海绵窦旁肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 观察海绵窦旁肿瘤的临床特征、手术方式及治疗效果.方法 对我院收治的24例海绵窦旁肿瘤的手术患者进行回顾性分析.结果 所有病例都采用经硬膜内径路切除肿瘤,18例采用翼点/扩大翼点入路,6例采用颞枕/颞下入路.24例中脑膜瘤11例,三叉神经鞘瘤5例,海绵状血管瘤5例,表皮样囊肿1例,血管外皮细胞瘤1例,纤维肉瘤1例.全切除11例,次全切除10例,大部切除3例.结论 海绵窦旁肿瘤的手术难度较高,风险大,针对不同性质的肿瘤需采用不同的手术策略,总体手术预后良好.     

Non-meningeal tumours of the cavernous sinus: a surgical analysis.

The popularisation of cavernous sinus approaches and subsequent experience has shaped our treatment paradigms for cavernous sinus meningiomas. However, pathologies in this region are diverse and each one requires individual consideration. The purpose of this study was first to analyse, define and summarise the individual characteristics of different non-meningeal tumours of the cavernous sinus and, secondly, to stress that their surgery can be accomplished with acceptable morbidity and rewarding results when those characteristics are considered. A retrospective analysis of 42 cases of benign non-meningeal tumours of the cavernous sinus operated on at Marmara University between April 1992 and April 2003 is presented. The patients were 15 males and 27 females aged 24-72 years. The study cohort consisted of 13 pituitary adenomas, 11 trigeminal schwannomas, seven chordomas, three chondrosarcomas, two juvenile angiofibromas, two epidermoid tumours, one plasmacytoma, one cavernous haemangioma and one internal carotid plexus schwannoma. The 42 patients underwent 46 operations aimed at radical surgical excision. Total resection was achieved in 50% and subtotal resection in 50% of cases. The majority of incompletely resected tumours were pituitary adenomas and chordomas, and 95% required further treatment. Twenty-nine percent of patients developed complications, namely cerebrospinal fluid fistula, haematoma, hydrocephalus, diabetes insipidus, cerebral infarction and cranial nerve palsies. Recurrence was seen in 7.1% of patients. At final follow up at an average of 48.2 months after surgery, the mean Karnofsky performance scale had risen from 83.4 to 87.4. Non-meningeal tumours of the cavernous sinus can be surgically resected with acceptable morbidity and mortality. In selected tumours the results are better than those for cavernous sinus meningiomas. The best surgical results are achieved with interdural tumours of the lateral sinus wall and the worst surgical results are seen in invasive tumours such as chordomas and pituitary adenomas. Individual tumour characteristics are presented in the text.     

Meningiomas of the cavernous sinus: the surgical resectability and complications

The optimal management for patients with cavernous sinus meningiomas is to evacuate tumor without causing mortality or morbidity. The records of 16 patients, including 11 women and 5 men ranging in age from 31 to 63 years, underwent surgical treatment for this condition were reviewed. Completeness of tumor resection, cranial nerve morbidity, complications, mortality, the internal carotid artery encasement and outcome were studied. Total removal was achieved in six patients. Of ten patients who underwent subtotal resection there was one death and four were sent to radiotherapy. Morbidity was 24% for cranial nerves controlling extraocular motor function; trigeminal nerve function did not improve after surgical treatment. Symptomatic recurrence occurred in two patients who underwent subtotal tumor resection and in one who underwent complete tumor resection. The average follow-up period was of 26 months. According to our findings, we conclude: 1) the resectability of meningiomas of cavernous sinus depends on the degree of internal carotid artery involvement; 2) total resection of meningiomas confined in cavernous sinus is rare; 3) morbidity of the cranial nerves is significant; 4) subtotal resection is an effective mean to obtain control of the disease.     

非海绵窦区硬膜海绵状血管畸形2例报道并文献复习

目的 探讨非海绵窦区硬脑膜海绵状血管畸形的影像学特点、诊断及治疗。方法 回顾性分析2例经术后病理证实的非海绵窦区硬脑膜海绵状血管畸形的临床资料，结合相关文献进行分析。结果 1例术前考虑大脑镰旁脑膜瘤，另1例术前考虑左侧横窦及天幕脑膜瘤。2例病灶均全切除，术后病理均证实为硬脑膜海绵状血管畸形，术后均恢复良好，未出现手术并发症，无需放疗等后续治疗。术后随访1年以上无复发。结论 非海绵窦区硬膜海绵状血管畸形极少见，容易误诊为脑膜瘤。手术切除时，应先阻断肿瘤位于硬膜或静脉窦的肿瘤基底，并尽量整块切除，否则可能遭遇汹涌的出血。该类疾病手术往往可安全有效的全切除病变，预后良好。     

前床突脑膜瘤的手术效果分析

目的探讨前床突脑膜瘤的手术效果以及影响肿瘤能否全切除的因素。方法回顾性分析1996年6月至2020年6月于海军军医大学附属长征医院神经外科行手术治疗的145例前床突脑膜瘤患者的临床资料。145例患者中,采用标准翼点入路84例,改良翼点入路46例,眶颧入路15例。通过Simpson分级评估肿瘤切除程度。通过单因素和多因素logistic回归分析方法探讨影响肿瘤切除程度的因素。通过临床随访评估症状的改善情况,行影像学随访评估肿瘤有无复发结果145例患者中,肿瘤全切除(Simpson Ⅰ~Ⅲ级)98例(67.6%),肿瘤部分切除(Simpson Ⅳ级)或单纯减压(Simpson Ⅴ级)47例(32.4%)。121例患者获随访,随汸时间为1~24(7.6±5.2)年术前视力下降的62例患者中,术后视力较术前改善32例(51.6%),无变化25例(40.3%),下降5例(8.1%)。随访期间肿瘤全切除患者的复发率为3.8%(3/78),未全切除患者的肿瘤复发或进展的比率为23.3%(10/43)。单因素分析结果表明,肿瘤的最大径、肿瘤对颈内动脉和海绵窦的侵袭程度及术前视力下降可能与肿瘤的切除程度有关(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,肿瘤最大径(OR=3.21,95%CI:1.05~10.39,P<0.01)、肿瘤对颈内动脉及海绵窦的侵袭程度(OR=7.25,95%CI:2.35~21.64,P<0.01)为影响肿瘤全切除的独立危险因素,肿瘤最大径≤3 cm及肿瘤未完全包绕颈内动脉或未侵及海绵窦的患者手术全切除率较高,分别为74.8%(89/119)和82.8%(72/87)。结论对于前床突脑膜瘤,根据具体情况采用相应的手术策略,可获得较高的肿瘤全切除率,且复发率低。最大径<3 cm以及仅部分包绕颈内动脉或未侵及海绵窦的前床突脑膜瘤更易获得全切除。     

Interdural cavernous sinus epidermoid cyst.

We report a patient with an uncommon interdural epidermoid tumor, located within the confines of dural layers of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. The tumor was resected by a basal subtemporal extradural-interdural approach. Following the surgery, the 45-year-old female patient recovered completely from her symptoms of atypical neuralgic facial pains.     

海绵窦间隙在侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除术中的应用

目的 探讨海绵窦间隙在侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除术中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年10月经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术治疗的15例侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的临床资料。基于颈内动脉的自然走形,把海绵窦分为上、下、后、外侧间隙,术中对不同间隙内肿瘤采用不同切除方法。结果 肿瘤全切除11例,次全切除4例。术后发生脑脊液鼻漏1例,尿崩6例,垂体功能减退危象1例,眼球外展障碍1例,动眼神经麻痹1例。15例术后随访3~36个月;11例肿瘤全切除中,10例无复发,1例无功能垂体腺瘤复发并动态观察;4例次全切除中,2例无进展;2例术后6个月内行伽玛刀治疗。结论 神经内镜下经鼻入路手术切除侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的效果良好,基于颈内动脉的自然走形的海绵窦间隙划分方法为侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的手术治疗提供了新思路。     

Surgical management of large and giant cavernous sinus hemangiomas

Cavernous sinus hemangiomas (CSH) are rare vascular tumors within the cavernous sinus. Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKS) is less effective for large and giant CSH than for smaller ones. In one of the largest single-institution series reported thus far, we present 22 patients with large (3–4 cm-diameter, six patients) and giant (>4 cm, 16 patients) CSH treated surgically between 1994 and 2011. We also review related reports published since 1999 and further compare the treatment outcomes of surgery and radiosurgery. In the present study, a modified Dolenc’s epidural approach was performed in 18 patients and the intradural approach was used in four. Gross total or near-total resection was achieved in 18 patients, subtotal resection was achieved in three patients and partial resection was achieved in one patient. Postoperative ophthalmoparesis occurred in seven patients (two improved, four unchanged to preoperative, one new deficit), and decreased visual acuity occurred in one patient. The reviewed literature and our experience suggest that surgical treatment of large and giant CSH is a reasonable option. A relatively low postoperative morbidity can be achieved with minimal disturbance of cranial nerve (CN) III, particularly with early localization and preservation of CN VI. GKS could be an adjunct treatment for residual tumor.     

经硬膜外入路切除海绵窦肿瘤(附18例报告)

目的 报告１８例海绵窦肿瘤的经硬膜外入路显微外科治疗的经济。方法 回顾性分析自１９９４￣１９９８年８月经硬膜外入路切除１８例海绵窦肿瘤的临床及影像学特征、手术方法、手术结果及手术并发症等。结果 全部肿瘤全切除，无手术死亡，术后４５％颅神经症状得到改善，４５％颅神经症状同术前，１０％颅神经症状加重，１１％术后出现新颅神经症状。随访２月至４８月（平均２４月）无复发。结论 海绵窦肿瘤可采用单一硬膜外入路     

侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤的显微手术治疗

目的通过总结显微手术切除侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤的经验,探讨沟通眶颅的神经鞘瘤的手术方法,以提高手术全切率及减少并发症。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年12月采用眶-翼点入路硬脑膜外显微手术切除的侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤24例的临床资料,其中神经内镜辅助手术5例,并对该类肿瘤的特点及手术要点进行分析。结果肿瘤全切除20例,次全切除4例,肿瘤全切率为83．3％,无死亡病例。术后新出现10例眼球运动障碍;3个月后6例完全恢复,2例不全麻痹,2例无变化。1例病人术后2周出现溃疡性角膜炎,治疗后未愈。1例病人术后失明。4例次全切的患者术后2周行1刀治疗。术后随访3～18个月,平均8个月,复查MRI示全切病例无肿瘤复发,次全切病例未见残余肿瘤明显增大。结论眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤从眶内通过眶上裂侵犯眶尖区及海绵窦,经眶-翼点入路硬脑膜外手术全切率高,并发症少,效果满意,是对侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤较好的手术方式。     

海绵窦区海绵状血管瘤的临床特征及显微外科治疗

目的探讨海绵窦区海绵状血管瘤的临床特征及显微外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2001年至2009年收治的6例海绵窦区海绵状血管瘤患者的临床资料。患者的主要临床表现为头痛、视力下降、复视、面部麻木等。CT示海绵窦低或等密度病变,增强扫描时病变明显而均匀增强。头颅MRI示T1WI等信号或略低信号,T2WI高信号,增强后显著均匀强化。6例患者均经改良翼点入路或眶颧翼点入路行显微手术治疗,其中经硬脑膜外入路4例,经硬脑膜下入路2例。结果海绵状血管瘤完全切除3例,次全切除3例。无死亡病例,4例术后出现同侧第Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ及Ⅵ颅神经麻痹,1例偏瘫,2例患者术后视力较术前有明显改善。结论海绵窦区海绵状血管瘤有一定的临床特征和影像学表现,有助于术前诊断。经颅底开颅和硬脑膜外入路手术切除海绵窦区海绵状血管瘤是有效的治疗方法,术中应严格按界限整块切除;对血管瘤较小者或术后残留者可辅以放射治疗。     

Dermoid tumour of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.

Congenital intracranial dermoid tumors are very rare. Supratentorial dermoid cysts have been more frequently reported over the past decade and they are known to have a predilection for the cavernous sinus. Dermoid tumors originating from the cavernous sinus are usually interdural and thus, presentation with ophthalmoplegia is uncommon. They are congenital benign tumors and are believed to originate from ectopic inclusion of epithelial cells during closure of the neural tube during embryonic development. The location of these dermoid lesions in the cavernous sinus and the complexity of the operative procedure for these lesions have been noted by several authors. In this report, we describe the case of a dermoid cyst that was embedded in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and review the literature relating to related cavernous dermoid lesions.     

巨大海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的硬膜内入路显微外科治疗

目的探讨巨大海绵窦海绵状血管瘤(cavernous sinus cavernous hemangiomas,CSHs)的临床特征及显微外科治疗方法,为CSHs的治疗提供临床经验。方法回顾性分析2009年1月—2018年12月解放军东部战区总医院神经外科收治的15例CSHs患者的临床及随访资料;分析患者的临床表现、颅神经受累情况、手术方式、术后并发症及随访结果。结果15例CSHs患者占同期收治的颅内海绵状血管瘤(CHs)患者的5.6%。临床表现为头痛者11例、视神经损害者5例、动眼神经损害者6例、面部感觉异常者2例、肢体无力者1例。15例患者通过扩大翼点、翼点或颞前小切口入路经硬膜内切除血管瘤,均完整切除;无死亡病例。10例患者术后出现同侧Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ及Ⅵ神经部分麻痹。术后获得随访的患者9例,随访时间5~117个月,平均48.9个月,均无肿瘤复发表现;其中4例患者遗留长期海绵窦颅神经功能障碍。结论CSHs多具备特征性影像学表现,术前多可明确诊断。经硬膜内入路手术切除是治疗巨大CSHs的有效方法,术中应尽量按界限整块切除,以减少出血。海绵窦内神经功能的保留仍是目前巨大CSHs手术治疗的难点。     

经额颞硬膜外入路显微手术切除海绵窦区肿瘤

目的 报告经额颞硬膜外入路显微手术切除海绵窦区肿瘤的经验。方法 回顾性分析8例海绵窦区肿瘤的临床及影像学特征、手术方式、疗效和术后并发症。结果 肿瘤全切5例，次全切3例；术后原有颅神经症状的63．6％获得改善，27．3％同术前，9．1％较术前加重，无新的神经症状出现，无疾病及死亡病例，随访7例，时间20－23个月，无肿瘤复发。结论 采用经额颞硬膜外手术入路可较好地暴露和切除海绵窦区肿瘤，明显降低术后并发症和死亡率。     

Petroclival meningiomas: is radical resection always the best option?

BACKGROUND: The surgical management of petroclival meningiomas is, despite the invaluable technical achievements in the past decade, still burdened by a high operative morbidity. It seems doubtful whether radical surgical removal should always be the primary goal in those lesions as advocated until very recently. METHODS: A series was critically analysed and the literature discussed to elucidate criteria for a different attitude. Between 1990 and 1995 a total of 19 patients harbouring petroclival meningiomas were operated on. The following approaches were used: petrosal (n = 13), retrosigmoidal (n = 5), and subtemporal (n = 1). Thirteen lesions were removed completely and six incompletely as assessed by postoperative MRI. RESULTS: No recurrence or regrowth could be detected on MRI after a mean follow up of 18 months. Surgical mortality occurred in one patient (5%) and there was early postoperative dysfunction in 56%. At the time of follow up major permanent operative morbidity was present in two patients (11%). CONCLUSIONS: In accord with recent literature subtotal resection of petroclival meningiomas should be contemplated in a subset of patients (with invasion of brain stem or cavernous sinus) to reduce the incidence of disabling deficits. Surgery should not be delayed in younger patients because surgical morbidity relates positively with tumour size.     

Significance of the simultaneous combined transcranial and endoscopic endonasal approach for prevention of postoperative CSF leak after surgery for lateral skull base meningioma

Lateral skull base meningiomas, particularly sphenoorbital meningiomas, sometimes extend extremely widely into adjacent structures including the paranasal sinuses. For endonasal skull base reconstruction using a vascularized nasoseptal flap for prevention of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, the simultaneous combined transcranial and endoscopic endonasal approach was applied for resection of these extensive tumors. We performed a retrospective review of four patients treated with the simultaneous combined transcranial and endoscopic endonasal approach for resection of lateral skull base meningiomas. Preoperative characteristics, tumor extent, extent of resection, complications, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. The tumor extended into the paranasal sinus, infratemporal fossa, and pterygopalatine fossa in all patients. Extracranial extension into the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure was detected in two and three patients, respectively. In one patient without extension into the cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure, gross total resection was achieved, whereas in the other three patients, subtotal resection was performed, and small residual masses of the tumor remained in the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure to minimize the risk of postoperative ocular nerve damage. No patients experienced postoperative CSF leak. The simultaneous combined transcranial and endoscopic endonasal approach is useful for a subgroup of patients with lateral skull base meningiomas for prevention of postoperative CSF leak. Particularly in recurrent cases in which vascularized flaps from the transcranial side are likely unavailable due to prior tumor resection, this combined approach is worth considering depending on tumor extension into the paranasal sinus.     

海绵窦肿瘤的诊断和显微手术切除

目的 探讨海绵窦肿瘤的诊断与显微手术治疗效果.方法 38例患者经CT 及MRI诊断为海绵窦肿瘤.采用改良翼点入路、于显微镜下手术切除病变.结果 31例(81.6%)肿瘤达全切除,5例(13.1%)获次全切除,余2例(5.3%)为部分切除,术后1例(2.6%)死亡.术后头痛及海绵窦综合征症状有所改善.肿瘤标本经病理学检查证实分别为脑膜瘤、神经鞘瘤、海绵状血管瘤、垂体腺瘤和胆脂瘤.33例随访8月～12(平均3.6)年,3例肿瘤复发,4例无变化或略有缩小.对其中的4例行放射外科治疗.结论 MRI是诊断海绵窦肿瘤的最佳检查方法,采用改良翼点入路显微手术切除本类肿瘤,效果良好.     

经中颅底硬膜间入路切除中后颅窝哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤

目的探讨经中颅底硬膜间入路切除中后颅窝哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤的手术适应症及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2009年10月至2014年11月间南京医科大学附属脑科医院神经外科采用经中颅底硬膜间入路切除中后颅窝哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤7例患者的临床及影像资料、手术疗效和术后并发症情况。结果 7例患者中Mp型5例、MP型2例。7例患者术后第1d复查MRI显示肿瘤均全切,无手术死亡者;术后脑神经功能障碍较术前改善4例,无明显变化3例,无加重和出现新的脑神经麻痹;1例患者出现皮下积液和颅内感染,经腰穿置管脑脊液引流和抗生素治疗痊愈;1例出现颞肌萎缩。术后7例患者均长期随访,随访时间12~60个月,无1例患者复发。结论中颅底硬膜间入路手术是切除Mp型和部分MP型三叉神经鞘瘤的一种有效治疗方法,主要在硬膜间进行手术操作,有利于脑组织、脑神经及血管的保护,手术损伤小、反应小、并发症少。     

海绵窦段颈内动脉-侧裂-Labbé静脉瘘伴巨大静脉瘤一例报告并文献复习

目的 分析海绵窦段颈内动脉-侧裂-Labbé静脉瘘伴巨大静脉瘤的临床特征和外科治疗策略.方法 显微外科手术闭合脑膜动静脉瘘口,切除静脉瘤,同时保留Labbé静脉的正常回流.复习相关文献中具有皮层逆向静脉同流并伴有静脉扩张或静脉瘤形成的Cognard Ⅳ型颅内硬膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)病例.结果 该患者术后未遗留神经功能障碍,术后DSA显示瘘口完全闭合,侧裂静脉瘤和DAVF消失.随访5年,未见DAVF复发.文献病例中,66%的患者表现为颅内出血;选择性阻断引流静脉,即可完全永久地闭合瘘口;13例具有明确静脉瘤形成者,9例给予手术切除或电凝静脉瘤.结论 这种逆向皮层静脉回流的DAVF病例,尤其是静脉曲张或扩大的病例,往往具有侵袭性病程.选择性手术阻断引流静脉,同时切除静脉瘤,是对该类型DAVF的有效治疗方法.     

基于影像学分型的个体化手术治疗岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的 探讨依据岩斜区脑膜瘤的影像学分型进行个体化手术治疗的效果。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月~2017年12月收治的107例岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床资料。依据术前影像学分型选择手术入路:岩尖型16例中,11例颞下经天幕入路,5例岩前即Kawase入路;海绵窦型19例中,13例Kawase入路,5例乙状窦后入路,1例因累及颞下窝行Fisch颞下窝A型入路;天幕型38例中,6例颞下经天幕入路,13例乙状窦前入路,19例乙状窦后入路;上斜坡型34例中,21例乙状窦前入路,7例乙状窦后入路,4例Kawase入路,2例颞下联合乙状窦后入路。结果 16例（100%）岩尖型、38例（100%）天幕型、32例（94.1%）上斜坡型及10例（52.6%）海绵窦型达到全切除或次全切除,仅9例（47.4%）海绵窦型和2例（5.9%）上斜坡型行大部分切除。术后新发神经功能障碍27例（25.2%）,无手术死亡病例。术后6个月KPS评分[（77.6±11.8）分]与术前[（74.3±15.0）分]无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 对于岩斜区脑膜瘤,依据术前影像学分型采取个体化手术入路,结合熟练的颅底解剖及娴熟的显微手术技巧,可达到最大程度切除肿瘤和尽可能减少术后神经功能障碍之间的平衡。