十二导联心电图对左主干病变导致急性冠状动脉综合征的诊断价值

目的探讨十二导联心电图对左主干病变导致急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）的诊断价值。方法37例ACS患者根据冠状动脉造影结果分为A组（左主干病变导致ACS组）17例和B组（左前降支近段病变导致ACS组）20例,2组患者胸痛发作时均行十二导联心电图检查,分析冠状动脉病变血管与相应心电图变化的关系。结果A组在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V2、V3、V4、V5、V6导联上相应ST段压低的发生率高于B组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。A组ST段在aVR、V1导联抬高并aVF、V2、V4导联压低发生率高于B组（P〈0．05）。结论十二导联心电图上aVR、V1导联ST段抬高并aVF、V2、V4导联压低对ACS患者左主干病变有较好的阳性预测价值。     

80例急性冠脉综合征患者心电图和责任动脉的关系分析

急性左主干闭塞或高度狭窄可引起急性冠脉综合征(ACS)或猝死,早期发现并进行血管再通治疗可降低患者的病死率.在不同导联心电图上如能早期发现相应ST段压低将有助于改变疾病的预后,但心电图往往很难区别是左主干还是左前降支病变.本研究中通过比较ST段压低在急性左主干病变与左前降支病变之间的关系,以期为临床提供一种基本的初步判定方法.     

急性下壁心肌梗死患者的临床特点分析

目的 分析研究急性下壁心肌梗死患者的临床特点. 方法 将急性下壁心肌梗死患者100例根据冠状动脉造影结果分为两组:76例为右冠状动脉(RCA)闭塞(A组),24例为左回旋支冠状动脉(LCX)闭塞(B组). 结果 心电图ST段抬高STⅢ>STⅡ及ST段压低STAVL>ST I A组显著高于B组(均P<0.05);ST段抬高STⅢ0.1 mV A组显著高于B组(P<0.05);胸前导联V1～6ST段压低患者中,合并左前降支冠状动脉(LAD)病变的患者显著高于胸前导联V1～6ST段无压低者(P<0.05);左心室射血分数(LVEF)A组[(51±14)%]显著低于B组[(57±10)%](P<0.05);合并右心室心肌梗死A组显著高于B组(P<0.05);急性下壁心肌梗死患者总的住院病死率6%,均为A组,但心源性休克、心力衰竭、Ⅱ、Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,室性心动过速/心室颤动及住院病死率,两组差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);死亡者中心源性休克占83.3%. 结论 心电图Ⅲ、Ⅱ、I、AVL、及V4R导联ST段变化能预测急性下壁心肌梗死相关血管,急性下壁心肌梗死患者伴胸前导联ST段压低提示LAD病变,RCA闭塞所致下壁心肌梗死LVEF低于LCX闭塞者,心源性休克为死亡主要原因.     

不同的梗死相关血管急性下壁心肌梗死特点

目的分析不同梗死相关血管的急性下壁心肌梗死患者的临床特点。方法根据冠状动脉造影结果将急性下壁心肌梗死患者分2组,A组76例为右冠状动脉(RCA)闭塞,B组24例为左回旋支冠状动脉(LCX)闭塞,并进行比较分析。结果心电图ST段抬高STⅢ>STⅡA组显著高于B组(P<0.05);ST段抬高STⅢ0.1mVA组显著高于B组(P<0.05);合并左前降支冠状动脉(LAD)病变的患者数在胸前导联ST段压低的患者中显著多于无胸前导联ST段压低患者(P<0.05);左室射血分数(LVEF)A组显著低于B组[(51±14)%vs(57±10)%,P<0.05];合并右室心肌梗死A组显著高于B组(P<0.05);心源性休克,心力衰竭,Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,室性心动过速/心室颤动,住院死亡率等两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论心电图Ⅲ、Ⅱ及V4R导联ST段变化能预测急性下壁心肌梗死患者梗死相关血管,急性下壁心肌梗死患者伴胸前导联ST段压低提示LAD病变,RCA闭塞所致下壁心肌梗死LVEF低于LCX闭塞者,但临床并发症两组间差异无统计学意义。     

急性前壁心肌梗死伴Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段下移的原因分析

目的：研究急性前壁心肌梗死伴Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段下移的原因。方法：对40例急性前壁心肌梗死患者的早期心电图与冠状动脉造影结果进行对照分析。结果：急性前壁心肌梗死伴Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段下移的17例中，累及右冠状动脉和／或左回旋支者为76．2％，多支冠脉病变者为52．9％，与不伴Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段下移在统计上有显著性差异。结论：急性前壁心肌梗死伴Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段下移，可能与多支冠状病变导致下壁心肌缺血损伤有关。     

心电图ST aVR抬高对ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者病变血管的预测价值研究

目的:探讨aVR导联ST段抬高对ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者病变血管的预测价值。方法:选取2013-01-2015-01我院治疗的160例心肌梗死患者为研究对象,对所有患者行心电图、急诊冠状动脉造影、超声心动图检查与心肌酶检测。分析aVR导联ST段抬高对STEMI患者左主干病变与左前降支完全、次全闭塞等病变血管的诊断价值。结果:160例急性心肌梗死患者心电图检查结果显示ST段抬高32例,ST段无抬高128例;心电图ST aVR对左主干病变诊断的敏感性为71.43%,特异性为84.93%,阴性预测值为96.88%,阳性预测值为31.25%;心电图ST aVR对左前降支完全、次全闭塞诊断的敏感性为61.76%,特异性为91.27%,阴性预测值为89.84%,阳性预测值为65.63%;心电图ST aVR抬高联合STaVR-STV10对左主干病变诊断的敏感性为75.00%,特异性为85.62%,阴性预测值为97.66%,阳性预测值为28.13%。结论:STEMI患者心电图ST aVR抬高应该首先考虑为左前降支近端急性病变或者左主干病变,如果STaVR-STV10则判定为左主干病变的可能性增加。     

急性下壁心肌梗死中心电图与梗死相关动脉间的关系

目的 探讨急性下壁心肌梗死（AMI）时体表心电图对梗死相关动脉（IRA）的判断价值.方法 选择经冠状动脉造影确诊的急性下壁AMI患者98例,观察其心电图表现与冠状动脉造影的关系.结果 98例下壁AMI患者中,右冠状动脉（RCA）病变68例,左回旋支（LCX）病变30例.以RCA病变为主时,心电图表现为Ⅲ导联ST段抬高幅度〉Ⅱ导联ST段抬高幅度、aVL 导联ST段压低和aVR导联ST段抬高;以LCX病变为主时,心电图表现为Ⅲ导联ST段抬高幅度〈Ⅱ导联ST段抬高幅度、aVL 导联ST段抬高和aVR导联ST段压低.结论 临床医师可通过心电图上的ST段移位对急性下壁AMI的患者的IRA作出初步判断.     

冠脉造影分析急性下壁心肌梗死前侧壁导联ST段压低

目的　应用冠状动脉造影 ,分析急性下壁心肌梗死患者心电图前壁或侧壁导联上ST段压低的临床义意。方法　 31例患者发病后第 1天标准 12导联心电图记录 ,前壁导联范围为V1 ～V4 ,侧壁导联范围为I、AVL、V5、V6 。患者均进行冠脉造影 ,2 5例 (80 % )自发病后 1个月内接受检查 ,6例于发病后2个月内接受冠脉造影 ,冠脉狭窄≥ 5 0 %被视为异常。结果　冠脉双支或双支以上病变者 ,特别是左旋支存在病变者 ,易发生侧壁导联ST段压低 ,P <0 0 5。前壁导联ST段低压者中 ,也以双支或双支以上病变为多。结论急性下壁心肌梗死时 ,出现前侧壁导联的ST段压低 ,为心肌缺血扩展的标志     

急性下壁心肌梗死心前导联ST段压低的临床意义

目的　评价急性下壁心肌梗死伴心前导联 ST段压低的临床意义。方法　 36例急性下壁心肌梗死患者早期心电图与入院后 2～ 3周冠脉造影对照 ,观察急性下壁心肌梗死伴心前导联 ST段压低与右冠脉病变、多支血管病变关系。结果　急性下壁心肌梗死病变血管多涉及右冠状动脉 ,伴心前导联 ST段压低者有 1 4例 ( 70 % ) ,心前导联 ST段正常者有 1 2例 ( 75% )。且伴心前导联 ST段压低者较心前导联 ST段正常者病变血管大部分为多支病变 ( 6 5% V2 5% )。结论　急性下壁心肌梗死合并心前导联 ST段压低 ,表示多支冠脉病变或梗死面积大 ,应给予积极治疗 ,以改善患者病程和预后。     

aVR导联ST段抬高预测前壁心肌梗死预后分析

目的探讨心电图aVR导联ST段抬高对急性前壁心肌梗死患者预后的价值。方法选取急性前壁心肌梗死患者65例，对其心电图和冠状动脉结果及临床资料进行对比分析。根据心电图aVR导联ST段变化分为抬高组（ST段抬高〉0．05mV）、无抬高组。结果aVR导联ST段抬高组左主干及左前降支的病变显著多于无ST段抬高组；发生多支病变和心脏不良事件多于无ST段抬高组，两组有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论aVR导联ST段抬高对预测急性前壁心肌梗死有重要价值，临床上应高度重视。     

A case of myocardial infarction due to acute left main coronary artery occlusion presenting with peculiar electrocardiographic changes

Myocardial infarction (MI) due to acute obstruction of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion is a medical emergency, requiring early and prompt diagnosis and revascularization, and unless it is treated, it will frequently result in cardiogenic shock, which has a high fatality rate. Our case focused on a patient, who was transferred to our hospital relatively late due to peculiar ECG. He had acute MI, and was in cardiogenic shock. ECG is the easiest diagnostic method in the early diagnosis of the acute coronary syndromes and in deciding on the early invasive intervention in the high risk group. Before he was sent to us, the patient had an ECG showing right bundle branch block (RBBB) and a AVR ST segment elevation. At the time of the urgent coronary angiography, it was noticed that the LMCA was totally occluded. This case has been presented in order to emphasize that peculiar changes might bring about devastating consequences as in our rare case, showing acute left main coronary artery occlusion, and ST segment elevation only in the AVR on the 12-lead ECG along with upward deflection of ST segment vector might be critical for accurate diagnosis.     

Posterior myocardial infarction with isolated ST elevations in V8 and V9: Is this an "ST elevation MI"?

We report a case of a 53-year-old man whose first manifestation of coronary artery disease was an acute isolated posterior myocardial infarction (IPMI). Acute IPMI is relatively uncommon and predominantly due to occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery. IPMI is challenging to diagnose due to the absence of ST segment elevation on a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) even in the setting of total coronary artery occlusion and transmural (Q-wave) infarct. We discuss the diagnostic implications of the absence of tall R waves in leads V1 and V2 on this patient's ECG. The utility of posterior leads (V7 through V9) is demonstrated. The controversy surrounding the use of thrombolytic therapy or primary angioplasty in the setting of acute IPMI without ST segment elevation on a standard 12-lead ECG is reviewed.     

Right ventricular infarction: specific requirements of management.

The principal cause of right ventricular infarction is atherosclerotic proximal occlusion of the right coronary artery. Proximal occlusion of this artery leads to electrocardiographically identifiable right-heart ischemia and an increased risk of death in the presence of acute inferior infarction. Clinical recognition begins with the ventricular electrocardiographic manifestations: inferior left ventricular ischemia (ST segment elevation in leads II, III and aVF), with or without accompanying abnormal Q waves and right ventricular ischemia (ST segment elevation in right chest leads V3R through V6R and ST segment depression in anterior leads V2 through V4). Associated findings may include atrial infarction (PR segment displacement, elevation or depression in leads II, III and aVF), symptomatic sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular node block and atrial fibrillation. Hemodynamic effects of right ventricular dysfunction may include failure of the right ventricle to pump sufficient blood through the pulmonary circuit to the left ventricle, with consequent systemic hypotension. Management is directed toward recognition of right ventricular infarction, reperfusion, volume loading, rate and rhythm control, and inotropic support.     

不稳定型心绞痛的心电图改变及冠状动脉造影的比较研究

目的分析不稳定型心绞痛的心电图改变及冠状动脉造影的比较研究。方法选取本院2016年6月-2018年11月64例不稳定型心绞痛患者,并分为两组,对照组32例在心绞痛发作时进行12导联心电图检查,研究组32例在入院1星期内进行冠状动脉造影,对比两种检查结果。结果前壁缺血17例,心电图显示T波倒置5例,ST段升高4例,ST段下移8例;冠脉造影检查结果显示,LMCA罪犯血管0例,LAD罪犯血管9例,LCX罪犯血管8例,RCA罪犯血管0例,病变率LAD>LCX>LMCA、RCA,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);下壁缺血15例,心电图显示ST段升高7例,ST段下移8例;冠脉造影检查结果显示,LMCA罪犯血管0例,LAD罪犯血管3例,LCX罪犯血管5例,RCA罪犯血管7例,病变率RCA>LAD>LCX>LMCA,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不稳定型心绞痛患者采用心电图可正确评估病情,能在必要情况下进行冠状动脉造影能够进一步提高准确率,避免或减少遗漏或误诊现象,值得临床推广使用。     

Discriminating between right coronary artery and circumflex artery occlusion by using a noninvasive 18-lead electrocardiogram.

BACKGROUND: Differentiating occlusion of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery (also called the circumflex artery) from occlusion of the right coronary artery is often difficult because either may be associated with a pattern of acute inferior myocardial infarction on the electrocardiogram. OBJECTIVES: To determine if an inexpensive 18-lead electrocardiogram can provide useful information in differentiating sites of coronary occlusion. METHODS: Continuous 18-lead electrocardiograms, including standard 12-lead, right ventricular, and posterior leads, were recorded in 38 and 50 subjects undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions in the right coronary artery and the circumflex artery, respectively. RESULTS: ST-segment elevation in the posterior leads was twice as frequent during occlusion of the circumflex artery as during right coronary occlusion (P < .001). ST-segment elevation in the right ventricular leads and inferior leads occurred more often during occlusion of the right coronary artery than during occlusion of the circumflex artery. ST-segment depression in lead aVL is highly suggestive of right coronary occlusion, whereas ST-segment elevation in posterior leads without depression of the ST segment in lead aVL is highly sensitive and specific for occlusion of the circumflex artery. CONCLUSIONS: ST-segment changes in the 18-lead electrocardiogram can be used to differentiate between occlusions of the circumflex artery and occlusions of the right coronary artery. Knowing which vessel is occluded before percutaneous coronary intervention can help in planning the procedure and recognizing when patients are at high risk for disturbances in conduction at the atrioventricular node.     

Coronary artery occlusion after arterial switch operation in an asymptomatic 15-year-old boy

A 15-year-old boy with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and neonatal arterial switch operation (ASO) presented with complete occlusion of the left main coronary artery (LMCA). Intra-operatively, an intramural left coronary artery was identified. Therefore, since age 7 years he had a series of screening exercise stress tests. At 13 years old, he had 3 to 4 mm ST segment depression in the infero-lateral leads without symptoms. This progressed to 4.2 mm inferior ST segment depression at 15 years old with normal stress echocardiogram. Sestamibi myocardial perfusion scan and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was inconclusive. Therefore, a coronary angiogram was obtained which showed complete occlusion of the LMCA with ample collateralization from the right coronary artery system. This was later confirmed on a computed tomogram (CT) angiogram, obtained in preparation of coronary artery bypass grafting. The case illustrates the difficulty of detecting coronary artery stenosis and occlusion in young patients with rich collateralization. Coronary CT angiogram and conventional angiography were the best imaging modalities to detect coronary anomalies in this adolescent with surgically corrected TGA. Screening CT angiography may be warranted for TGA patients, particularly for those with known coronary anomalies.     

Difficulties in diagnosis of infarction of the right ventricular myocardium

About half of the patients with symptoms of inferior acute myocardial infarction (MI) of the left ventricle (LV) are found to have proximal occlusion of the dominant right coronary artery presented on ECG by ischemia or infarction of the right ventricular wall. Hypotension, high pressure in the jugular veins and, in some cases, shock with clear lung fields--typical clinical picture of right ventricular MI. The diagnosis begins with ECG picture of LV lower wall ischemia (rise of ST wave in leads II, III and aVF) with possible emergence of a pathological wave Q and right ventricular ischemia (rise of ST wave in leads V3R-V6R and its depression in leads V2-V4). Echo-CG and balanced radioventriculography were used for verification of the diagnosis, precise localization of the myocardial lesion. Therapy of patients with right ventricular MI consists in maintenance of adequite preload of the right ventricle, inotropic support and control over atrioventricular conduction.     

Primary Angioplasty in Patient with St-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Setting of Intentional Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Background

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) due to coronary artery occlusion in the setting of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a very rare presentation.

Objective

Our aim was to report on the use of primary angioplasty in a patient with STEMI in the setting of CO poisoning.

Case Report

A 36-year-old man with retrosternal chest pain was admitted after exposure to CO. The initial electrocardiogram (ECG) showed ST depression in I, aVL, and V3−V4 with slight ST elevation in II, III, aVF leads. Toxic carboxyhemoglobin level of 22% and troponin I of 2.19 μg/L were confirmed. After oxygen therapy the chest pain diminished, but after about 15 h it returned. The repeat ECG revealed normalization of previous ST depression with persistent ST elevation in II, III, aVF leads. The troponin I concentration was 5.94 μg/L. An echocardiogram demonstrated an apex hypokinesia involving the adjacent segments of the anterior and lateral wall. On the coronary angiogram, an acute occlusion of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery was confirmed. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the infarct-related artery was performed. After PCI, the patient was symptom free and had partial ST-segment elevation resolution. The patient was discharged home after 7 days, with persistent ST-T changes and mild hypokinesia of the apex suggesting myocardial injury.

Conclusions

Patients with toxic CO exposure who have symptoms of STEMI should be carefully evaluated with serial ECG, cardiac necrosis marker measurements, and an echocardiogram. When there is evidence of myocardial injury, a wider use of coronary angiography can identify patients who could benefit from PCI.