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Background

The forensic biomechanical assessment of injuries resulting from blows with beer steins plays an important role in southern parts of Germany and in Austria, especially during the annual autumn festivals. In this context, forensic experts are often faced with the question of the injury potential of this special form of physical violence.

Objective

This article deals with the forensic and biomechanical aspects of head injuries caused by blows with a beer stein. The relationship between the type and severity of injuries as well as the intensity and execution form of blows were investigated.

Material and methods

In this study 30 brand new 0.5 l beer steins from 3 different breweries were analyzed in terms of potential risk of injuries when used as a blunt force weapon and the fragmentation behavior. The beer steins were manually wielded and used to hit a model dummy skull (aluminium core of a Hybrid III head form) with a silicon scalp, which was fixed onto a measuring plate. The contact force and speed of the stein were measured immediately before impact. The dynamics and fragmentation behavior were recorded with an Olympus i?Speed 3 high-speed digital camera with a Nikon AF Nikkor 50 mm f/1.8D lens and analyzed using the Olympus i?speed 3 viewer software.

Results

This series of experiments showed that the impact speed and the contact surface of beer steins have a significant influence on the fragmentation behavior, the energy transferred and thus on the injury potential.

Conclusion

The underlying principles of the fragmentation behavior of beer steins allow tentative conclusions to be drawn for reconstruction of the event leading to the fragmentation. Blows to the head of a person using a beer stein are fundamentally capable of inflicting life-threatening injuries. A forensic biomechanical assessment of injuries caused by beer steins should be carried out only after collating all information relating to the course of events. Comparative investigations can be necessary.
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Lightning strikes with mass casualties are not an absolute rarity. Because of a lightning strike on a sports ground in East Westphalia in 2008 with 19 injured football coaches a literature search for lightning accidents on soccer grounds in Germany using the internet was performed. In the period 1995–2008 a total of 9 lightning accidents occurred resulting in 5 to 64 injured persons per case. A total of 179 injured persons and 1 fatality were counted. There has been a remarkable increase in lightning accidents in the last 3 years (from July 2005 to July 2008). In this period at least 7 events with 102 injured persons were observed. In conclusion, an important step for prevention or reduction of the number of injured persons due to lightning strikes is to inform people playing soccer about the potential risk of lightning strikes on sports grounds.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Es werden zunächst einige Vergiftungsfälle aus der Literatur der letzten Jahre angeführt und dann 2 tödliche medizinale Kupfersulfatvergiftungen, die sich durch Verwechslung von zur Magenausheberung verwendeter Coffeinreizlösung mit Kupfersulfatlösung ereignet haben, eingehender beschrieben. Die Verteilung des Kupfers im Körper und seine Ausscheidung konnte vonSchubert durch experimentelle Verwendung von Badiokupfer einwandfrei geklärt werden. Nach diesen Untersuchungen weist die Leber zu allen Zeiten den weitaus größten Kupfergehalt auf. Die Kupferausscheidung vollzieht sich im wesentlichen über das Gallengangsystem in bedeutend geringerem Ausmaße durch die Nieren. Kupfer wirkt außer auf den peripheren Kreislauf hauptsächlich auf die roten Blutkörperchen im Sinne einer Hämolyse. Bei länger dauernder Vergiftungszeit findet sich ein ganz ähnliches Blutbild wie bei der perniziösen Anämie. Auf Grund der hier beschriebenen Vergiftungsfälle spielt für den Verlauf der Vergiftung außer der zugeführten Kupfersulfatlösung (Menge und Konzentration) dem Alter und der Konstitution, sicher auch die Temperatur der Lösung und der Zustand der Magenschleimhaut eine wesentliche Rolle. Schließlich wird noch gutachtlich zu diesen Fällen Stellung genommen.  相似文献   

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