Prevalence and risk factors of organ failure in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND:

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of organ failure and its risk factors in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).

METHODS:

A retrospective analysis was made of 186 patients with SAP who were had been hospitalized in the intensive care unit of Jinzhong First People’s Hospital between March 2000 and October 2009. The patients met the diagnostic criteria of SAP set by the Surgical Society of the Chinese Medical Association in 2006. The variables collected included age, gender, etiology of SAP, the number of comorbidit, APACHEII score, contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) pancreatic necrosis, CT severity index (CTSI) , abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) , the number of organ failure, and the number of death. The prevalence and mortality of organ failure were calculated. The variables were analyzed by unconditional multivariate logistic regression to determine the independent risk factors for organ failure in SAP.

RESULTS:

Of 186 patients, 96 had organ failure. In the 96 patients, 47 died. There was a significant association among the prevalence of organ failure and age, the number of comorbidity, APACHEII score, CECT pancreatic necrosis, CTSI, and ACS. An increase in age, the number of comorbidity, APACHEII score, CECT pancreatic necrosis were correlated with increased number of organ failure. Age, the number of comorbidity, APACHEII score, CECT pancreatic necrosis, CTSI and ACS were assessed by unconditional multivariate logistic regression.

CONCLUSIONS:

Organ failure occurred in 51.6% of the 186 patients with SAP. The mortality of SAP with organ failure was 49.0%. Age, the number of comorbidity, APACHEII score, CECT pancreatic necrosis, CTSI and ACS are independent risk factors of organ failure.KEY WORDS: Severe acute pancreatitis, Organ failure, Prevalence, Risk factor, Age, Comorbidity, APACHE, Pancreatic necrosis, Abdominal compartment syndrome     

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous catheter drainage in early treatment of severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND:

Percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) is a minimally invasive intervation for severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). This study was undertaken to compare the results of surgery and ultrasound-guided PCD in the treatment of 32 patients with SAP, and to direct clinicians to the most optimal approach for SAP.

METHODS:

In the 32 patients, 19 were proved to have deteriorated clinical signs or symptoms, extensive fluid exudation, and necrosis confirmed by computed tomography (CT) and they underwent operative debridement and drainage. For extensive fluid exudation or necrosis, complete liquefaction and safe catheter implantation, the other 13 patients were given PCD.

RESULTS:

The mortality rate of the surgery group was 26.3%, much higher than that of the PCD group (0%). There was a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.044). The mean time for recovery of the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level was 43.8 days in the surgery group, which was significantly longer than that of the PCD group (23.8 days) (P=0.034).

CONCLUSION:

Early PCD guided by ultrasound could decrease the mortality of patients with severe acute pancreatitis, alleviate life-threatening inflammatory complications, and avoid unnecessary emergency operation.KEY WORDS: Percutaneous catheter drainage, Operation, Severe acute pancreatitis, Clinical efficacy     

重症急性胰腺炎并发多器官功能障碍及预后关系的临床研究

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎并发多器官功能障碍及预后关系的临床研究。方法回顾分析2008年1月-2010年12月收治的51例重症急性胰腺炎患者的临床资料。结果其中出现全身炎症反应综合征者46例(90.20%),多器官功能障碍36例(70.59%),重症急性胰腺炎并发多器官功能障碍者治愈好转20例,未合并者治愈好转13例。死亡18例。结论引起重症急性胰腺炎患者死亡的最主要因素是多器官功能障碍,早预防、早发现、综合治疗多器官功能障碍有助于降低重症急性胰腺炎患者死亡率。     

Anterior abdominal abscess - a rare manifestation of severe acute pancreatitis: A case report

BACKGROUNDSevere acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a common critical disease of the digestive system. In addition to the clinical manifestations and biochemical changes of acute pancreatitis, SAP is also accompanied by organ failure lasting more than 48 h. SAP is characterized by focal or extensive pancreatic necrosis, hemorrhage and obvious inflammation around the pancreas. The peripancreatic fat space, fascia, mesentery and adjacent organs are often involved. The common local complications include acute peripancreatic fluid collection, acute necrotic collection, pancreatic pseudocyst, walled off necrosis and infected pancreatic necrosis. After reviewing the literature, we found that in very few cases, SAP patients have complications with anterior abdominal wall abscesses.CASE SUMMARYWe report a 66-year-old Asian male with severe acute pancreatitis who presented with intermittent abdominal pain and an increasing abdominal mass. The abscess spread from the retroperitoneum to the anterior abdominal wall and the right groin. In the described case, drainage tubes were placed in the retroperitoneal and anterior abdominal wall by percutaneous puncture. After a series of symptomatic supportive therapies, the patient was discharged from the hospital with a retroperitoneal drainage tube after the toleration of oral feeding and the improvement of nutritional status.CONCLUSIONWe believe that patients with SAP complicated with anterior abdominal abscess can be treated conservatively to avoid unnecessary exploration or operation.     

重症急性胰腺炎患者器官功能衰竭的患病率及其危险因素分析

目的 调查重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者器官功能衰竭的患病率,分析其发病的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2000年3月至2009年10月于山西省晋中市第一人民医院ICU住院的186例SAP患者.SAP诊断依据2006年中华医学会外科学会制订的重症急性胰腺炎诊断标准.收集年龄、性别、病因、并存病、APACHE Ⅱ评分、CECT胰腺坏死程度、CT严重性指数(CTSI)、腹腔间隔窒综合征(ACS)、器官功能衰竭数目与死亡人数等资料.计算器官功能衰竭的患病率和病死率.采用非条件多因素Logistic回归分析方法确定器官功能衰竭的危险因素.结果 186例SAP患者中,96例患器官功能衰竭.96例SAP器官功能衰竭患者中,47例死亡.SAP患者器官功能衰竭患病率与年龄、并存病数目、APACHEⅡ评分、CECT胰腺坏死程度、CTSI和ACS显著相关.器官功能衰竭数目随着年龄、并存病数目、APACHEⅡ评分,CECT胰腺坏死程度增加显著增加.进入非条件多因素Logistic回归方程的因素有年龄、并存病数目、APACHEⅡ评分、CECT胰腺坏死程度、CTSI和ACS.结论 SAP患者器官功能衰竭的患病率为51.6%,与之相关的病死率为49.0%,年龄、并存病数目、APACHEⅡ评分、CECT胰腺坏死程度、CTSI和ACS是SAP患者器官功能衰竭的独立危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the prevalence of organ failure and its risk factors in patients with severe acute pancreatitis(SAP). Method A retrospective analysis was conducted in 186 patients, who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit of Jinzhong First People's Hospital with SAP between March 2000and October 2009. SAP patients met the diagnostic criteria of SAP set by Surgery Society of Chinese Medical Association in 2006. The variables included age, gender, etiology of SAP, the number of comorbidit, APACHE Ⅱ score, CECT pancreatic necrosis, CT Severity Index ( CTSI ), abdomen compartment syndrome (ACS) ,the number of organ failure and the number of death. The prevalence and mortality of organ failure were calculated. The above-mentioned variables were analyzed by unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the independent risk factors for organ failure in SAP. Results Of 186 patients, 96had organ failure. In 96 patients with organ failure, 47 died. There was a significant association between the prevalence of organ failure and age, the number of comorbidit, APACHE Ⅱ score, CECT pancreatic necrosis, CTSI, ACS. An increase in age, the number of comorbidit, APACHE Ⅱ score, CECT pancreatic necrosis correlated with an increase in the number of organ failure. Age, the number of comorbidit, APACHE Ⅱ score,CECT pancreatic necrosis, CTSI and ACS went into the unconditional multivariate logistic regression equation. Conclusions Organ failure occurred in 51.6% of 186 patients with SAP. The mortality of SAP with organ failure is 49.0%. Age, the number of comorbidit, APACHE Ⅱ score, CECT pancreatic necrosis,CTSI and ACS are independent risk factors of organ failure.     

重症胰腺炎并发腹腔高压的影像学研究进展

腹腔高压(intra-abdominal hypertension,IAH)是重症胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)的常见并发症之一,按照腹内压等级和伴/不伴器官功能不全可分为腹腔高压或腹腔间隔室综合征(abdominal compartment syndrome,ACS)。IAH/ACS时引起的病理生理改变可导致多器官功能障碍(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS),是影响SAP病情演进及患者预后的要素。影像学检查是诊断SAP不可或缺的方法,但对其合并IAH/ACS的研究有限。本研究就目前IAH/ACS的发病机制、影像学研究进展及展望进行综述,旨在更准确地评估患者病情及为临床医生制订个体化治疗方案提供更多信息。     

Risk factors and outcome of acute renal failure in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

Objective

Acute renal failure (ARF) is one of the most common causes of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Here, we aimed to investigate the risk factors of ARF in patients with SAP, assess the prognosis of patients with SAP and ARF, and seek potential measures to prevent ARF.

Method

A cross-sectional study was performed to analyze the data from patients with SAP. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed, including 15 indices such as age, history of renal disease, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, hypoxemia, abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), and others. Univariate analysis was also used to compare the prognosis between the groups of patients with SAP with and without ARF.

Results

There was a significant difference in age, history of renal disease, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, hypoxemia, and ACS between the groups with and without ARF. Patients with SAP and ARF had significantly longer average length of stay and intensive care unit length of stay and higher infection rate of the pancreas and mortality rate.

Conclusion

The significant risk factors for ARF in patients with SAP include history of renal disease, hypoxemia, and ACS. Measures that can prevent ARF include homeostasis maintenance, adequate perfusion of the kidneys, adequate oxygenation, and abdominal decompression to avoid ACS.     

Glucose absorption and gastric emptying in critical illness

Introduction

Gallstones are the most common cause of acute pancreatitis worldwide. Patients with severe acute biliary pancreatitis (SABP) constitute a subgroup of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) patients in whom systemic inflammation may be triggered and perpetuated by different mechanisms. The aim of this prospective investigation was to examine the adrenal response to corticotropin and the relationship between adrenal function and outcome in patients with SABP.

Methods

Thirty-two patients with SABP were enrolled in this study. A short corticotropin (250 μg) stimulation test (SST) was performed within the first 24 hours of admission to the ICU. Critical illness related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) was defined as follows: baseline value less than 10 μg/dL, or cortisol response less than 9 μg/dL.

Results

CIRCI occurred in 34.4% of patients. The patients with CIRCI were more severely ill as evidenced by higher APACHE II and SOFA scores and numbers of organ system dysfunction on the day of SST. The in-hospital mortality for the entire group was 21.9%. The CIRCI group had a higher hospital mortality rate compared to those with normal adrenal function (45.5% vs. 9.5%, P = 0.032). The hospital survivors had a higher cortisol response to corticotropin (17.4 (8.3–27.1) vs. 7.2 (1.7–12) μg/dL, P = 0.019). The cortisol response to corticotropin inversely correlated with SOFA score and the number of organ dysfunction on the day of SST. The rates of pancreatic necrosis and bacteremia were significantly higher in the CIRCI group (100% vs 42.9%, P = 0.002; 81.8% vs 23.8%, P = 0.003, respectively).

Conclusions

CIRCI is common in patients with SABP. It is associated with bacteremia, multiple organ dysfunction and increased mortality.     

急性重症胰腺炎患者血清二胺氧化酶的变化及与患者CTSI评分、胃肠道功能变化的关系

目的探讨血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)水平在急性重症胰腺炎(SAP)患者中的变化及其与患者CT严重程度指数(CTSI)评分、胃肠道功能障碍的关系。方法将60例SAP患者纳入SAP组,另将40例健康体检者纳入对照组,对比SAP组和对照组血清DAO、D乳酸、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、肠三叶因子(ITF)、乳脂球表皮生长因子8(MFG-E8)水平并分析其临床意义。结果SAP组患者起病72h内血清DAO、D乳酸和TNF-α分别为(3.09±1.33)U/mL、(928.50±69.37)ng/mL和(269.41±31.85)pg/mL,明显高于对照组的(1.20±0.58)U/mL、(311.64±38.25)ng/mL和(38.24±3.03)pg/mL,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。SAP组患者的ITF、MFG-E8分别为(3.60±0.35)ng/mL、(81.49±27.32)pg/mL,明显低于对照组(4.39±0.26)ng/mL、(234.17±49.08)pg/mL,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。SAP组的血清DAO与D乳酸、TNF-α水平CTSI、APACHEⅡ、胃肠道功能障碍评分均呈显著的正相关(P0.05);SAP组血清DAO与血清ITF、MFG-E8水平呈显著的负相关(P0.05)。结论血清DAO水平在急性重症胰腺炎患者中明显升高,并且与患者病情严重程度、胃肠道功能障碍关系密切。     

Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency in patients with severe acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective cohort study

Introduction

Gallstones are the most common cause of acute pancreatitis worldwide. Patients with severe acute biliary pancreatitis (SABP) constitute a subgroup of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) patients in whom systemic inflammation may be triggered and perpetuated by different mechanisms. The aim of this prospective investigation was to examine the adrenal response to corticotropin and the relationship between adrenal function and outcome in patients with SABP.

Methods

Thirty-two patients with SABP were enrolled in this study. A short corticotropin (250 μg) stimulation test (SST) was performed within the first 24 hours of admission to the ICU. Critical illness related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) was defined as follows: baseline value less than 10 μg/dL, or cortisol response less than 9 μg/dL.

Results

CIRCI occurred in 34.4% of patients. The patients with CIRCI were more severely ill as evidenced by higher APACHE II and SOFA scores and numbers of organ system dysfunction on the day of SST. The in-hospital mortality for the entire group was 21.9%. The CIRCI group had a higher hospital mortality rate compared to those with normal adrenal function (45.5% vs. 9.5%, P = 0.032). The hospital survivors had a higher cortisol response to corticotropin (17.4 (8.3–27.1) vs. 7.2 (1.7–12) μg/dL, P = 0.019). The cortisol response to corticotropin inversely correlated with SOFA score and the number of organ dysfunction on the day of SST. The rates of pancreatic necrosis and bacteremia were significantly higher in the CIRCI group (100% vs 42.9%, P = 0.002; 81.8% vs 23.8%, P = 0.003, respectively).

Conclusions

CIRCI is common in patients with SABP. It is associated with bacteremia, multiple organ dysfunction and increased mortality.     

重症急性胰腺炎治疗中肠内营养的应用进展

重症急性胰腺炎SAP其特点是蛋白质分解、糖原异生和脂肪动员增强,患者呈现高效代谢分解的情况,能量消耗大,导致全身内环境紊乱,造成多个器官功能障碍,死亡率和并发症递增,所以临床上选择合适的营养支持,肠内营养对缓解病情、改善预后有着重要的意义[1]。对患者实施肠内营养治疗不仅改善SAP患者的营养状况,还可调节肠内菌群失衡,减少并发症,有助缓解病情,促进机体早日康复。     

高脂血症性重症急性胰腺炎临床特征分析

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)伴有高TG患者的临床特点.方法 收集发病后72 h内入院的SAP患者82例,按入院时血清TG水平分为高TG组(≥1.7 mmol/L)26例,正常TG组(<1.7mmol/L)56例.结果 高TG者占同期SAP患者的31.71%(26/82).高TG组患者入院时的APACHE-Ⅱ评分高于正常TG组(14.62±7.58比10.68±5.21,P<0.01).高TG组在发病72 h内的心、肺和肾脏功能不全的发生率高于正常TG组(34.62%、34.62%、19.23%比5.36%、3.57%、1.79%,P均<0.01),假性囊肿的发生率亦增高(42.31%比7.14%,P<0.01).高TG组无急症或早期手术治疗病例,正常TG组为13例(23.21%);高TG组和正常TG组分别有2例和4例中转手术.结论 高TG的SAP患者早期脏器功能不全发生率和局部并发症高,治疗应以非手术为主.     

Clinical features and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia‐induced acute pancreatitis during pregnancy: A retrospective study

Aim : To analyze the features and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia‐induced acute pancreatitis (HTGP) during pregnancy. Methods : A retrospective study of 21 pregnant women diagnosed with acute pancreatitis (AP) was performed. Patients were divided into acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP), HTGP, and idiopathic groups according to etiology. Results : 95% of the patients were in the third trimester of gestation. The percentage of patients with HTGP was higher than that of ABP (48% vs.14%). The percentage of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in the HTGP group was higher than that in the ABP group (40.0% vs.0%). The Ranson scores for moderately severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP) and SAP in the HTGP group were significantly different (2.50 ± 0.58 vs.3.60 ± 0.89, P < 0.05, respectively). The mean serum triglyceride (TG) levels in the MSAP and SAP HTGP groups were not significantly different (18.81 ± 11.13 vs. 30.53 ± 24.20 mmol/L, P > 0.05, respectively). In the HTGP group, there were five patients given plasma exchange therapy and five not. Plasmapheresis decreased the incidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) from 100% to 28.6% and the TG level from 20.36 ± 7.41 mmol/L to 5.23 ± 3.62 mmol/L (P < 0.05). The length of hospitalization of the plasmapheresis group was shorter than that of the nonplasmapheresis group (17.3 ± 6.7 days vs. 37.0 ± 20.8 days). Conclusions : Plasma exchange may be safe and effectively administered for HTGP patients during pregnancy with SIRS or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). J. Clin. Apheresis 31:571–578, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

59例重症胰腺炎并发多器官功能障碍综合征病人的早期综合治疗及护理

[目的]总结重症胰腺炎（SAP）并发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）病人的早期综合治疗及护理。[方法]对59例SAP并发MODS病人,给予早期综合治疗,严密观察病情变化,同时加强药物治疗、机械通气、连续性血液净化（CRRT）、营养支持的护理以及心理护理等。[结果]病情改善转普通病房继续治疗38例,病情恶化及其他原因放弃治疗6例,死亡15例。[结论]加强SAP并发MODS病人的早期综合治疗及护理,有利于预后。     

连续性血液滤过对重症急性胰腺炎诱发组织器官损害的保护作用

目的　探讨连续性静静脉血液滤过 (CVVH)对重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)诱发组织器官损害的保护作用。方法　 37例 SAP患者随机分为 CVVH治疗组 (2 2例 )和对照组 (15例 )。对照组采用常规综合治疗方法 ,CVVH治疗组在常规综合治疗的同时进行 CVVH治疗。两组均同时监测血内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNFα)、白介素 1β(IL 1β)、C 反应蛋白 (CRP)及淀粉酶 (AMS)、脂肪酶 (L ip)水平 ,并进行血、尿液和滤出液的常规检查 ,同时观察肺、肝、肾、心和脑等脏器功能。结果　 CVVH治疗组对脏器组织的保护作用优于对照组 ,可改善体内炎症状态 ,病死率 (18.2 % )较对照组 (33.3% )低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,平均住院时间为 (18.3±5 .7) d,亦短于对照组 (2 7.5± 8.6 ) d。结论　 CVVH对 SAP诱发的组织器官的损害具有保护作用。     

APCAP - activated protein C in acute pancreatitis: a double-blind randomized human pilot trial

Introduction  

Previous human studies have shown low activity of protein C (APC) in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). This, together with the findings in animal models, suggests that activated protein C (APC) may protect against pancreatic injury and ameliorate the disease. We, therefore, evaluated its effect on multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) measured by the SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) and on organ-failure-free days, and the safety of APC in SAP.     

中药氧化苦参碱治疗实验性重症急性胰腺炎

目的观察中药提取物氧化苦参碱(Oxy)对实验性重症急性胰腺炎的治疗作用。方法以5%的牛磺胆酸钠逆行胆胰管注射制备大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)模型,56只SD大鼠随机分为假手术(SO)组,SAP3、6、12小时组,Oxy治疗3、6、12小时组,检测各组血清淀粉酶、谷丙转氨酶、肌酐值,观察胰腺组织病理学改变。结果与SAP各组比较,Oxy各组血清淀粉酶、谷丙转氨酶和肌酐值降低(P<0.05或<0.01),胰腺组织病理学损害改善(P<0.01)。结论Oxy对实验性SAP具有一定的抗炎、免疫调节等治疗作用。     

重症急性胰腺炎的早期个体化综合治疗--附110例分析

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）早期病情加重的危险因素，以微创介入技术及脏器功能支持技术为保障，个体化综合治疗早期SAP，降低SAP的病死率。方法回顾性分析安徽省立医院1995—1999年收治的53例SAP患者（第1组）和2000-2005年收治的57例SAP患者（第2组）临床资料，对患者Ranson评分、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）、Balthazar CT分级以及是否伴有胆道梗阻、休克、高脂血症、腹腔间隙综合征、低氧血症、肺部感染、胸腔积液等因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析，分析不同治疗方法对并发症发生率和病死率的影响。结果两组中分别有13例和14例SAP患者早期并发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS），MODS组和无MODS组比较，Ranson评分、APACHEⅡ评分和Balthazar CT分级差异均有显著性（P均〈0．05）。与第1组比较，第2组患者由于采用了综合性救治技术如床旁血液净化、人工肝支持治疗等，其病死率下降，差异有显著性（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论SAP患者早期并发MODS的发生率及病死率与临床处理方式有关。对SAP患者进行个体化综合治疗有助于减少并发症及病死率。