新生儿颅脑低剂量CT扫描参数研究

目的探讨新生儿颅脑低剂量CT扫描的最佳参数,降低扫描辐射剂量。方法选取颅脑CT检查的新生儿150例,随机等分成5组。扫描参数:管电压120kV,层厚、层间距6mm,管电流分别使用250、200、150、100、50mAs行全颅脑CT扫描,统一于左基底节层面测量各组CT值及标准差(SD)。对5组剂量扫描的CT剂量加权指数(CTDIw)、全头颅扫描剂量长度乘积(DLP)、噪声及图像质量对比分析。结果(1)随着扫描剂量的降低,CTDIw(mGy)及DLP值明显下降,50mAs组仅为常规剂量组的20%;(2)50mAs组扫描图像质量等级以较好和一般为主,100mAs及以上各组以好、较好为主,mAs降低,图像质量也下降;(3)50mAs组图像噪声较大,但颅内正常结构及病变组织显示尚清,且可通过调整窗宽和窗位,使图像质量得到提高,基本不影响诊断。结论50mAs低剂量新生儿颅脑扫描的图像质量有所下降,但不影响诊断,且由于辐射剂量显著降低,有效地保护了新生儿。     

低剂量CT扫描在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病中的应用和防护价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）中的应用和防护价值.方法 前瞻性选取临床拟诊HIE 60例,随机等分成两组.扫描参数：管电压120 kV,层厚、层间距6 mm,管电流常规剂量组250 mAs、低剂量组50 mAs行全颅脑扫描.对比两种剂量扫描产生的加权CT剂量指数（CTDIw）、全头颅扫描剂量长度乘积（DLP）;图像噪声的比较采用模拟儿童头颅的水模扫描,计算并比较两种剂量下的CT值均数与标准差;盲式评判两组扫描剂量的图像质量.结果 ①低剂量扫描组的mAs、CTDIw和DLP仅为常规剂量组的20%;②低剂量组水模噪声较常规剂量组大,两者差异有统计学意义（t=34.533,P＜0.01）.③低剂量组图像质量以较好为主,较常规剂量组稍差,但未出现差级图像,不影响HIE诊断.结论 低剂量CT扫描在HIE诊断中的应用是完全可行的,既能明确诊断又能有效地保护新生儿,符合医用辐射防护最优化原则.     

新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的临床应用

目的：评价新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的临床价值。方法：选取头颅CT检查的新生儿80例,随机等分成2组,分别使用120kV、90mAs及120kV、260mAs各扫描40例。其余扫描参数为：准直1．5mm,层厚6mm,重建间隔6mm,床速11．7mm／r,扫描时间0．75s。分别比较2种扫描剂量产生的总mAs、CT权重剂量指数（CTDIw）及剂量长度乘积（DLP）,并作t检验。由3名医师采用盲法评价CT图像。按正常图像、图像有少许伪影、图像有严重伪影的等级对每帧图像进行质量评价,并进行统计学处理。结果：90mAs、260mAs组扫描的CTDIw分别为17．28mGy、49．85mGy,DPL分别为245mGy·cm、711mGy·cm。经t检验,90mAs组的CTDIw、DLP明显低于260mAs组（P〈0．01）。满足诊断需要的低剂量扫描图像所占比例（98．6％）与常规剂量扫描（99．9％）相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的辐射剂量为常规剂量扫描的35％,而且图像不影响诊断,低剂量扫描适用于新生儿头颅CT检查。     

早产儿颅脑CT低剂量扫描意义

目的探讨低剂量CT扫描在早产儿中的应用和防护意义。方法40例随机等分成2组分别行低剂量50mAs及常规剂量250mAsCT扫描,统一于左基底节区测量、记录CT值及标准差(SD),并比对两组剂量之噪声、图像质量及CT剂量加权指数(CTDIw)和全头颅扫描剂量长度乘积(DLP)。结果①低剂量组与常规剂量组CT值差异有显著性意义(t=8.503;P=0.000),低剂量扫描增加图像噪声;②两组剂量图像盲式阅片评价,低剂量组95%CT图像质量能满足影像诊断要求,与常规剂量组无差别;③低剂量组扫描剂量比常规剂量组减少80%,CTDIw和DLP为常规组的20.1%和20.0%。结论低剂量CT扫描能大幅度减少早产儿颅脑检查的辐射剂量,图像质量比常规剂量略有下降,但不影响诊断,具有显著的临床意义。     

小儿头部多层螺旋CT检查的放射剂量评价

目的　评价小儿头部低剂量与常规剂量多层螺旋CT检查的放射剂量 ,为小儿头部多层螺旋CT检查提供扫描剂量参数。资料与方法　 (1)按年龄把 12 0例 0～ 6岁小儿分成 2组 ,患儿 <6个月 ,12 0kVp、90mAs扫描 30例 ;6个月～ 6岁 ,12 0kVp ,15 0mAs扫描 30例 ;常规扫描剂量为 12 0kVp、2 6 0mAs,依照上述年龄段各扫描 30例。其余扫描参数为 :准直 1.5mm ,层厚 6mm ,重建间隔 6mm ,床速 11.7mm/r,扫描时间 0 .75s。分别比较 2种扫描剂量产生的有效mAs、CT权重剂量指数 (weightedCTdoseindex ,CTDIw)及剂量长度乘积 (dose lengthproduct,DLP) ,并作 χ2检验。 (2 )由 3名医师盲法评价CT图像。按正常图像、图像有少许伪影、图像有严重伪影的等级对每帧图像进行质量评判 ,并进行统计学处理。结果　 (1)小儿各年龄段低剂量 (90mAs、15 0mAs)扫描的CTDIw为 17.2 8mGy、2 8.8mGy ,分别是常规剂量 (2 6 0mAs)扫描的 34.6 %、5 7.8% ;前者的DLP分别为 2 37mGy·cm、4 2 3mGy·cm ,明显低于后者的 6 83mGy·cm、731mGy·cm(P <0 .0 1)。 (2 ) 98%以上小儿头部低剂量CT图像可满足临床影像诊断需要 ,与常规剂量小儿头部图像相比无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　小儿头部低剂量多层螺旋CT扫描的辐射剂量为常规剂量扫描的 35     

多层螺旋CT扫描降低仟伏值对婴幼儿胸部图像质量的影响

目的:比较婴幼儿胸部低仟伏值CT扫描与常规扫描的图像质量,探讨降低仟伏值低剂量扫描应用于婴幼儿胸部检查的可行性。方法:体模测试:用120和90kV条件扫描体模的空间分辨力插件,选择相同位置的4帧图像测量平均空间分辨力;再用相同的方法扫描体模的水层,测量每组4帧图像的平均CT值标准差,作2组的噪声水平比较。病例扫描:选择胸部检查的患儿80例,随机分成2组,每组40例。2组分别用常规剂量(120kV,80mAs)和低剂量(90kV,80mAs)扫描,层厚5mm。比较不同剂量的CT权重剂量指数(CTDIvol)及剂量长度乘积(DLP);测量、比较2组图像降主动脉处的噪声值;并由2位医师按优、合格、不合格的等级盲法评价2组图像质量。结果:90kV扫描的CTDIvol为2.3mGy,DLP为26.4mGy·cm,与常规剂量的比值为43.4%和43.1%。低剂量图像的噪声水平(H=0.66%)较常规组(H=0.44%)高,两者差异有统计学意义(t=11.86,P<0.001)。虽然低剂量组的优质图像所占比率有所降低,但不存在不合格图像,所有低剂量图像都符合临床诊断要求。结论:90kV可以作为多层螺旋CT婴幼儿日常胸部检查的扫描条件。     

肺部低剂量CT体检中的价值探讨

目的探讨体检中肺部低剂量CT应用价值,为临床检查辐射剂量选择提供参考。方法对228例患者采用随机抽样方法分为常规剂量组(114例)和低剂量组(114例),分别采用肺部常规剂量CT扫描(扫描参数:130kV,50mAs,层厚6mm)和肺部低剂量CT扫描(扫描参数:130kV,15mAs,层厚6mm),对两组患者图像质量和扫描辐射量进行比较。结果两组CT扫描图像质量无明显区别;低剂量组CTDIvol1.64m,DLP及辐射剂量均显著优于常规剂量组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肺部低剂量CT用于体检可在减少辐射剂量的同时保证图像质量,具有一定临床价值。     

低剂量CT扫描在颅脑病变复查中的应用价值

目的 探讨低剂量CT扫描在颅脑病变复查中的应用价值.方法 随机选取本院首次颅脑CT检查均有明确异常,2年内CT复查的246例颅脑疾病患者,对照组用200 mAs,低剂量组逐次降低mAs分别为160 mAs、120 mAs、100 mAs,其他条件固定,以优、良、尚好、不合格4个等级评价图像质量.结果 246低剂量扫描患者图像244例达到诊断要求,100 mAs有2例不合格图像系枕大粗隆过大所致后颅窝伪影,加大mAs伪影消失.对照组120 kVp、200 mAs的CTDIvol 25.5 mGy、DLP 446.6 mGy/cm,最低剂量组120 kVp、100 mAs组的CTDIvol 12.9 mGy、DLP 225.8 mGy/cm,其辐射剂量较对照组降低了50％.结论 明确颅脑疾病的患者CT复查时,采用100 mAs扫描,图像质量不影响诊断,辐射剂量明显降低,具有重要的防护意义.     

64层螺旋CT低剂量扫描检测肺小结节敏感性的实验研究

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT胸部低剂量扫描对大小、密度不同肺小结节的检测敏感性及最优扫描参数. 方法 制作3组不同密度(软组织密度、较低密度、磨玻璃密度)、直径13～2.5 mm的人工肺结节,置于组织等效胸部模型中,使用Philips Brilliance 64层CT机以常规剂量(管电压120 kV,管电流250 mAs)和低剂量(管电压120 kV,管电流50、30 mAs和21 mAs)分别扫描.测量、记录剂量指标(CTDIw和DLP)、模型各部位CT值、CT值标准差,评估各组结节的可见度. 结果 64层螺旋CT采用低剂量扫描(21～50 mAs)的辐射剂量为常规剂量(250 mAs)的8%～20%.不同扫描剂量条件下模型各部位CT值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而CT值标准差差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)且随电流降低而增加.各组结节中仅2.5 mm和4 mm磨玻璃密度(-600 HU左右)结节在管电流21 mAs扫描时出现不可见情况. 结论 64层螺旋CT实验条件下30 mAs低剂量扫描最小直径2.5 mm磨玻璃密度结节,是最优扫描参数.     

成人胸部多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描和防护价值

目的:探讨螺旋CT低剂量扫描在成人胸部应用的可行性和防护价值。方法:对35例近期(2周内)80mAs胸部常规剂量CT检查病例复查者,使用本机设置最低剂量(20mAs)扫描,盲式阅片评判两种扫描剂量图像对病变诊断、图片质量的差异,结果进行统计学分析。结果:当mAs从常规剂量80减低到20时,辐射剂量显著降低,CTDIvol从8.64mGy降低到2.16mGy,为原来剂量的25%。对照常规剂量组的诊断结果,低剂量组均能明确诊断,无一例漏诊或误诊。图像质量在常规剂量以优质片为主,低剂量以优和良为主,差别有显著性意义(P=0.00),说明降低扫描剂量后图像质量有所下降,但不影响疾病的诊断。结论:多层螺旋CT成人胸部低剂量扫描,对于胸部复查病例,既不影响胸部疾病的诊断,又能显著降低扫描剂量,具有显著的防护价值。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.