Studies on immunologic and inflammatory factors in saliva in patients with asthma and in patients with periodontitis

Abstract To study the salivary response in asthma and periodontitis, calcium and phosphorus concentrations were determined from parotid and whole saliva. The IgE and histamine concentrations and the activities of lysozyme and arginine aminopeptidases were assayed from whole saliva. The values were compared with those obtained from matched healthy controls (n = 20 in each group). In whole saliva the phosphorus concentrations were elevated in the asthma group and the calcium concentrations in the periodontitis group. Regarding parotid saliva no significant differences between the group? were observed. The results indicate that in patients with asthma the IgE concentrations in whole saliva were elevated, while in patients with periodontitis and in healthy controls no detectable values were obtained. Both histamine and lysozyme concentrations seemed to increase in the asthma and periodontitis groups. A slight increase was also observed in the arginine aminopeptidase activities in the saliva of patients with asthma and patients with periodontitis.     

Salivary interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with drug-induced xerostomia

It is well known that cytokines are involved in the homeostasis of oral cavity and that altered levels of either serum and/or salivary cytokines have been found in certain oral/systemic diseases. So far, cytokines in connection with xerostomia have been investigated in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. We wanted to find out whether drugs themselves influence salivary glands, which would result in altered cytokine level or whether xerostomia itself of different causes leads to the changes in salivary cytokine levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate levels of salivary interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in 30 patients with drug‐induced xerostomia, age range 29–84 and mean 63.9 years. Control group consisted of 30 healthy participants, age range 30–82 years and mean age 65.2 years. Enzyme‐linked immunoassay was performed on commercially available kits. Statistical analysis was performed by use of Student's test. No significant differences in salivary IL‐6 and TNF‐α between patients with drug‐induced xerostomia when compared with the healthy controls were found (P < 0.05). We might conclude that drugs do not induce damage to the salivary glands which could be seen in altered salivary IL‐6 and TNF‐α levels and that xerostomia itself, induced by drugs does not alter levels of the investigated salivary cytokines.     

Salivary profile and oxidative stress in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39 : 16–21
Background:  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by altered exocrine secretions; however, no comprehensive compositional profile of CF serous and mucous saliva secretions has been published.
Design:  We analyzed salivary flow rate and composition, and oxidative stress-related parameters, comparing CF patients with non-CF bronchiectasis patients and the healthy controls.
Results:  Median salivary magnesium concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity were significantly lower in CF patients than in the healthy controls. Salivary total protein concentration was 45% higher in CF patients than in non-CF bronchiectasis patients. CF patients showed 8% lower levels of peroxidase compared with non-CF bronchiectasis. Salivary total antioxidant status, superoxide dismutase and uric acid values in the CF group were higher by 15%, 35% and 31%, respectively, than in both control groups.
Conclusions:  Cystic fibrosis patients demonstrated altered salivary profile, especially in antioxidant enzymatic and molecular activity, possibly resulting from the oral cavity's ongoing inflammatory and oxidative process. Free radical mechanisms may be involved in CF pathogenesis.     

涎腺恶性肿瘤的磁共振成像评价

作者报告２８例经病理检查证实的涎腺区恶性肿瘤的ＭＲＩ表现。通过将这些病变在ＳＥＴ２加权像和ＦＥ成像序列上的影像表现进行对比观察后认为（１）涎腺恶性肿瘤在Ｔ２加权像上的低，中等信号表现具有一定的特征性诊断意义；（２）作为一种有效的方法，ＦＥ序列成像能将肿瘤组织和在Ｔ２加权像上表现为低，中等信号的钙化和纤维组织予以区别，（３）涎腺肿瘤的所在部位和直径大小对其边缘表现和周围邻近正常组织有直接影响。     

Salivary osmolality and hydration status in children with cerebral palsy

J Oral Pathol Med (2011) 40 : 582–586 Background: Unstimulated whole salivary parameters have been identified as potential markers of hydration status. Reduced salivary flow rate and increased salivary osmolality have been shown to be useful to identify dehydration, even when minimal loss of body water occurs. This study aimed to evaluate whether unstimulated salivary flow rate and salivary osmolality from individuals with cerebral palsy correlate with plasma and urine osmolality. Methods: Thirty‐five male and female children, aged 9–13 years old, diagnosed with cerebral palsy were compared to 27 nondisabled children (10–12 years old). Unstimulated whole saliva was collected under slight suction and salivary flow rate (ml/min) was calculated. Plasma without venostasis and urine were also collected. Salivary, plasma and urine osmolality were measured using a freezing point depression osmometer. Results: Cerebral palsy children presented a reduction in salivary flow rate (50%) compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Moreover, an increase in salivary (50%), plasma (3%), and urine osmolality (20%) was also observed in the cerebral palsy children compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Salivary flow rate was negatively correlated with the salivary, plasma and urine osmolality (P < 0.01). Salivary osmolality correlated positively with plasma and urine osmolality (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Cerebral palsy children seem to present impaired adequate hydration status. Since the possible hypohydration condition may be reflected in saliva fluid, which could compromise the protective function exerted by saliva, the earlier this condition is identified the greater the chances of administering preventive measures. Moreover, salivary osmolality is a reliable parameter that reflects changes in plasma and urine.     

Focal lymphocytic infiltration in aging human palatal salivary glands: a comparative study with labial salivary glands

Investigation of age-related prevalence of various types of focal lymphocytic infiltration (FLI) and degrees of histomorphologic changes was conducted on 120 biopsies of palatal and labial salivary glands (PSG and LSG, respectively) obtained from autopsy subjects free of salivary gland tumors/diseases. Biopsies were divided into young (<30 years, n=30), adult (30-60 years, n=45) and old (>60 years, n=45) age groups. A modified Chisholm & Mason grading system was used to record grades of FLI and a modified Greenspan et al. system was used to evaluate the severity of histomorphologic changes. The prevalence of FLI in PSG increased significantly from 10% in the young group to 46.6% in the old group (P=0.0012). No significant changes were found with aging in LSG. FLI was significantly more prevalent in the adult and old age groups in PSG as compared with LSG (P=0.015 and P=0.003, respectively). Both glands demonstrated significant histomorphologic changes among age groups (p<0.0001); however, these changes were significantly less common in the old age group in PSG as compared to LSG (P=0.003). In cases showing severe histomorphologic changes, FLI was not present. Therefore, FLI should not be considered as part of the deteriorating histomorphologic changes that are usually encountered in salivary glands with aging. The immunologic profile of these infiltrates should be further clarified to understand their role, both in physiologic and pathologic conditions.     

基因转导及组织工程重建涎腺功能

涎腺功能低下或丧失在临床上很常见,目前尚无较理想有效的治疗方法。近年来随着涎腺基因转导及组织工程等新技术方法的应用,涎腺功能重建取得了可喜的进展。通过传导腺病毒介导的水通道基因治疗涎腺放射损伤,已在美国获批进入临床实验,长期稳定的载体介导的水通道基因在大型动物的临床前研究正在进行中。     

涎腺导管癌

作者回顾分析最近两年所诊治的涎腺导管癌资料,讨论了临床表现,组织病理了特征和治疗方法。该肿瘤系高度恶性,多发于５０岁以上男性,常见发病部位为肋腺,临床表现浸润性强,易经淋巴和血运转移。     

Salivary cortisol and IgA levels in patients with myofascial pain treated with occlusal appliances in the short term

Summary  In many studies, the endocrinological response of individuals to different kinds of stresses has been tested. There seems to be widespread agreement that stress, depression, disability and dysfunctional illness behaviors are critical aspects of patients suffering from symptoms like pain, arising out of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). We aimed to explore treatment-induced changes in salivary cortisol, IgA and flow rate values in TMD patients suffering from myofascial pain. Temporomandibular disorders patients ( n  = 39) were randomized into two groups and treated with two different occlusal appliances. Perceived stress regarding family, work, economy, relationships, general health and stress in general was evaluated at baseline according to a verbal scale. Paraffin-stimulated saliva samples were collected before treatment and during follow-up at 6 and 10 weeks. Flow rate was measured immediately after the saliva collection while salivary cortisol and IgA were determined from samples stored at −70 °C. No clear association between reported stress and cortisol or IgA values could be observed at baseline. At 10 weeks follow-up, 92% of the patients felt 'better, much better, symptom-free' and no difference was found between the two appliance groups. Cortisol, IgA and flow rate values showed no systematic between appliance groups' differences. All salivary parameters showed interindividual differences but stayed intra-individually on a similar level throughout the study and no statistically significant changes could be observed when comparing before and after treatment levels. To conclude, there were no treatment-induced changes in saliva parameters despite successful appliance therapy in myofascial pain patients.     

Admission level and students' performance at a Norwegian dental school

Data on students' performance at the Oslo Dental Faculty for 1977-86 were divided in two 5-year periods and analyzed in accordance with admission levels, largely on the basis of academic performance in junior college. During these years admission level decreased considerably, whereas the frequency of ‘not passed’, ‘dropouts’, and candidates using prolonged student time increased. The dental school grade average and the distribution of high-and low-performance candidates varied with the admission level. This trend was visible most clearly in the first 5-year period, when the admission point range included a considerable number of high admission level students. However, the admission level was not a good predictor of students' performance in the large middle or low admission level groups prominent in the second 5-year period. Poor preclinical results were not compensated for by clinical skills. All comparison of students' performance gave results in favor of the female students, but no sex-related differences were statistically significant. Most dropouts left dental school during the 1st year without visible examination difficulties. Students with several ‘not passed’ tended to repeat examinations, dropping out at a later stage or graduating after prolonged student time with poor results. With low interest in odontology, selection of students on the basis of minute differences in academic performance in the lower admission point scale is of limited value as a predictor of students' performance. □ Academic achievement; denial education; grades     

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目的结合文献探讨涎腺导管癌（salivary duct carcinoma,SDC）的临床、病理特点、治疗及预后,以提高临床诊疗水平。方法回顾性分析中国人民解放军第148医院口腔颌面外科2010年1月至2011年12月收治的3例SDC患者临床资料,结合临床及病理特点、治疗方法及预后情况进行分析,并进行相关文献复习。结果SDC好发于男性,以腮腺导管癌多见,肿瘤生长迅速,浸润性强,易侵犯神经导致面瘫。讨论SDC是一类恶性程度很高的恶性肿瘤,诊断主要靠术后病理及免疫组化检查,治疗以局部广泛切除＋颈淋巴清扫术为主,术后给予放疗。关键词：涎腺;肿瘤;涎腺导管癌     

Longitudinal study of salivary IgA in children from 1 to 4 years old with reference to dental caries

Abstract – The concentration of salivary IgA was measured and clinical examinations performed annually in 39 children over a period of 36 months. The age of the children ranged from 1 to 4 yr during the observation period. The geometric mean value of salivary IgA increased rapidly between the age of 1 and 2, from 0.021 g/l (log mean −1.68±0.33) to 0.052 g/l (log mean −1.28±0.24). After this age the mean level of salivary IgA remained fairly constant during the observation period. When the study population was divided into two groups: the caries-free group and the caries-susceptible group, it was found that in the caries-free group the mean salivary IgA value increased rapidly during the second year of life, then more slowly after the age of 2. In the caries-susceptible group the increase in the mean value between the ages of 1 and 2 was marked and at the age of 2 the values were significantly higher compared to those of the caries-free group. The concentrations did not, however, remain high, but fell to lower level and at the age of 4 there was a marked overlap in the values of the groups.     

An assessment of periodontal health in patients with schizophrenia and taking antipsychotic medication

Abstract: Background and objective: Severe periodontal disease is prevalent among patients with schizophrenia and is caused by the side effect of their medication, poor dental hygiene and smoking. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the rate of periodontal disease could be modulated by changing the salivary flow rate (SFR) because of the use of antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Group A (n = 33) included patients who used medications that may cause xerostomia, or dry mouth and Group B (n = 20) included patients who used medications that may cause sialorrhea, an excessive secretion of saliva. The participants’ periodontal status was assessed using the plaque index (PI), assessing bleeding on probing (BoP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment levels (CAL). Results: The mean of PI and BoP was significantly higher in Group A than in Group B (P < 0.001), but the PPD, CAL and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) scores were not significantly different in the two groups according to the statistical results (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The researcher concluded that there is a high risk of periodontal disease among patients with schizophrenia, and there is an even higher risk of periodontal disease induced by medication that increased SFR. Preventive dental protocol should be increased during the dental health care of this disadvantaged patient group.     

涎腺肿瘤细针穿刺标本中端粒酶检测的临床意义

目的 研究细针穿刺检测涎腺肿瘤组织中细胞端粒酶活性的可行性，探讨端粒酶活性在涎腺肿瘤组织中的表达及意义。方法 采用聚合酶链式反应－端粒末端重复序列（PCR－TRAP）技术检测45例涎腺肿瘤细针穿刺标本中细胞的端粒酶。结果 33例良性肿瘤标本中3例端粒酶阳性，12例恶性肿瘤标本中10例端粒酶阳性。端粒酶活性检测与细胞学诊断符合率66.7%。二种方法同时应用可使确诊率提高至83.3%。结论 涎腺肿瘤组织细针穿刺标本端粒酶检测方法具备敏感性高、特异性好的特点，与细针穿刺细胞学检测技术联合应用，在涎腺肿瘤的诊断治疗、预后方面有十分广阔的应用前景。     

Sialendoscopy for sialolithiasis in children: 4-8 years follow up

Sialolithiasis is rare in children, there are no guidelines for its treatment, and there are few, if any, long term follow-up studies. We report a retrospective review of medical records of children who were treated for sialolithiasis by sialendoscopy between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2011, and who have been followed up for 4-8 years. Personal and clinical details, including age, sex, symptoms, whether the lithiasis was parotid or submandibular, the technique of sialendoscopy and complications, were recorded. Twenty-six children (30 sides) were successfully treated by sialendoscopy between 2007 and 2011 (mean (range) age 12 (3-17) years). Stones were removed from the parotid gland in four patients and the submandibular gland in 22. The main indication for sialendoscopy was swelling of the salivary gland during meals. Twenty-six procedures were done endoscopically. Twelve were treated with a wire basket alone, 10 by the combined approach, and laser was used in eight. Four patients developed complications, but without long-term effects. During follow-up of 4-8 years there were no recurrent swellings. We conclude that endoscopic treatment of stones in childhood is an efficient and conservative option for salivary glands, has few complications and no clinical recurrence at medium to long-term follow-up.