淋巴管阻断对大鼠睾丸生精上皮的影响

用外科手术的方法将正常成年ＳＤ大鼠双侧睾丸淋巴管阻断后，观察术后不同时间睾丸生精上皮的组织学变化。术后２天出现生精上皮的形态改变，生精细胞排列松散，部分精子细胞脱落，聚集在管腔部位。术后６天多数曲细精管的精子细胞全部脱落。假手术对照组，睾丸生精上皮具有正常的形态结构。     

镉对大鼠睾丸的损伤及锌保护作用的超微结构研究

本文报道镉所致大鼠睾丸的即刻和延迟影响以及锌对抗镉损伤的超微结构变化。将44只大鼠分为单纯镉注射组(2 mg/kg体重)、镉和锌联合注射组(锌80 mg/kg体重),以及用生理盐水注射的对照组。注射镉后10～30分钟,部分精子细胞、精原细胞、初级精母细胞和曲细精管周组织,已出现超微结构改变;其中早期精子细胞和初级精母细胞损伤出现最早。睾丸毛细血管在1小时后才查见损伤改变。间质细胞的改变则在2～4小时后见到。3～7天后,生精上皮、曲细精管周组织和睾丸间质已普遍坏死。提示镉的损伤作用,包括对曲细精管的直接损伤和对睾丸血管的直接损伤两个方面,且血管损伤出现较晚。锌对于镉损伤的保护作用显著。但是对于早期精子细胞的保护作用,较其他各级生精细胞差些。     

微波局部照射小鼠睾丸对精子染色体的影响

精细胞是男性遗传物质代代相传的唯一联系，了解微波辐射对生精细胞遗传物质的影响，将有益于微波的应用和防护。本实验应用２４５０ＭＨ：微波局部照射ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠睾丸，在睾九内温度达４１±０．５℃后维持１５分钟。对动物分别照射１或３次，于东次照射后二个月观察精子单倍染色体。结果显示，精子染色体的改变主要为非整倍体的增加，但和对照间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）．该结果说明，一定剂量的微波照射，对生殖细胞的遗传物质无显著的远后效应。     

微波局部照射小鼠睾丸对睾丸,附睾和精子凝集素受体含量和分…

本实验应用２４５０ＭＨｚ微波，局部照射ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠睾丸，在肛温达４１±０．５℃后维持１５分钟，分别照射１或３次，以凝集素（ＷＧＡ、ＳＢＡ、Ｃｏｎ－Ａ）作为分子探针，于动物受照后１周、２和５个月观察微波辐射对各级生精细胞、附睾及精子糖脂和糖蛋白含量及分布的影响。结果表明，生精细胞中ＷＧＡ，Ｃｏｎ－Ａ受体的含量均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），形态异常的精子中三种凝集素受体的含量均显著增加，且分布特性有     

微波局部照射小鼠睾丸对睾丸、附睾和精子凝集素受体含量和分布的影响

本实验应用２４５０ＭＨｚ微波，局部照射ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠睾丸，在肛温达４１±０．５℃后维持１５分钟，分别照射１或３次，以凝集素（ＷＧＡ、ＳＢＡ、Ｃｏｎ－Ａ）作为分子探针，于动物受照后１周、２和５个月观察微波辐射对各级生精细胞、附睾及精子糖脂和糖蛋白含量及分布的影响。结果表明，生精细胞中ＷＧＡ、Ｃｏｎ－Ａ受体的含量均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），形态异常的精子中三种凝集素受体的含量均显著增加，且分布特性有改变。受照睾丸内呈增生的血管内皮ＳＢＡ反应为阳性。本研究结果证明，微波确可引起生殖细胞的损伤。     

大鼠精子细胞变态期核蛋白转换的研究

用细胞分离、免疫组织化学及同位素标记方法研究了大鼠精子细胞变态期核蛋白转换（ＨＰＲＲ）所取得的结果。用速度沉降法及超声波得到高纯度的睾丸圆形、长形业郛细胞核及附睾精子核，提取其总碱性核蛋白（ＴＮＢＰ），电泳分析，发现睾丸圆形精子细胞核内为组蛋白；长形精了细胞核内主要为精核蛋白、少量过渡形蛋白（ＴＰｓ）及组蛋白；附睾精子核中主要为精核蛋白，免疫组织化学研究表明，吸人长形精子细胞核内检测到精核蛋白，而     

Nd:YAG激光照射大鼠阴囊睾丸对精子发生的影响

以连续输出的Nd:YAG激光(输出功率7～10W,波长1.06μ)对大鼠阴囊睾丸进行一次性照射,维持局部温度43±0.5℃,持续15分钟。用组织学和组织化学方法观察了照射后1至90天曲细精管生精上皮和间质细胞的变化,证明了Nd:YAG激光对精子发生的抑制作用及其可逆性,探讨了Nd:YAG激光迅速产生抗生精效应的机制,以及对间质细胞功能的暂时影响等问题;提出了适当的照射条件。     

延迟性心肌再灌注损伤的病理学研究

为探索缺血心肌于再灌注６小时后是否还有新的不可逆损伤发生。对清醒家兔心肌缺血３０分钟再灌注模型，以辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）示踪及ＴＴＣ染色技术和组织学定量方法观察心肌组织病理变化。再灌注６小时已坏死心肌呈ＨＲＰ（＋），再灌注２４小时存活心肌呈ＴＴＣ阳性。在上述二者之间，可见部分心肌ＨＲＰ和ＴＴＣ均呈阴性，表明其死亡发生于再灌注６～２４小时之间。心肌梗死范围在再灌注２４、４８和７２小时分别较６、２４和４８小时增加７．０％、５．１％和３．２％。兔心肌缺血３０分钟再灌注６小时后，仍有部分心肌出现新的不可逆损伤，至７２小时的累积损伤可造成梗死范围明显扩大。     

磁水对家兔睾丸生精功能的影响

用磁水饲养家兔，经3和6个月的观察，实验组动物 精液量、精子数、精子存活率，附睾尾中精子数以及每100mg附睾尾组织的精子烽，曲细精管直径及曲细精管生精细胞数都比对照组显著增加；精子畸形率比对照组明显减少，光镜及扫描电镜观察显示实验组精母细胞、精子细胞、精子数量都比对照组显著增加，表明饮用磁水能促进生精功能。     

猕猴输精管内注射高分子聚合物HFMC后对睾丸组织结构的影响

本实验选用具有生育力成年雄性猕猴７只，在直视下行双侧ＨＦＭＣ输精管内注射，每侧剂量分别为３０ｍｇ１只，６０ｍｇ和１００ｍｇ各３只；于注射后２．５年和３．５年分别处死动物，取睾丸组织进行光镜和电镜观察．结果发现：猕猴注射ＨＦＭＣ２．５年后，睾丸光镜大部分曲细精管生精上皮结构完整，排列整齐。仅见局部少数管腔生精上皮层数减少，上皮细胞轻度水样变性等病理改变。电镜下曲细精管内除支持细胞内脂褐素增多，轻度基底膜增厚和精母细胞内质网扩张外，各级生精细胞，支持细胞及细胞间连接复合体等超微结构未见明显异常。注射ＨＦＭＣ３．５年后猕猴的光镜、电镜结果与注射后２．５年结果相似，但局部改变较２．５年组轻。上述结果表明：猕猴输精管内注射一定剂量ＨＦＭＣ节育不会引起睾丸组织的严重病理改变。但是，由于注射ＨＦＭＣ后，ＨＦＭＣ释放Ｈ＋及其对输精管的暂时阻塞，改变了精子生存的内环境，使睾丸出现局部轻度病理改变，随着ＨＦＭＣ逐渐溶解排出，睾丸功能相继恢复正常，配对产仔。为ＨＦＭＣ应用提供了安全性依据。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.