腹腔镜胆囊切除术前超声评估胆囊周围粘连的初步研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术前超声预测胆囊周围粘连的可行性和应用价值.方法 选择188例因胆囊结石拟行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者,术前超声对可能与胆周粘连程度相关的因素进行评估;与术中情况比较,分析导致胆周粘连的各相关危险因素的优势比.结果 与胆周粘连程度相关的超声观察项目：胆周异常回声、囊壁异常声像、胆囊增大、胆囊缩小伴填充型结石、胆囊颈部结石嵌顿、胆囊折叠及胆囊壁厚.其中,胆周异常回声的优势比最高,与胆周严重粘连密切相关.以囊壁厚度≥5.0 mm作为评估胆周重度粘连的临界值,灵敏度和特异度分别为63%和92%.结论 超声可以较准确地预测胆周粘连的程度,对腹腔镜胆囊切除术有一定的临床指导意义     

术前超声对腹腔镜胆囊切除术难度的预测

目的评估术前腹部超声对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)难度预测的价值。方法对1980例LC的难度和术前腹部超声进行临床研究。术前超声检查包括胆囊壁厚度,胆囊周围有无积液、胆囊大小、胆总管直径和胆囊结石。结果超声诊断与LC的符合率98.8%。超声正确诊断提供了手术适应证和手术方式的选择。结论超声诊断胆囊疾病准确,对选择LC适应证具有重要价值。     

术前超声预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术难度的受试者工作特征曲线分析

目的建立术前超声预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopiccholecystectomy,LC)难度评分表,并评价其科学性。方法连续选择118例接受LC患者,随机分为两组:训练样本100例,验证样本18例。采用自身前后对照试验方案,术前应用超声检测胆囊大小(长x胆囊底宽)mm2,胆囊壁厚度(mm),胆囊颈有无结石嵌顿,单个胆囊结石数目及最大长径(mm),脐孔及胆囊周围有无粘连;术后登记手术时间(min),术中出血量(mL),有无中转开腹,手术并发症以及术后住院时间(d)。根据100例训练样本LC实际难度分为容易和困难两级,应用t检验和χ2检验统计筛选出有统计学意义的超声检测指标,建立术前超声预测LC难度评分表,进行受试者工作特征曲线(receiveroperatorcharacteristiccurve,ROC)分析。结果胆囊大小、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊颈有无结石嵌顿、脐孔粘连及胆囊周围粘连5项超声检测指标在LC容易和困难两级之间的差异有显著性,P均<0.05。应用5项指标建立术前超声预测LC难度评分表,经ROC分析,曲线下面积为0.922,与完全随机情况下获得的曲线下面积(0.5)相比,差异有显著性,P<0.05。经18例检验样本前瞻性误判概率评估,结果显示术前超声预测LC难度误判率约5.6%。结论术前超声预测LC难度评分表可以正确预测LC难度。     

术前超声评估胆囊粘连与腹腔镜胆囊切除术难度关系研究

目的评价超声在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LaparoscopicChoecystectomy,LC)前预测胆囊周围粘连的准确性,探讨超声预测胆囊周围粘连与LC手术难度的关系及其临床应用价值。方法连续选择30例似接受LC患者,采用自身对照试验方案,术前应用B超检测胆囊底及胆囊颈部周围脏器滑动情况评估胆囊周围有无粘连,并经LC术中判断证实;收集30例患者LC手术时间、出血量及并发症发生率。结果30例观察对象术前B超评估胆囊周围粘连8例,经LC术中探查证实7例,χ2比较术前B超对胆囊周围有无粘连的评估与术中相应的判断结果,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术前B超评估胆囊周围有粘连组手术时间、出血量及并发症发生率均显著大于无粘连组(P<0.05),以手术时间和出血量差异非常有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论术前B超可以预测胆囊周围有无粘连及LC难度,对术者能安全顺利完成LC及患者选择合适的住院方式均具有临床指导意义。     

术前超声检查预测急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术的技术难度

目的评价术前超声检查预测急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术技术难度.方法对73例因急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者行超声检查,超声检测参数:胆囊容积、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊壁增厚类型、结石大小、结石移动性、胆囊与胆囊床的粘连、肝与胆囊间的脂肪厚度、胆囊窝液体、总胆管扩张、总胆管结石、胆囊壁彩色和脉冲多普勒征像、邻近肝脏内的彩色和脉冲多普勒信号.腹腔镜胆囊切除手术分5步,每步根据难易程度记分:困难记1分,容易记0分,总分相加为总的难度分数.评价术前超声表现与总的难度分数、每一步难度分数、手术时间长短是否有显著关系.结果胆囊容积≥50 cm3、胆囊壁厚度≥3 mm、胆囊壁内丰富彩色血流信号与手术总难度分数显著相关;胆囊容积增大使粘连胆囊及Calot'三角分离困难;胆囊壁增厚及胆囊粘连者胆囊取出腹腔时较难;胆囊壁彩色血流丰富、邻近肝脏血流增加与手术时间延长有显著关系.结论术前测定胆囊容积、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊壁彩色血流丰富程度有助于预测急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中的技术难度.     

胆囊穿孔伴肝脓肿的超声造影表现

目的 探讨CEUS诊断和鉴别诊断胆囊穿孔伴肝脓肿的应用价值。 方法 4例经手术病理证实的胆囊穿孔合并肝脓肿的患者,术前接受常规及超声造影检查,观察造影前后在显示胆囊形态、穿孔部位和大小、炎症波及肝脏范围及显示病灶内血供的能力。 结果 常规超声显示,4例患者中1例囊壁局部"缺损",3例囊壁局部显示模糊;2例胆囊内伴结石。4例胆囊旁肝实质内均见包块,边界模糊;3例呈中、低混合回声,1例呈囊、实混合回声。2例胆囊旁可见积液。4例于CEUS动脉期均可见胆囊壁强回声带局部中断,清晰显示"缺损"部位和大小。肝内包块在动脉期表现为不均质蜂窝样略高增强,伴少许无增强区,门脉相造影剂减退,表现为不均质低增强,呈肝脓肿增强模式。 结论 CEUS可通过显示胆囊壁的"缺损"及肝包块的血流灌注模式,对胆囊穿孔合并肝脓肿患者进行准确诊断,有较高的鉴别诊断价值。     

超声造影对胆囊术前胆囊周围粘连评估的价值研究

目的 探讨利用超声造影评估胆囊术前胆囊周围粘连状态的可行性及判断要点.方法 102例胆囊结石患者在行胆囊切除术前进行胆囊区超声造影检查,并根据术中胆囊周围粘连情况分为无粘连组及粘连组;分析两组超声造影增强特点及差异,总结粘连组的胆囊区增强特征.结果 3个超声造影增强特征有助于诊断胆囊周围粘连:(1)胆囊壁不均匀增强;(2)胆囊游离缘与周围组织间正常平行低增强带的消失;(3)囊壁游离缘周边存在不规则的条片状高低混杂增强区.该3项指标在两组间差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论 超声造影检查可于胆囊切除术前较准确地判断有无胆囊周围粘连,对手术难度判断和术式选择等有一定的临床指导意义.     

磁共振胆胰管成像对胆囊三角粘连的术前评估

目的:探讨磁共振胆胰管成像(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术前评估胆囊三角粘连的价值。方法:对254例LC患者术前行MRCP检查,评估胆囊三角粘连的类型,包括胆囊管是否显示、胆囊管和胆囊壶腹的毗邻关系以及胆囊管在胆囊壶腹的开口位置。将术前评估的胆囊三角粘连的类型与LC术中确认的类型进行对比,并分析术前评估类型与手术难度的关系。结果:MRCP对胆囊三角粘连类型的术前评估与LC术中所见相同。胆囊管和胆囊壶腹呈兔尾型的毗邻关系、胆囊管开口于胆囊壶腹中份以及胆囊管未显影,均预示着LC实施困难。结论:MRCP可以对胆囊三角粘连类型进行术前评估,有助于预测手术难度。     

胆囊颈部及胆囊管结石嵌顿112例急诊手术治疗体会

目的总结胆囊颈部、胆囊管结石嵌顿所致结石性急性胆囊炎手术治疗的体会。方法回顾性分析2005年12月至2010年12月手术治疗胆囊颈部、胆囊管结石嵌顿所致112例结石性急性胆囊炎的临床资料。结果术前经影像学检查诊断为结石梗阻性急性胆囊炎112例,全部行腹腔镜探查。78例(69.64%)完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC);34例(30.36%)中转开腹手术。112例均置腹腔引流管。全部治愈。术后住院时间3～21d,平均6.4d。结论术前影像学检查难以区分胆囊颈结石、胆囊管结石嵌顿,急性期患者胆囊三角解剖不清、粘连,胆囊肿大、壁厚,给LC造成相当大困难。但选择好适应证、掌握好手术技巧,仍可用LC治疗大部分急性发作期的结石性急性胆囊炎。     

多排螺旋CT鉴别诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎和胆囊癌

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT(MDCT)鉴别诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎和胆囊癌的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的11例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)和20例胆囊癌(GBC)的资料,所有患者术前均接受MDCT检查,并分析两种病变的CT征象。结果 胆囊壁的增厚方式、黏膜线情况、是否有壁内低密度结节和胆道梗阻在XGC和GBC患者间差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。XGC与GBC患者发生邻近肝脏及周围组织改变的病例数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但邻近组织改变的形式不同。结论 MDCT扫描可为鉴别诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎和胆囊癌提供客观依据。     

Failed or difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Can preoperative ultrasonography identify potential problems?

A prospective study was performed to assess the role of preoperative ultrasonography in predicting failed or difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Fifty patients underwent detailed preoperative ultrasound examinations. The number and size of calculi, evidence of acute or chronic cholecystitis, gallbladder morphology, and the presence or absence of aberrant anatomy were documented. A comparison was made of the surgical outcome and the ultrasound findings in each patient. Six patients were converted to open cholecystectomy because of inflammatory changes in the gallbladder. The preoperative ultrasound studies in 5 of these patients demonstrated evidence of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Gallbladder wall thickening and contraction were also seen. Five gallbladder resections had intraoperative difficulties; preoperative ultrasonography demonstrated a thickened gallbladder wall in 2. Of 31 uneventful cases, 7 had evidence of gallbladder wall thickening and/or contraction. There were no ultrasound features that identified between the unsuccessful, difficult, or uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomies. We conclude that detailed preoperative ultrasound evaluation of the gallbladder in patients destined for laparoscopic cholecystectomy is of little value in screening for difficult or unsuitable cases. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gangrenous cholecystitis in around nineties: Two case reports

BACKGROUNDGangrenous cholecystitis is a form of acute cholecystitis which involves gangrenous alterations in the gallbladder wall and it often follows an acute and serious course. We herein report on two cases of very elderly people diagnosed early with gangrenous cholecystitis, who safely underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and both demonstrated a good outcome.CASE SUMMARYCase 1: An 89-year-old female. She underwent abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) due to abdominal pain and diarrhea. Her gallbladder wall indicated the absence of contrast enhancement, thus leading to diagnosis of gangrenous cholecystitis and she therefore underwent LC. Although her gallbladder demonstrated diffuse necrosis and it was also partly perforated, she was able to be discharged without any serious complications. Case 2: A 91-year-old female. She made an emergency visit with a chief complaint of abdominal pain. Abdominal CECT revealed swelling of the gallbladder and an ambiguous continuity of the gallbladder wall. She was diagnosed with gangrenous cholecystitis and underwent LC. Her gallbladder had swelling and diffuse necrosis. Although her preoperative blood culture was positive, she showed a good outcome following surgery.CONCLUSIONAlthough a definite diagnosis of gangrenous cholecystitis is difficult to make prior to surgery, if an early diagnosis can be made and appropriate treatment can be carried out, then even very elderly individuals may be discharged without major complications.     

口服胃肠道造影剂超声造影诊断胆囊十二指肠瘘

目的 探讨超声检查对胆囊十二指肠瘘的诊断价值.方法 23例结石性胆囊炎患者术前常规超声检查怀疑并发胆囊十二指肠瘘,在常规超声检查的基础上进一步接受超声造影检查.口服胃肠道造影剂动态观察有无胆囊十二指肠瘘,并与手术结果对照.超声造影诊断胆囊十二指肠瘘的标准是动态观察可见造影剂经瘘口进入胆囊.结果 23例患者中,口服胃肠道超声造影剂动态观察可见18例患者十二指肠内造影剂经瘘口进入胆囊,手术证实均有胆囊十二指肠瘘;未见造影剂进入胆囊者5例,手术证实有胆囊十二指肠瘘的2例、无胆囊十二指肠瘘的3例.结论 在常规超声检查的基础上,口服胃肠道超声造影剂动态观察的方法简易可行、无创、准确性较高,是诊断胆囊十二指肠瘘的有效方法.     

Can acute cholecystitis with gallbladder perforation be detected preoperatively by computed tomography in ED?: Correlation with clinical data and computed tomography features

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to determine which computed tomography (CT) findings and clinical data can help to diagnose gallbladder perforation in acute cholecystitis.

Materials and Methods

The medical records and CT findings of patients with surgically proven acute cholecystitis within the last recent 5 years were retrospectively reviewed and compared between 2 groups with and without gallbladder perforation.

Results

A total of 75 patients with acute cholecystitis were included in the study, and 16 patients were proven to have gallbladder perforation. Higher mortality rate was found in the perforation group (18.8% vs 1.7%; P = .029). Older age (>70 years; P = .004) and higher percentage of segmented neutrophil (>80%; P = .027) were significant clinical factors for predicting gallbladder perforation in acute cholecystitis. The significant CT signs related to gallbladder perforation included visualized gallbladder wall defect (P = .000), intramural gas (P = .043), intraluminal gas (P = .000), intraluminal membrane (P = .043), pericholecystic abscess or biloma formation (P = .009), intraperitoneal free air (P = .001), and presence of ascites in the absence of hypoalbuminemia or other intraabdominal malignancy (P = .017). In multivariate analysis, visualized gallbladder wall defect was the most significant predicting CT feature for diagnosing gallbladder perforation in acute cholecystitis.

Conclusion

Elderly patients with higher segmented neutrophil and CT signs of gallbladder wall defect associated with acute cholecystitis may have high possibility of gallbladder rupture.     

Relationship between serum Pentraxin 3 and pro-adrenomedullin levels with acute cholecystitis

ObjectivesThe perforation of the gallbladder (GP) is one of the most significant complications of acute cholecystitis. A biochemical marker indicating the GP has not been determined fully to date. Pentraxin 3 and pro-adrenomedullin (Pro-ADM) proteins are novel acute phase reactants. We aimed to investigate the relationship between serum Pentraxin 3 and Pro-ADM and the GP in patients with acute cholecystitis. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with acute cholecystitis in a tertiary care emergency department during the six-month period. The acute cholecystitis patients were divided into two groups as with GP, and without GP. Additionally, patients with GP were evaluated according to pericholecystic fluid and gallbladder wall thickness. Serum levels of pro-ADM and pentraxin 3, WBC, CRP and sedimentation rate were measured in all patients.ResultsA total of 60 patients with acute cholecystitis were included in the study. Pro-ADM and pentraxin 3 levels were significantly higher in patients with GP and the with pericholecystic free fluid (p < 0.0001). There was no significant relationship between serum pentraxin 3 and pro-ADM with gallbladder wall thickness (p > 0.05) According to the ROC analysis, serum Pentraxin 3 levels of ≥4.9 ng/mL could predict GP with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 85% and serum pro-ADM levels of ≥97 nmol/L with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 95%.ConclusionOur study results reveal that serum Pentraxin 3 and pro-ADM may be novel biochemical parameters in the detection of GP in acute cholecystitis cases.     

超声对胆系、肝胰检查在腹腔镜胆囊切除术前的价值

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)前做胆系、肝胰超声检查的临床价值。方法对1273例拟腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者行术前胆系、肝胰超声检查,根据检查结果调整手术方案,并可指导LC术中操作。结果慢性胆囊炎并胆囊结石1215例,胆囊内小隆起样病变58例,其中93例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石,123例合并胆囊壁水肿、厚度>0.5cm,异位胆囊2例,肝中静脉分支和胆囊床紧邻3例,胆囊萎缩充填型胆囊结石178例,肝硬化13例,肝癌4例,胰头癌2例,根据超声检查结果及时更改,调整手术方案,全组无手术并发症发生。结论LC前做胆系、肝胰超声检查,对选择禁忌证、适应证和判断手术难易程度,避免术中转开腹,以及预防术中胆道损伤、出血都有重要价值。     

Hemorrhagic cholecystitis. Sonographic appearance and clinical presentation

In this retrospective study of 19 patients with hemorrhagic cholecystitis, 14 (74%) patients demonstrated one of the following unusual sonographic features: focal gallbladder wall irregularity; intraluminal membranes; coarse, nonshadowing, nonmobile intraluminal echoes. The clinical presentation of these cases (abdominal pain, 100%; leukocytosis, 74%; fever, 63%) is identical to the classic presentation of acute cholecystitis. Overt gastrointestinal bleeding did not occur.     

Ultrasonographic difficulties and pitfalls in diagnosing primary carcinoma of the gallbladder

In order to more specifically define gallbladder carcinoma with real-time ultrasonography, a retrospective study was performed involving 29 sonographically false-negative and 22 sonographically false-positive cases of gallbladder carcinoma. Among the false negative cases, 18 (62.1%) were diagnosed as gallbladder stone only, 6 cases (20.7%) were incorrectly diagnosed as either acute or chronic cholecystitis, 2 cases (6.9%) were diagnosed as bile sludge, 2 cases (6.9%) were diagnosed as polyps, and 1 case (3.4%) was diagnosed as liver tumor. In false-positive cases, 8 (31.8%) were erroneously diagnosed as liver tumor. In false-positive cases, 7 (31.8%) were erroneously diagnosed as a mass projecting from the gallbladder wall but were pathologically proven to be polyps (4 cases) or bile sludge (3 cases); 8 cases (36.4%) were incorrectly diagnosed due to irregular thickening of the gallbladder wall but histology revealed them to be acute (3 cases) or chronic (5 cases) cholecystitis. Seven cases (31.8%) had a solid mass in porta hepatis, indicating gallbladder carcinoma; of these, 2 cases were lumps of bile sludge and 5 cases were acute cholecystitis with empyema. The differentiation of gallbladder carcinoma from cholecystitis (acute or chronic), polyps, and bile sludge is sometimes very difficult. With an understanding of the sonographic pitfalls and difficulties in the diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma, a more specific diagnosis may be made.     

The significance of sonographic gallbladder wall thickening

The value of gallbladder thickening in predicting the presence of acute cholecystitis was assessed by reviewing gallbladder sonograms for 150 normal patients, 15 fasting normal patients, 24 patients with proven acute cholecystitis, 24 patients with ascites or an alcoholic history, and 50 patients with surgically proven chronic cholecystitis and gallstones. Thickened gallbladder walls were found in all patients with ascites, 45 percent of patients with acute cholecystitis, and approximately 10 percent of those with chronic cholecystitis. The finding of gallbladder wall thickening is suggestive evidence of acute cholecystitis, but it is not a pathognomonic finding.