前哨淋巴结识别在早期宫颈癌临床应用的研究进展

宫颈癌在女性生殖器官肿瘤中发病率最高,淋巴结转移是其细胞转移的最早特征,宫颈癌患者局部淋巴结状况直接影响患者的预后并决定着辅助治疗方案的制定。前哨淋巴结是在原发肿瘤淋巴引流区域内,淋巴结发生转移必经的首站淋巴结。前哨淋巴结(SLN)能反映整个盆腔淋巴结的转移状况。其研究使大多数早期宫颈癌患者避免不必要的盆腔淋巴结清扫术。     

Implications of lymphatic drainage to unusual sentinel lymph node sites in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma

BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymphadenectomy reliably identifies the first site(s) of regional lymphatic drainage and, therefore, the most likely lymph nodes to contain occult metastasis in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. Although in most patients lymphatic drainage from the primary melanoma first reaches a standard lymph node basin, a sentinel lymph node (SLN) may be identified in an unusual location. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and significance of unusual sentinel lymph node drainage patterns in a large cohort of patients with primary melanoma. METHODS: The records of 1145 consecutive primary melanoma patients who underwent SLN biopsy were reviewed. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed in all patients with truncal melanoma and in many patients with distal extremity lesions. Unusual lymph node sites were defined as epitrochlear, popliteal, or ectopic/interval (in-transit or any other nonstandard lymph node-bearing area). RESULTS: At least one SLN was harvested in 1117 patients (98%). SLN biopsy of an unusual lymph node site was attempted in 59 patients (5%). Successful intraoperative localization and biopsy was performed in 54 (92%) of 59 patients for a total of 56 unusual sites. Of these, 7 (13%) were popliteal, 8 (14%) were epitrochlear, and 41 (73%) were ectopic/interval. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed in 41 of these 54 patients and correctly identified unusual SLN locations in 12 (29%); the majority of unusual SLNs were identified only with the assistance of the intraoperative gamma probe. In four patients (7%), the unusual lymph node site was the only site from which SLNs were harvested. In the remaining 50 patients (93%), biopsies were performed on SLNs from both unusual sites and from a standard lymph node basin. Among the 54 patients who underwent a SLN biopsy of an unusual nodal site, 7 (13%) had lymph node metastases in that location. In four of the seven patients, the only positive SLN was from the unusual site. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymphatic drainage patterns include lymph node-bearing areas that may be outside established standard lymph node basins and may represent the only site of regional lymph node metastases. Although preoperative lymphoscintigraphy may assist in the identification of unusual SLN drainage patterns, intraoperative use of the gamma probe is recommended to identify accurately and completely all sites of regional lymph node drainage.     

Dominant lymph drainage in the upper extremity and upper trunk region: evaluation of lymph drainage in patients with skin melanomas

Background

The objective of this study is to evaluate the lymph drainage from the primary focus to the regional lymph nodes in patients with melanomas of the upper extremity and upper trunk region.

Method

The study is a retrospective study of 20 patients with upper extremity melanomas and 14 patients with upper trunk melanomas treated with axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) or sentinel lymph node biopsy at the hospital. ALND was performed in 14 cases. In these cases, 12 were curative dissections and 2 were elective dissections. The dominant lymph drainage patterns from the primary regions were analyzed.

Results

Among the upper extremity and upper trunk region melanomas, lymph drainage to Level I was determined in all cases. In these two regions there were no cases of lymph drainage to Level II not passing through Level I. Furthermore, there were no cases where sentinel lymph node or metastasis of the lymph nodes was clearly determined in Level III. Among the upper extremity melanomas, lymph drainages to the cubital (10 %) and mid-arm nodes (5 %) were established. Among the scapular region melanomas, lymph drainages to the supraclavicular nodes (25 %) were determined.

Conclusions

There was a dominant lymph drainage pattern of melanomas of the upper extremity and upper trunk region to Level I. No lymph node dissection of Level III in patients with melanomas of the upper extremity and upper trunk region is necessary unless preoperative examination determines a high possibility of metastasis-positive lymph nodes in level III.     

Interstitial magnetic resonance lymphography is an effective diagnostic tool for the detection of lymph node metastases in patients with cervical cancer

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to determine the feasibility of detecting sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases using interstitial magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography in patients with cervical cancer. MR data were compared to pathological results from the lymph nodes excised during surgery. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with cervical cancer were enrolled and studied from January 2006 to December 2010. All patients underwent interstitial MR lymphography to determine the presence of sentinel lymph nodes and visualize lymphatic vessel drainage in the pelvis. Radical hysterectomy and excision of pelvic lymph nodes was performed according to their lesion grade. Gadodiamide was injected either intradermally into the bipedal toe web, into the labia majora or into the cervical tissue. MR results were compared with pathological reports. RESULTS: In 28 patients, lymphatic vessel drainage and lymph node groups were clearly visualized. Of these, 5 were MR lymphography positive and 23 were MR lymphography negative. Six had pathologically proven metastasis, five had true positives and 1 had a false negative in the obturator lymph node. CONCLUSIONS: Interstitial MR lymphography can be used to determine the extent and shape of pelvic lymphatic vessel drainage and lymph node metastases in patients with cervical cancer.     

非小细胞肺癌手术淋巴结的清扫数目与术后胸腔引流量及预后的相关性

目的：探讨非小细胞肺癌手术淋巴结清扫数目与术后胸腔引流量及预后的相关性。方法收集行开胸或胸腔镜肺叶切除并淋巴结清扫的非小细胞肺癌患者148例,并随机分为对照组（74例）和实验组（74例）。通过对比研究2组患者术中淋巴结清扫数目以及术后胸腔引流量的关系。结果2组患者在手术时间、术中出血量方面比较,差异具统计学意义（P＜0．05）;而在术后胸腔第1天引流量、术后胸腔总引流量、术后带管时间及术后住院时间上没有明显差异（ P＞0．05）。实验组清扫淋巴结总数多于对照组,两者差异具有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。2组淋巴结转移率以及转移度比较无明显差异（P＞0．05）。实验组术后肿瘤复发率为7．69％,相比于对照组术后肿瘤复发率10．26％,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;实验组术后肿瘤的转移率为11．54％,相对于对照组肿瘤转移率16．67％,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。对照组和实验组患者在术后死亡率上差异没有统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论非小细胞肺癌手术的淋巴结清扫数目与术后胸腔引流量无明确的相关性,但淋巴结清扫数目关系到患者的肿瘤转移和复发,对患者的预后有积极作用。     

Contralateral axillary sentinel lymph node drainage in breast cancer: a case report

BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of sentinel node (SN) mapping in breast cancer, extra-axillary lymph node sites of breast tumor drainage are discovered in about one-quarter of cases, especially after intraparenchymal injection. In most such cases, an ipsilateral axillary SN is associated with an extra-axillary SN. Non visualization of ipsilateral axillary SN and extra-axillary SN drainage are often associated with an increased risk of axillary involvement. CASE: We report a case of contralateral axillary SN drainage on lymphoscintigraphy in a breast cancer patient with a history of bilateral reduction mammoplasty and no ipsilateral axillary lymph node involvement.     

Evidence-based risk factors for seroma formation in breast surgery

BACKGROUND: Seroma is a common problem in breast surgery. The aim of this systematic review was to identify risk factors for seroma formation. METHODS: Articles published in English were obtained from searches of Medline and additional references were found in the bibliographies of these articles. Risk factors were graded according to the quality and strength of evidence and to the direction of association. RESULTS: One meta-analysis, 51 randomized controlled trials, 7 prospective studies and 7 retrospective studies were identified. There was no risk factor supported by strong evidence, but there was moderate evidence to support a risk for seroma formation in individuals with heavier body weight, extended radical mastectomy as compared with simple mastectomy, and greater drainage volume in the initial 3 days. On the other hand, the following factors did not have a significant influence on seroma formation: duration of drainage; hormone receptor status; immobilization of the shoulder; intensity of negative suction pressure; lymph node status or lymph node positivity; number of drains; number of removed lymph nodes; previous biopsy; removal of drains on the fifth postoperative day versus when daily drainage volume fell to minimal; stage; type of drainage (closed suction versus static drainage); and use of fibrinolysis inhibitor. In contrast, sentinel lymph node biopsy reduced seroma formation. Evidence was weak, or unproven, for other factors that were commonly cited in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Although a number of factors have been correlated with seroma formation, strong evidence is still scarce. However, there is evidence showing that sentinel lymph node biopsy reduces seroma formation.     

临床Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期乳腺癌腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术效果及预后分析

目的探讨临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术的可行性。方法本院2006年1月至2008年1月对临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者行腔镜下腋窝淋巴结清扫术55例,同时选取传统腋窝淋巴结清扫术63例,对两组手术时间、出血量、淋巴结清扫数量、腋下引流液量及预后进行比较。定量资料的分析采用t检验;定性资料的比较用χ2检验。结果腔镜手术组手术时间平均121.0min,术中出血51.0ml,平均每例清扫淋巴结数量17.3枚,术后总引流量平均208.0ml,随访1～3年术后复发转移者2例;对照组手术时间平均70.0min,术中出血平均80.0ml,平均每例清扫淋巴结19.5枚,术后总引流量平均350.0ml,术后复发转移者2例。腔镜手术组手术时间较传统手术长,但术中出血及术后引流液明显低于传统手术(P0.05)。两组间近期复发转移率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.02,P=0.89)。结论腔镜手术可以达到传统手术的治疗效果。     

手术切口选择对乳腺癌行前哨淋巴结活检成功率及皮下积液发生的影响

目的 探讨不同手术切口对乳腺癌行前哨淋巴结活检成功率及皮下积液发生情况的影响。方法 回顾分析2011—2013年南昌市第三医院乳腺一科收治的乳腺癌病例,依条件排除后共132例入组。69例行乳房加腋窝横行双切口手术,63例行乳房延伸至腋窝单切口手术。比较两种手术切口方式下前哨淋巴结的检出率、患者切口引流时间以及皮下积液发生率的差异。结果 单切口组与双切口组,前哨淋巴结检出率分别为96.8%与97.1%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。当前哨淋巴结为阴性时,双切口组与单切口组患者术后切口引流时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;当前哨淋巴结为阳性时,双切口组与单切口组患者术后切口引流时间比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;当前哨淋巴结为阴性时,双切口组患者腋下积液发生率为23.8%,单切口组为7.5%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;当前哨淋巴结为阳性时,双切口组患者腋下积液发生率为28.0%,单切口组为23.8%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 术前腋窝淋巴结评估为阴性的患者选择单切口将更有利于降低患者术后皮下积液的发生率且引流时间短于双切口组,而术前腋窝淋巴结评估为阳性的患者两种手术切口方式在术后皮下积液的发生率以及带管时间上未见差异。     

淋巴显像在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的应用

目的：评价淋巴显像在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的价值。方法：采用肿瘤周围或皮下注射^99mTc标记的硫胶体的方法,先行术前淋巴显像,术中γ探测仪引导下行前哨淋巴结活检,分析影响其检出率的相关因素。结果：95例患者中,有88例（92．6％）在术前的淋巴显像中显示淋巴引流,其中39例（44．3％）患者有腋窝淋巴结以外的淋巴外流。术中在γ探测仪引导下成功发现前哨淋巴结的有91例（95．8％）。术前淋巴显像是清楚与前哨淋巴结检出率显著相关（P＝0．025）。结论：淋巴显像能发现腋窝以外的前哨淋巴结,联合使用淋巴显像与γ探测仪行前哨淋巴结活检的方法是可行的,值得在临床上推广使用。     

食管胃结合部腺癌淋巴结转移规律对根治性放疗靶区勾画参考

目的 分析食管胃结合部腺癌的淋巴结转移分布特征。方法 收集2006—2009年间 393例食管胃结合部腺癌病理资料,分析不同Siewert分型、肿瘤浸润深度、肿瘤最大径等淋巴结转移特征和分布特点,探讨高危淋巴引流区。χ²检验组间差别。结果 食管胃结合部腺癌腹腔淋巴结转移率为69.2%、转移度为31.31%,以贲门、胃小弯、胃左动脉、脾动脉、脾门、肠系膜根部及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移发生率高。纵隔淋巴结转移率为16.4%、转移度为8.3%,以下段食管旁、食管裂孔及膈上区域淋巴结转移发生率高。SiewertⅠ型较Ⅱ、Ⅲ型纵隔淋巴结转移率高(P=0.003),腹腔淋巴结转移度低(P=0.002)。T₃+T₄期及肿瘤最大径≥6 cm者淋巴结转移度在腹腔多个区域均高于对照组,纵隔淋巴结转移度在肿瘤最大径组间差别不明显。胃大弯、肝十二指肠韧带和膈下部位淋巴结转移度在不同组间均低于<10%。结论 食管胃结合部腺癌放疗腹腔高危淋巴区域应包括贲门、胃小弯、胃左动脉、脾动脉、脾门旁、肠系膜根部及腹主动脉旁,纵隔高危淋巴引流区包括下段食管旁、食管裂孔及膈上区域,并依据不同Siewert分型及临床病理特征的淋巴结转移特点进行个体化靶区设计。     

达芬奇手术系统与胸腔镜在肺癌根治术中的对比分析

目的 对比机器人辅助与胸腔镜肺叶切除术的微创效果。方法 回顾性分析机器人肺叶切除手术35例与腔镜肺叶切除手术66例的相关数据,包括术中失血量、手术时间、切除淋巴结数目及站数、术后引流量及时间和术后住院时间。结果 两组患者术中失血量、手术时间、清扫淋巴结站数、清扫淋巴结个数、术后总胸腔引流量、术后带管时间、术后住院时间和术后并发症（声音嘶哑和乳糜胸）差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 机器人辅助肺叶切除术是安全可行的。尽管术中失血量、带管时间、术后并发症、术后胸腔引流量和术后住院时间要略有优势,但是总体并无显著差异。     

Performance of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence for Detecting Lymph Node Metastasis in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Purpose: The use of sentinel lymph node dissection in several cancers has been gaining attention with the emergence of indocyanine green fluorescence. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic performance of indocyanine green fluorescence in detecting lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer patients.Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS on November 30, 2020, to identify eligible studies. Studies were eligible if they investigated the diagnostic performance of indocyanine green fluorescence before pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer patients and reported the number of true positives, false positives, false negatives, and true negatives on lymph node–based analysis in comparison to histopathologic findings in the dissected specimen.Results: Our systematic review covered 11 studies published between 2011 and 2020, with 519 patients, and our meta-analysis included 9 studies with 479 patients. Based on lymph node analysis of indocyanine green fluorescence, the results showed pooled sensitivity and specificity at 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49 to 0.90) and 0.66 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.70), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio was 6.0 (95%CI 2 to 21). Several lymphatic drainage routes also showed sentinel lymph nodes localized outside the ordinal pelvic lymph node template.Conclusions: We noted relatively low diagnostic performance for lymph node metastasis, suggesting that indocyanine fluorescence may not currently be a viable alternative to pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer patients. However, this technique shows novel lymphatic drainage routes and underscores the importance of lymph nodes not removed in ordinary dissection.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous head and neck malignancies

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a procedure that can provide critical information regarding pathologic lymph node status and accurate regional staging. This is very important for developing treatment plans and providing prognostic guidance for cutaneous malignancies. The head and neck (HN) region is unique from other body sites due to its complex lymphatic drainage pathways, multiple lymph node basins, proximity of important cranial nerves and potential for contralateral or bilateral drainage. These unique aspects of the HN previously created some uncertainty about the use of SLNB in the HN. This review will discuss the current reliable status of HN SLNB and provide a guide for its current application in cutaneous malignancy of the HN.     

Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌淋巴结清扫中胸腔镜手术的效果

目的探讨胸腔镜下Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）根治术中淋巴结清扫的效果。方法收集经胸腔镜手术治疗74例（胸腔镜组）及开胸手术治疗80例（开胸组）的Ⅰ期NSCLC患者的临床资料,比较分析2组淋巴结清扫数目的差异,同时比较2组术中出血量、术后胸腔引流量、声音嘶哑、心肺总并发症的差异。结果胸腔镜组在双侧N2淋巴结清扫的数量高于开胸组（P〈0．05）;2组双侧N1淋巴结清扫数量差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;2组术中出血量、术后胸腔引流量、声音嘶哑发生率及心肺总并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论在Ⅰ期NSCLC根治术中,胸腔镜下系统性淋巴结清扫在技术上符合肿瘤外科原则,优于开胸手术。     

机器人与胸腔镜楔形支气管成形肺叶切除术治疗非小细胞肺癌的短期疗效比较#br#

【摘要】目的比较机器人楔形支气管成形肺叶切除术和胸腔镜楔形支气管成形肺叶切除术在治疗非小细胞肺癌中的短期疗效。方法回顾性分析了2014年2月至2021年7月于青岛大学附属医院胸外科行达芬奇机器人和胸腔镜楔形支气管成形肺叶切除术的76例患者的临床资料，比较两组的基线资料、手术时间、术中出血量、清扫淋巴结总个数、清扫淋巴结总站数及N2站数、术后引流管带管时间、术后住院天数、术后并发症发生率等。结果机器人组的清扫淋巴结总站数及清扫淋巴结N2站数较胸腔镜组多，差异有统计学意义（P＜005），手术时间和术后带管时间更短，差异有统计学意义（P＜005），两组在术中出血量、淋巴结清扫总个数、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率上差异无统计学意义（P＞005）。结论机器人楔形支气管成形肺叶切除术是一种安全、有效的术式，且淋巴结总站数及N2站清扫更彻底，手术时间和带管时间更短，值得推广应用。     

New lessons from the sentinel node

Sentinel node biopsy to determine the presence of metastatic disease in regional lymph nodes has been described in a variety of solid tumors. Sentinel node biopsy has proven that drainage of cancer cells to the regional lymph nodes is an orderly process with metastasis predominantly to one or two nodes first before involvement of subsequent nodes. The use of this technique has resulted in the increased identification of regional metastasis suggesting that patients previously identified as node negative may have unidentified regional metastasis. The clinical significance of these microscopic tumor deposits in lymph nodes remains controversial.     

Patterns of lymphatic drainage after axillary node dissection impact arm lymphoedema severity: A review of animal and clinical imaging studies

Upper extremity lymphoedema after axillary node dissection is an iatrogenic disease particularly associated with treatment for breast or skin cancer. Anatomical studies and lymphangiography in healthy subjects identified that axillary node dissection removes a segment of the lymphatic drainage pathway running from the upper limb to the sub-clavicular vein, creating a surgical break. It is reasonable to infer that different patterns of lymphatic drainage may occur in the upper limb following surgery and contribute to the various presentations of lymphoedema from none to severe.Firstly, we reviewed animal imaging studies that investigated the repair of lymphatic drainage pathways from the limb after lymph node dissection. Secondly, we examined clinical imaging studies of lymphatic drainage pathways after axillary node dissection, including lymphangiography, lymphoscintigraphy and indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography. Finally, based on the gathered data, we devised a set of general principles for the restoration of lymphatic pathways after surgery.Lymphoscintigraphy shows that restoration of the original lymphatic pathway to the axilla after its initial disruption by nodal dissection was not uncommon and may prevent lymphoedema. We found that regenerated lymphatic vessels and dermal backflow (the reflux of lymph to the skin) contributed to either restoration of the original pathway or rerouting of the lymphatic pathway to other regional nodes.Variation in the lymphatic drainage pathway and the mechanisms of fluid drainage itself are the foundation of new lymphatic drainage patterns considered to be significant in determining the severity with which lymphoedema develops.     

食管癌术后纵隔各分区的淋巴结转移概率研究

目的：分析各段食管癌术后局部复发模式,探讨食管癌术后辅助性调强放疗的靶区勾画技巧,缩小照射野,降低放疗毒副作用.方法：收集589例接受根治性切除的食管癌患者临床资料.其中术后复发157例,淋巴结复发83.4％（131例）,瘤床复发9.6％（15例,包括合并淋巴结复发6例）,吻合口复发5.7％（9例,包括合并淋巴结复发4例,合并残胃复发1例）,残胃复发1.3％（2例）.结果：各段食管癌术后的复发模式以区域淋巴结转移为主,食管癌淋巴结复发仍以纵隔淋巴结转移为主,纵隔1R区淋巴结复发明显高于其他分区,并且没有纵隔5区淋巴结复发.贲门癌以腹腔淋巴结复发为主;T4、T3、T2期患者手术后瘤床复发的风险分别为19.1％、1.4％、1.5％,瘤床复发主要为T4期患者.结论：临床上做食管癌术后辅助性调强放疗时,CTV可以根据不同部位食管癌的复发模式及淋巴结转移规律进一步缩小照射野.食管癌根治术后放疗靶区应设计为：上段食管癌应包括双锁骨上,纵隔1、2、4、7、3P区,瘤床,吻合口;中、下段食管癌术后放疗靶区包括双锁骨上,纵隔1、2、4、7、3P区,吻合口.T4期患者包括瘤床即可,瘤床下界置于原发灶下界即可.T3以上患者由于瘤床复发几率很低,可甩掉瘤床的照射.对于术后清扫贲门或胃左淋巴结阳性的患者可照射腹腔淋巴结引流区,包括腹腔3、7、8、9、16a组淋巴引流区;贲门癌包括瘤床,腹腔33、8、9、10、11、16a组淋巴引流区.     

乳腺癌术中反向腋窝淋巴作图研究进展

腋窝反向淋巴作图是国外近两年提出的旨在保护上肢淋巴回流通路的一项新的微创技术,其目的在于通过作图示踪上肢淋巴回流通路,术中尽量予以保护,从而减少上肢水肿这一乳腺癌术后常见并发症的发生.