孕妇体质量指数及孕期增重对妊娠结局的影响

目的 研究孕妇孕妇体质量指数及其孕期增重对妊娠结局的影响.方法 选取2005～2008年在本院分娩符合标准的孕妇1 897例,根据不同的孕妇体质量指数分为3组,根据孕期体重增大的不同幅度分为3组,比较各组的剖宫产率、新生儿窒息率、巨大儿发生率、产后出血率、早产率、低体重儿发生率.结果 超重组的剖宫产率(36.04% vs 28.03%)、巨大儿发生率(10.41% vs 6.83%)、新生儿窒息率(8.63% vs 2.89%)、早产(5.33% vs 2.09%)、低出生体重(4.82% vs 2.49%)均高于正常体重组(均P<0.05),消瘦组早产、低出生体重发生率高于正常体重组(6.59% vs 2.09%,5.43% vs 2.49%,均P<0.05).孕期体重增长过多或者增重不足组妊娠结局明显差于增重合适组(P<0.05).增重过多组剖宫产、新生儿窒息、早产、低出生体重发生率约为增重合适组的2倍[OR分别为1.82(95%CI 1.47～2.26),2.34(95%CI 1.43～3.84),2.20(95%CI 1.25～3.86)1.92(95%CI 1.06～3.47),均P<0.05].结论 孕妇体重指数、孕期体重增长的增幅对分娩结局有影响,孕前保持正常体重、孕期合理营养控制适宜的体重增长有利于取得理想的分娩结局.     

低出生体重儿的相关因素分析及其对母儿的影响

目的:了解低出生体重儿发生的相关因素及母儿的影响,为妇婴保健部门制订相应的预防对策提供参考.方法:选择2002年1月～2012年12月期间493例低出生体重儿为低出生体重儿组,选择11 817例正常体重儿为对照组,统计每例低出生体重儿临床证实相关因素、孕周、来自区域及母体孕期保健次数,随访并记录所有新生儿及母体围产期及出生后6个月内并发症.结果:低出生体重儿各相关因素构成比依次为:多胎(101/493)、高龄(98/493)、早产(84/493)、营养不良(79/493)、脐带因素(51/493)、新生儿窒息(46/493)、初孕(34/493).农村低出生体重儿构成比显著高于城市(P＜0.05).孕期保健≥7次低出生体重儿构成比显著低于孕期保健＜7次者(P＜0.05).孕周≥37周低出生体重儿构成比显著低于孕周＜37周的低出生体重儿(P＜0.05).低出生体重组新生儿并发症发生率为5.7％,显著高于对照组的0.8％(P＜0.05).低出生体重组母体并发症发生率为29.2％,显著高于对照组的5.2％(P＜0.05).结论:低出生体重儿主要相关因素为多胎、高龄、早产及营养不良等,这些因素会增加母体及新生儿并发症,应加强上述相关因素的预防保健工作.     

2 977例活产儿出生体重及影响因素分析

【目的】 了解调查人群活产儿出生体重情况及影响因素,为制定干预措施提供依据。 【方法】 采用横断面调查,在西城区7个街道调查2 977名已分娩妇女的新生儿出生体重及父母双方危险因素的接触情况,通过单因素分析和Logistic回归分析进行统计处理,探讨影响出生体重的危险因素。 【结果】 活产儿平均出生体重为3 383.6 g,低出生体重儿发生率为1.9%,巨大儿发生率为7.4%。经单因素χ²检验,母亲有早产史、此新生儿为早产、孕期有先兆流产是低出生体重的危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。母亲孕前贫血、孕期有糖尿病、孕期精神不愉快者巨大儿的发生率升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,早产儿(OR=37.457)低出生体重发生率较高;孕期心情愉快(OR=0.737)者巨大儿发生率低,而孕期有糖尿病(OR=2.940)及父亲孕前吸烟(OR=1.407)巨大儿发生率高。 【结论】 调查人群低出生体重儿发生率较低,巨大儿发生率与全国水平相似,低出生体重儿及巨大儿的发生受多因素影响,应采取综合干预措施。     

广西农村120 145例新生儿出生体重分析

【目的】研究新生儿出生体重与性别、孕母年龄、胎龄、分娩方式的关系,为孕产期保健和儿童保健提供基础资料。【方法】回顾性分析120145例新生儿出生体重及其相关因素。【结果】新生儿出生体重平均值为(3.02±0.41)kg,男婴大于女婴;出生体重随胎龄增加而增大,早产儿组平均体重只有(2.33±0.45)kg;孕母的年龄<20岁的新生儿平均出生体重低于其他组;县级剖宫产率高于乡级,巨大儿剖宫产率明显高于正常体重和低体重儿。【结论】广西新生儿出生体重低于我国出生体重正常值,提高孕期保健工作质量,加强孕期营养,加强儿童早期综合干预,是广西"十一五"期间农村孕产期保健和儿童保健工作的重点。     

重庆市两区县早产/低出生体重儿影响因素分析

目的 比较重庆市两区县早产/低出生体重儿(简称早产组)与正常足月儿(简称足月组)母亲孕期膳食营养、孕期保健及生活方式,为降低早产/低出生体重儿的出生率提供科学依据。方法 利用对460名早产/低出生体重儿和460名足月儿问卷调查资料的分析,应用χ²检验和方差分析比较早产组与足月组母亲的孕期营养、产前检查和生活方式,为降低早产/低出生体重儿的出生率提供科学依据。结果 早产组母亲孕期叶酸服用比例,孕期每天进食动物性食物、奶及奶制品、水果的比例和频率,进食动物性食物的平均量都低于足月组,差异都有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组母亲在孕期是否服用钙片、多种维生素,主食量,每周进食蔬菜、蛋类、豆及豆制品的进食频率上,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。早产组母亲产前检查的次数、在区县级医院进行产检的比例、分娩前体重均低于足月组,分娩时白细胞总数高于足月组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。比较两组不同级别医院产检、被动吸烟、性生活、使用电热毯、孕期简单的体力活动等情况,以及分娩时中性粒细胞数,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 早产组母亲孕期膳食营养较足月组的差,孕期保健也不规范。建议孕母注意膳食营养,进行规范的孕期保健,减少早产和低出生体重儿的发生。     

新生儿窒息686例相关因素分析

【目的】分析新生儿窒息发生的相关因素,提出干预措施。【方法】对2002年1月~2006年12月间在深圳市宝安区妇幼保健院出生的25 031例活产儿中发生新生儿窒息的686例进行回顾性分析。【结果】新生儿窒息发生率呈逐年下降趋势。不同户籍新生儿窒息发生率以流动人口发生率最高,与常住 暂住户籍差异有非常显著性。新生儿窒息发生率与孕期保健、新生儿出生体重、分娩方式、产科并发症等均有相关性。【结论】重视流动人口的保健管理,加强孕期保健,提高产前检查质量,预防低出生体重儿和巨大儿出生,积极防治产科并发症,适时选择正确分娩方式是降低新生儿窒息的重要措施。     

低出生体重儿学龄期体格发育的随访研究

【目的】了解6~12岁低出生体重儿童体格发育状况和营养状况,并探讨低出生体重对早产儿和足月小样儿学龄期生长发育的影响。【方法】采用出生队列结合巢氏病例对照方法,铜陵市某医院于2006年6月对1994年6月~2000年6月间建立的出生队列随访了101例出生体重低于2 500 g的单胎低出生体重儿作为研究对象的观察组,按照1∶1匹配在同队列中选择对照。通过问卷调查研究对象的人口统计学特征及家庭环境状况,测量身高、体重等指标评价其6~12岁生长发育状况。【结果】直至学龄期足月小样儿的身高、体重和坐高均落后于同龄儿童,且中度和轻度营养不良的发生率也较早产低体重组高。早产低出生体重儿童体重和胸围的发育也较同龄足月正常出生体重儿童低。【结论】早产低出生体重儿和足月小样儿可能具有不同的生长潜能;加强孕期营养和保健,开展针对低出生体重儿生命早期干预,对改善儿童生长发育状况具有积极意义。     

孕期不同强度体力活动对出生体重相关指标影响的队列研究

【目的】探讨孕期体力活动对巨大儿发生率,胎儿生长指数及新生儿出生体重指数的影响。【方法】采用队列研究的方法和国际常用的体力活动测量手段,将845例孕妇依据记步器步数分为静坐组,体力活动低活跃组,较活跃组和高度活跃组4组。跟踪随访至分娩,记录新生儿出生体重和身长值。分析不同强度体力活动与相关指标的关系。【结果】孕期为高度活跃、较活跃体力活动组,其分娩出巨大儿的可能性分别比静坐组减少了4.3倍和1.4倍(P<0.05),同时此两组的胎儿生长指数亦较低(P<0.05);高度活跃组分娩的新生儿出生体重指数低于静坐组(P<0.05);低活跃体力活动组与静坐组相比,出生体重相关指标的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。【结论】孕期体力活动是新生儿出生体重相关指标的影响因素,对改善新生儿出生状况具有重要的公共卫生学意义。     

新生儿出生体重变化趋势及与分娩结局的关系

目的:分析新生儿出生体重变化趋势,探讨其与分娩结局的关系。方法:以海南某医院2005～2009年全部产科分娩病历为样本,分析新生儿体重变化及新生儿结局。结果:近5年新生儿出生体重平均值为(3 144.36 g±516.47)g,足月单胎出生体重平均值为(3 222.1 3 g±411.74)g,5年间不同年份相比较,出生体重平均值无统计学差异(F=1.321,P=0.26),5年低出生体重儿总数195例(8.1%),正常体重儿2 125例(87.8%),巨大胎儿99例(4.1%)。5年来低出生体重儿、正常体重儿、巨大胎儿的发生率保持平衡,无统计学差异(2χ=13.34,P=0.10)。低出生体重儿的1 m in窒息率与5 m in窒息率、新生儿死亡率均高于正常体重儿与巨大胎儿(2χ=26.45,P<0.05),正常体重儿与巨大胎儿之间1 m in窒息发生率无统计学差异(2χ=2.79,P=0.10),5 m in新生儿窒息发生率无统计学差异(2χ=2.39,P=0.15),新生儿死亡发生率无统计学差异(2χ=0.42,P=0.50)。结论:新生儿出生体重变化趋势平衡,低出生体重是导致新生儿窒息和死亡的主要危险因素。应着力于提高孕周,防止早产,提高新生儿存活率。     

广西农村2000～2004年9 178例低出生体重儿情况分析

【目的】了解广西农村低出生体重儿情况,掌握其5年发生规律,为制定儿童保健研究方向和干预措施提供理论依据。【方法】分析2000~2002年原南宁地区12个县和2003~2004年崇左市的7个县共9178例低出生体重儿资料。【结果】广西农村低出生体重发生率明显高于全国其他地区平均水平,5年间有上升趋势(P<0.01);女性低出生体重发生率高于男性,男女比为1∶1.12(P<0.001);足月低出生体重发生率高达5.20%,明显高于我国其他地区。【结论】进一步调查低出生体重儿的转归和推广早期综合干预,提高低出生体重儿的生长发育水平,是今后广西儿童保健工作研究的重点。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.