications??but temporary hypoparathyroidism in 1 case. Conclusion The indications for RFA should be grasped strictly. Early operations for PTC after RFA should be performed by an experienced surgeon??given that local tissue adhesion was obvious.     

多发性内分泌肿瘤2型的诊断和外科处理

目的 探讨多发性内分泌肿瘤2型（multiple endocrine neoplasia,MEN2）的诊断和外科处理方法.方法 回顾性研究1997年6月至2006年6月我院诊断和治疗的MEN2患者28例的临床资料.结果 MEN2a型25例,其中23例分属7个家系,均有RET基因11外显子634编码子突变;MEN2b型3例,无家族史,为RET基因16外显子918编码子突变.MEN2a型中22例有甲状腺肿物伴降钙素升高,其中17例经病理证实为甲状腺髓样癌;12例合并嗜铬细胞瘤,其中5例为多发性,2例恶性;5例合并甲状旁腺功能亢进症,3例无临床症状及生化改变.3例MEN2b型均为甲状腺髓样癌合并黏膜神经瘤病和马凡样体形,其中1例伴双侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.MEN2a型中12例接受双侧甲状腺全切除＋双侧颈淋巴清扫,5例行甲状腺肿物切除;甲状旁腺病变在甲状腺手术时一并处理;9例接受11次肾上腺肿瘤摘除术,3例为双侧肾上腺手术.3例MEN2b型均行双侧甲状腺全切除＋双侧颈淋巴清扫.结论 MEN2型以甲状腺髓样癌为主要病变,基因筛查可帮助早期诊断.根治性甲状腺切除能预防和治疗甲状腺髓样癌.     

Is it possible to intraoperatively modulate the extent of thyroidectomy in small papillary thyroid carcinoma?

BackgroundThyroid lobectomy is the preferred option for small, unifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma. Involvement of the central neck lymph nodes is an indication for total thyroidectomy plus central neck dissection. We aimed to verify if frozen section examination of ipsilateral central neck nodes can identify the subgroup of patients scheduled for thyroid lobectomy intraoperatively who could benefit of more extensive initial operative treatment.MethodsNinety-four consenting patients with clinically unifocal cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma underwent thyroid lobectomy plus ipsilateral central neck dissection with frozen section examination. If the frozen section examination was positive for metastases, a completion thyroidectomy and a bilateral central neck dissection were accomplished during the same procedure.ResultsFrozen section examination identified occult nodal metastases in 25 of the 94 patients who then underwent immediate completion thyroidectomy and bilateral central neck dissection. Overall, central neck node metastases were found at final histology in 35 cases: occult micrometastases were observed in additional 9 patients and nodal metastases ≥2 mm in additional 1 patient.ConclusionIntraoperative assessment of nodal status obtained with ipsilateral central neck dissection and frozen section examination is able to change the extent of thyroidectomy in about one-fourth of patients scheduled for thyroid lobectomy. Frozen section examination appears a safe and effective strategy to decrease the need of a second-step completion procedure and, theoretically, the risk of recurrence.