静息态功能磁共振成像评价原发性闭角型青光眼患者脑部局部一致性

目的 采用静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)评价原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)患者脑部局部一致性(ReHo)的改变。方法 对40例PACG患者(PACG组)及40名健康志愿者(对照组)进行rs-fMRI,计算全脑ReHo值,并进行统计学分析。结果 与对照组比较,PACG组右侧梭状回、左侧枕中回、左侧枕下回、左侧颞中回、双侧中央前回、左侧中央后回、左侧顶上小叶、左侧中央旁小叶的ReHo值均减低(P均<0.05);双侧小脑后叶、右侧额上回的ReHo值均增加(P均<0.05)。右侧梭状回、左侧枕中回ReHo值与视网膜纤维层厚度均呈正相关(r=0.452、0.472,P均<0.05)。右侧额上回ReHo值与视力呈负相关(r=-0.443,P=0.004)。结论 PACG患者存在视觉、感觉运动、情绪认知处理多个脑区自发性脑活动异常,且多个脑区ReHo值的改变与PACG疾病严重程度相关。     

2型糖尿病患者脑局部一致性的静息态功能MRI

目的 应用静息态功能MR（rs-fMRI）的局部一致性（ReHo）技术探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的静息态脑部功能的变化特点。方法 对48例T2DM患者（T2DM组）及40名年龄、性别、受教育水平相匹配的健康对照组行常规MRI及rs-fMRI检查,计算全脑ReHo值并进行组内和组间比较,提取存在显著差异脑区的ReHo值并与临床数据做相关分析。结果 与对照组比较,T2DM组左右舌回/距状皮层、左右颞上回、左侧小脑半球的ReHo值降低;而右侧楔前叶、左侧额上回/额中回及岛叶ReHo值升高。左右舌回/距状皮层平均ReHo值与体质量指数（r=-0.420,P=0.003）、数字连接试验B（r=-0.504,P=0.001）呈负相关,与Rey-osterrich复杂图形测试（r=0.686,P=0.001）呈正相关。结论 T2DM患者静息态多个脑区ReHo值降低或升高,提示这些脑区神经功能紊乱,可能是患者认知功能障碍的影像学基础。     

强制戒断时间对海洛因成瘾者大脑局部一致性影响的静息态功能MRI

目的 探讨静息态下强制戒断时间对海洛因成瘾者大脑局部一致性（ReHo）的影响。方法 纳入20例强制戒断6个月（戒断6个月组）、16例戒断11个月（戒断11个月组）的海洛因成瘾者和30名（正常对照组）人口学数据相匹配的健康受试者,采集其静息态fMRI数据,计算并比较3组间ReHo值,利用Pearson相关分析法分析差异脑区ReHo值与戒断时间的关系。结果 3组间ReHo值有统计学差异的脑区为左侧海马旁回、尾状核、岛叶、扣带回、中央后回及右侧眶额回。戒断11个月组ReHo值低于戒断6个月组的脑区为左侧海马旁回、尾状核、岛叶、扣带回及中央后回,右侧眶额回ReHo值高于戒断6个月组及正常组。左侧海马旁回（r=0.53,P=0.000 8）、尾状核（r=0.54,P=0.000 6）、岛叶（r=0.62,P<0.000 1）、扣带回（r=0.47,P=0.003 5）及中央后回（r=0.35,P=0.034 8）的ReHo值分别与戒断时间呈负相关,右侧眶额回（r=0.66,P<0.000 1） ReHo值与戒断时间呈正相关。结论 海洛因成瘾者多数受损脑区（渴求、抑制性控制及学习记忆等）经长期戒断后功能趋于恢复正常,而动机/驱动脑区（眶额回）活动异常增高可能是戒断后复吸的原因之一。     

δ-catenin表达水平对乳腺癌患者静息态脑功能的影响

目的 观察δ-catenin表达水平对乳腺癌患者静息态脑功能的影响。方法 前瞻性纳入104例女性乳腺癌患者,根据δ-catenin表达水平将其分为高表达组(DH组,n=51)及低表达组(DL组,n=53);另以36名女性健康志愿者为对照组。行神经心理学测试;采集静息态功能MRI(rs-fMRI),记录组间脑功能参数存在差异脑区;以Spearman相关分析上述脑区脑功能参数 与受试者一般资料及神经心理学测试评分结果的相关性。结果 3组fALFF、ReHo及FCS值差异均有统计学意义 。DH组及DL组左侧颞下回fALFF值均高于对照组(FWE校正,P均＜0.05);DH组右侧颞下回及DL组右侧颞中回、右侧颞下回、右侧梭状回ReHo值均低于对照组(FWE校正,P均＜0.05);DH组左侧豆状核、左侧壳核、左侧梭状回、左侧距状裂周围皮层及左侧颞下回FCS值均高于DL组(FWE校正,P均＜0.05),DH组左侧豆状核、左侧壳核、左侧梭状回、左侧距状裂周围皮层FCS值均高于对照组(FWE校正,P均＜0.05),DL组左侧舌回、左侧豆状核及左侧壳核FCS值均高于对照组(FWE校正,P均＜0.05)。DH组与DL组存在差异脑区FCS值与CogPCA结果呈低度正相关(r=0.313,P＜0.05)。DH组与对照组存在差异脑区的fALFF值与连线测试A(TMT A)及连线测试B(TMT B)结果均呈低度正相关(r=0.301、0.310,P均＜0.05),ReHo值与TMT B结果呈低度负相关(r=－0.307,P＜0.05),FCS值与TMT A、TMT B呈弱/低度正相关(r=0.282、0.309,P均＜0.05)、与数字符号替代测试(DSST)呈低度负相关(r=－0.363,P＜0.05)。DL组与对照组存在差异脑区的fALFF值与简易精神状态检查(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)、中文听觉词汇学习测验(AVLT)短时记忆及DSST呈弱/低度负相关(r=－0.399、－0.362、－0.344、－0.288,P均＜0.05)。结论 δ-catenin表达水平对乳腺癌患者脑功能有一定影响,可致双侧大脑半球脑网络非对称性改变,并通过影响左侧颞下回、左侧豆状核、左侧壳核及左侧梭状回致记忆力下降。     

经典三叉神经痛患者脑局部自发活动的静息态功能MRI

目的 观察经典三叉神经痛（CTN）患者静息状态下脑局部自发活动的改变。方法 对27例CTN患者（CTN组）和27名健康对照者（对照组）行静息态脑功能MRI数据采集,采用局部一致性（ReHo）数据分析方法获得CTN组ReHo差异脑区,并对组间差异脑区ReHo值分别与患者视觉模拟评分（VAS）和病程行相关性分析。结果 与对照组比较（P<0.05,高斯随机场校正）,CTN患者双侧初级感觉运动皮层,右侧辅助运动区、颞下皮层和小脑,左侧丘脑、边缘叶/海马旁回和颞上/中皮层ReHo值增高;双侧前额皮层/眶额皮层和脑岛,右侧额内侧皮层和颞上皮层,左侧前扣带回、缘上回和小脑ReHo值减低。右额内侧皮层ReHo值与病程呈负相关（r=-0.45,P=0.03）;左侧初级感觉运动皮层ReHo值与VAS评分（r=0.46,P=0.02）呈正相关。结论 CTN患者存在疼痛相关功能脑区自发功能活动一致性的异常,有助于对CTN发生机制的理解。     

静息态功能MRI观察强迫症患者小脑效应连接改变

目的 静息态功能MRI(rs-fMRI)观察强迫症(OCD)患者小脑各亚区与全脑效应连接改变。方法 收集84例临床诊断OCD患者(OCD组)和78名健康志愿者[健康对照(HC)组],以格兰杰因果关系分析(GCA)评估OCD组小脑各亚区与全脑其他脑区间效应连接的改变,分析OCD患者组间差异有统计学意义脑区效应连接变化与耶鲁-布朗强迫症量表(Y-BOCS)评分的相关性。结果 OCD组小脑各亚区至全脑GCA与HC组差异有统计学意义脑区中,左侧小脑半球3区至右侧背外侧额上回、右侧小脑4-5联合区至右侧角回效应连接增强(P均＜0.05),左侧小脑脚1区至左侧小脑4-5联合区、右侧小脑半球3区至左侧小脑半球6区效应连接减弱(P均＜0.05)。OCD组全脑至小脑各亚区与HC组GCA差异有统计学意义脑区中,右侧缘上回至左侧小脑脚1区,左侧额中回、右侧眶部额上回、左侧前扣带回和旁扣带回至右侧小脑脚1区,右侧额中回至右侧小脑脚2区,左侧舌回至左侧小脑半球7b区,右侧眶部额上回至右侧小脑半球7b区、左侧小脑半球9区的效应连接均增强(P均＜0.05);左侧尾状核至右侧小脑脚1区、右侧尾状核至左侧小脑半球7b区效应连接均减弱(P均＜0.05)。OCD患者右侧小脑半球4-5联合区至右侧角回的效应连接(r=0.318,P=0.003)、右侧眶部额上回至右侧小脑半球7b区的效应连接(r=0.327,P=0.002)与Y-BOCS评分均呈正相关。结论 OCD患者与认知活动、执行功能和行为调控等相关小脑亚区与全脑之间的效应连接已发生改变。     

高胆红素血症肝硬化患者静息态功能MRI脑功能变化

目的 采用静息态功能MRI局部一致性（ReHo）的方法,探讨血氨正常高间接胆红素肝硬化患者脑功能的改变。方法 分别对53例血氨正常高间接胆红素肝硬化患者（肝硬化组）及60名健康志愿者（正常对照组）行静息态fMRI,采用ReHo方法分析,比较并获得2组ReHo值的差异性脑区。将2组差异性脑区的ReHo值与间接胆红素浓度进行相关分析。结果 与正常对照组相比较,肝硬化组ReHo值增高的脑区包括左背外侧额上回、左眶部额上回、左顶下缘角回、左中央前回、右尾状核、右豆状壳核、右岛叶、右嗅皮质（P均<0.001）,ReHo值降低的脑区包括左枕上回、左枕中回、左楔叶、左岛盖部额下回、右中央旁小叶、右楔前叶、右枕中回、双侧舌回及双侧小脑（P均<0.001）。肝硬化患者右岛叶和右豆状壳核的平均ReHo值与间接胆红素浓度呈正相关（r=0.32,P=0.021）。结论 血氨正常高间接胆红素肝硬化患者静息态脑功能存在增强和减弱,间接胆红素浓度与部分脑区功能相关,高间接胆红素对成人脑功能也有一定的影响。     

对比观察阳性及阴性亚型精神分裂症患者静息态下局部脑活动改变

目的 采用静息态fMRI观察阴性亚型与阳性亚型精神分裂症患者静息态下局部脑活动改变。方法 采集44例精神分裂症患者及20名健康志愿者（对照组）的静息态fMRI数据,根据阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分,将其分为阳性亚型（n=25）和阴性亚型（n=19）组,分析2种亚型患者与对照组间静息态下脑活动局部一致性（ReHo）的差异,获得有差异脑区。结果 与对照组比较,阳性亚型患者右侧额上回眶部及左侧颞中回ReHo值减低,左侧枕下回、右侧壳核和双侧舌回ReHo值增高;阴性亚型患者左侧中央后回、右侧额上回眶部ReHo值减低,左侧小脑-8区、颞下回及右侧壳核ReHo值增高。结论 阳性亚型及阴性亚型精神分裂症患者均存在广泛的静息态脑活动异常,但其功能差异脑区不尽相同,推测可能存在不同的神经病理学基础。     

静息态fMRI观察终末期肾病患者执行功能障碍相关自发脑活动异常

目的 采用静息态fMRI（rs-fMRI）及低频振荡振幅（ALFF）算法探讨终末期肾病（ESRD）患者执行功能障碍相关的自发脑活动异常。方法 收集35例ESRD患者（ESRD组）和32名性别、年龄匹配的健康志愿者（对照组）,对其行连线测试（TMT）评估及rs-fMRI;采集ESRD组患者实验室检查指标,包括血清肌酐、血红蛋白、尿素和胱抑素C。采用SPM8及REST l.8软件,获得2组平均ALFF图;提取2组间ALFF差异有统计学意义的脑区,以Pearson相关性分析评价差异脑区的平均ALFF值与TMT评分及实验室检查指标的相关性。结果 与对照组比较,ESRD组患者双侧额中回、双侧楔前叶、双侧额内侧回、双侧扣带回、双侧颞中回、左侧枕中回及右侧额上回平均ALFF值减低（P均<0.001,FDR校正）,无平均ALFF值增高脑区。ESRD组左侧额中回（r=-0.57,P<0.001）及中扣带回（r=-0.55,P<0.001）平均ALFF值与TMT评分呈负相关。ESRD组前扣带回（r=0.63,P<0.001）、左侧额中回（r=0.64,P<0.001）及左侧颞中回（r=0.51,P<0.001）平均ALFF值与血红蛋白水平呈正相关。差异脑区平均ALFF值与ESRD组血肌酐、尿素、胱抑素C水平均无明显相关（P均>0.05）。结论 ESRD患者左侧额中回及中扣带回自发脑功能异常与执行功能障碍密切相关,左侧额中回自发脑活动异常与贫血密切相关,有望成为评估ESRD患者执行功能障碍及治疗监测的影像学标记。     

功能磁共振评价海洛因依赖者脑局部一致性改变

目的 采用局部一致性方法(ReHo)评价海洛因成瘾者静息态下脑局部神经元自发活动的改变,及其与用药时间和剂量的关系。方法 选择未接受美沙酮治疗的海洛因依赖者(HD组)17例和健康对照者(NC组)15名,通过EPI序列扫描获取静息态数据,比较两组ReHo差异,分析其与海洛因使用时间和剂量的关系。结果 与NC组相比,HD组ReHo值增大的脑区为左侧颞上回,减低的脑区为左侧颞下回、左侧前扣带回、左侧尾状核、左侧背外侧前额叶。左侧颞下回ReHo值与使用海洛因总剂量呈负相关(r=-0.558,P=0.048)。结论 海洛因成瘾者存在ReHo异常,主要涉及成瘾过程中的认知控制、情感调节、听觉等相关脑区。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.