大鼠全脑缺血再灌流后4个脑区的谷氨酸,门冬氨酸,甘氨酸…

应用高效液相色谱仪，紫外分光光度检测器监测，测定大鼠全脑缺血再灌流后６ｈ￣７ｄ的海马、纹状体、丘脑和新皮层组织匀浆中谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）、门冬氨酸（Ａｓｐ）、甘氨酸（Ｇｌｙ）和ｒ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）含量变化。结果显示在海马和丘脑Ｇｌｕ含量于再灌流后６ｈ￣３ｄ下降（Ｐ〈０．０５和０．０１），ＧＡＢＡ含量升高（Ｐ〈０．０５和０．０１），在纹状体和新皮层除ＧＡＢＡ外，分别于６ｈ￣５ｄ均有不同呈度的升高。比     

马桑内酯致痫大鼠大脑皮层,海马谷氨酸,门冬氨酸,甘氨酸及 …

为了探讨氨基酸类神经递质在癫痫发病中的作用,我们采用高效液相色谱仪（ＨＰＬＣ）结合紫外分光光度仪分析检测了马桑内酯（ＣＬ）致痫大鼠大脑皮层、海马Ｇｌｕ、Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｙ、ＧＡＢＡ的含量变化。结果显示：ＣＬ致痫组与正常对照组相比,Ｇｌｕ、Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｙ含量增加（Ｐ〈０．０１,Ｐ〈０．０５）;ＧＡＢＡ含量减少,但差异无显著性（Ｐ〉０．０５）。这些结果提示兴奋性和抑制性氨基酸在癫痫发病中具有重要作用,可能     

酚噻嗪类药物对血清载脂蛋白、脂蛋白含量的影响

目的探讨长期（平均６年）接受酚噻嗪类药物治疗的慢性精神分裂症患者血清载脂蛋白含量变化及其危险因素。方法采用酶法及火箭免疫电泳法对１５１例精神分裂症患者和１００名健康人血清胆固醇（ＴＣ）、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬＣ）、载脂蛋白ＡⅠ（ａｐｏＡⅠ）、载脂蛋白Ｂ（ａｐｏＢ）的水平进行了对比分析。结果精神分裂症患者ａｐｏＡＩ，ａｐｏＡＩ／ａｐｏＢ，ＨＤＬＣ含量均低于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＴＧ、ａｐｏＢ水平却高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＴＣ浓度与正常对照组之间差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论长期服用酚噻嗪类药物的精神分裂症患者存在载脂蛋白代谢紊乱，在治疗精神分裂症的同时应及早采取相应的预防措施，并定期测定血载脂蛋白等有关指标     

一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂(L-NNA)对缺血纹体兴奋性和抑制性氨基酸释放的影响

目的：研究一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ）对大鼠半球持续性缺血时兴奋性和抑制性氨基酸释放的影响。方法：用微透析结合高效液相法测定半球缺血３０，６０，９０，１２０分钟时大鼠纹体Ｇｌｕ，Ａｓｐ，Ｇｌｙ，Ｔａｕ和ＧＡＢＡ的释放。结果：大鼠半球缺血３０，６０，９０，１２０分钟时纹体所有五种氨基酸的释放都显著增加，除了１２０分钟缺血时Ｌ－ＮＮＡ可影响Ｇｌｕ的释放外，并不明显影响缺血时纹体Ｇｌｕ和Ａｓｐ的释放。然而，它可明显地促进大鼠半球缺血３０，６０，９０，１２０分钟时纹体Ｇｌｙ，Ｔａｕ和ＧＡＢＡ的释放。结论：半球缺血时所有五种氨基酸的不正常释放都参与了脑缺血病理过程，Ｌ－ＮＮＡ促进半球缺血时抑制性氨基酸的释放可能是其保护缺血大脑的机制之一。     

不同甾体激素对交感神经节突触传递快速作用的比较

以牛蛙离体椎旁神经节为标本，单个方波电刺激节前纤维，细胞内记录Ｂ细胞的动作电位，在正常情况下节前单个刺激，在Ｂ细胞发生一个动作单位，刺激与反应的关系是１∶１。灌流皮质醇（０．０１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ～１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、皮质酮（１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、孕酮（０．１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、１７β－雌二醇（０．００１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、醛固酮（０．００１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）及胆固醇（０．１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ），比较它们对神经节Ｂ细胞突触传递的快速作用。结果显示，皮质醇可使１７０个Ｂ细胞中的５２个发生突触传递阻断，另外有４个细胞出现增强效应；皮质酮可使４８个Ｂ细胞中的１７个发生阻断；孕酮可使３７个Ｂ细胞中的１５个发生阻断；１７β－雌二醇可使２１个Ｂ细胞中的８个发生阻断；醛固酮对Ｂ细胞的突触传递无明显影响；胆固醇可使２１个Ｂ细胞中６个产生增强效应。实验结果表明，皮质醇、皮质酮、孕酮及１７β－雌二醇对牛蛙交感神经节部分Ｂ细胞突触传递具有快速阻断作用，尤以孕酮的作用最显著。盐皮质激素（醛固酮）对Ｂ细胞突触传递无明显影响，而胆固醇对Ｂ细胞突触传递有增强效应。     

一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂（L—NNA）对缺血纹体兴奋性和抑制性氨？…

目的：研究一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ）对大鼠半球持续性缺血时兴奋性和抑制性氨基酸释放的影响，方法：用微透析结合高效液相色法测定半球缺血３０，６０，９０，１２０分钟时大鼠纹体ＧｌｕＡｓｐ，Ｇｌｙ，Ｔａｕ和ＧＡＢＡ的释放，结果：大鼠半球缺血３０，６０，９０，１２０分钟时纹体所有五种氨基酸的释放都显著增加，除了１２０分钟缺血时Ｌ－ＮＮＡ可影响Ｇｌｕ的释放外，并不明显影响缺血时纹体Ｇｌｕ和Ａｓｐ的释     

酚噻嗪类药的对血清载脂蛋白,脂蛋白含量的影响

目的 探讨长期（平均６年）接受酚噻嗪类药物治疗的慢性精神分裂患者血清载脂蛋白含一变化及其危险因素。方法 麦法及火箭免疫电泳法对１５１例精神分裂症患者和１００名健康人血清胆固醇（ＴＣ）、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、高密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ０、载脂蛋白ＡⅠ、载脂蛋白Ｂ的水平进行了对比分析。结果 精神分裂症患者ａｐｏＡⅠ，ａｐｏＡＩ／ａｐｏＢ，ＨＤＬ－Ｃ含量均低于正常对照组，ＴＧ、ａｐｏＢ水平却高于正常对     

帕金森病大鼠黑质纹状体中氨基酸含量的变化

目的：观察帕金森病大鼠黑质纹状体中氨基酸神经递质的变化。方法：将６－羟多巴胺（６－ＯＨＤＡ）注入鼠右侧黑质内以建立偏侧帕金森病模型,检测其黑质和纹状体中四种氨基酸的含量。结果：帕金森病大鼠损毁侧谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）、天门冬氨酸（Ａｓｐ）、甘氨酸（Ｇｌｙ）、和ｒ－氨丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）的含量较未损毁侧显著增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：兴奋性氨基酸可能参与了６－ＯＨＤＡ所致的黑质纹状体内神经元损伤。     

精神分裂症Ⅰ 型和 Ⅱ 型患者血清铜、锌含量的测定比较

采用美国ＰＥ３１００原子吸收分光光度计测定精神分裂症７１例（Ⅰ型３６例，Ⅱ型３５例）和健康对照组３１人的血清铜、锌的含量。结果发现精神分裂症血清铜含量平均为１８．８６±４．２２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ⅰ型略高于Ⅱ型；对照组平均１７．５７±３．１９μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，略低于病例组，三者均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。病例组血清锌平均２０．７８±４．８６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ⅰ型略高于Ⅱ型，对照组平均２２．４１±２．９１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ略高于病例组，三者亦无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

精神分裂症患者血清催乳素和生长激素水平研究

目的　探讨精神分裂症患者血清催乳素（ Ｐ Ｒ Ｌ） 、生长激素（ Ｇ Ｈ） 基础水平与正常人的差异及治疗前后 Ｐ Ｒ Ｌ、 Ｇ Ｈ 水平的变化，以及利培酮对 Ｐ Ｒ Ｌ、 Ｇ Ｈ 的影响。方法　采用放射免疫法对６２ 例精神分裂症患者治疗前和治疗后第２ 、４ 、６ 周末的 Ｐ Ｒ Ｌ、 Ｇ Ｈ 水平进行测定，并与３２ 名正常人对照，同时分为利培酮组３２ 例和氯丙嗪组３０ 例进行对照分析。结果　精神分裂症患者总样本的基础 Ｐ Ｒ Ｌ、 Ｇ Ｈ 水平与对照组无差异（ Ｐ＞ ０ ．０５） ，用抗精神病药物治疗后 Ｐ Ｒ Ｌ 显著升高（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ， Ｇ Ｈ 无显著变化（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。女性患者治疗后 Ｐ Ｒ Ｌ 水平升高明显，为男性的２３ 倍。利培酮治疗后６ 周末 Ｐ Ｒ Ｌ 水平为（１２２ ．３３ ±７３ ．２７）μｇ／ Ｌ，较治疗前明显增高（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ，较氯丙嗪组 Ｐ Ｒ Ｌ 水平（１０２ ．０６ ±６５ ．６１）μｇ／ Ｌ为高，但无显著差异（ Ｐ＞ ００５） 。结论　结果支持精神分裂症的多巴胺功能亢进假说，抗精神病药物所致 Ｐ Ｒ Ｌ 升高有明显的性别差异，利培酮有明显的致 Ｐ Ｒ Ｌ 升高的作用，有较强的拮抗中枢多巴胺作用。     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Presence and severity of anorexia and bulimia among male and female Omani and non-Omani adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The population of Oman is a heterogeneous mix of nationalities providing a natural setting for studying the cross-cultural differences in the presence and severity of eating disorders as well as an opportunity for evaluating the performance of measurement instruments for these disorders. METHOD: Disordered eating screening instruments (the Eating Attitude Test and the Bulimic Investigatory Test) were administered to Omani teenagers, non-Omani teenagers, and Omani adults. RESULTS: On the Eating Attitude Test, 33% of Omani teenagers (29.4% females and 36.4% males) and 9% of non-Omani teenagers (7.5% of males and 10.6% females) showed a propensity for anorexic-like behavior. On the Bulimic Investigatory Test, 12.3% of Omani teenagers showed a propensity for binge eating or bulimia (13.7% females and 10.9% males). Among the non-Omani teenagers, 18.4% showed a tendency toward bulimia, with females showing a slightly greater tendency than males. In contrast, barely 2% of Omani adults showed either a presence of or a severity of disorderly behavior with food. CONCLUSION: Omani teenagers scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups and Omani adults. This finding is discussed in the light of emerging evidence from many parts of the world suggesting that cultural transition, compounded by demographic constraints, plays a significant role in abnormal eating attitudes.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Micro-affirmations and Recovery for Persons with Mental Health and Alcohol and Drug Problems: User and Professional Experience-Based Practice and Knowledge

Recurrent factors contributing to a recovery process from co-occurring mental health and addiction problems mentioned by users and professionals have been analyzed as part of working alliances and helpful relationships. Still, we lack knowledge about how helpful relationships are developed in daily practice. In this article, we focus on the concrete construction of professional helpful relationships. Forty persons in recovery and fifteen professionals were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed according to thematic analysis, resulting in three themes presented as paradoxes (1) My own decision, but with the help of others; (2) The need for structures and going beyond them; and (3) Small trivial things of great importance. Micro-affirmations have a central role in creating helpful relationships by confirming the individuals involved as more than solely users or professionals. More attention and appreciation should be paid to practices involving micro-affirmations.

     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.