椎体后凸成形术后再发骨折的相关危险因素分析

[目的]探讨椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折后不同类型再发骨折的特点和相关危险因素。[方法]回顾性研究2006年4月~2012年4月间,458例行椎体后凸成形术治疗的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者资料,根据术后再发椎体骨折情况分为原位再发骨折组36例,相邻椎体再骨折组33例,间隔椎体再骨折组35例,对照无再骨折组354例,对临床资料、影像学资料以及手术相关因素进行观察评估并分析。[结果](1)104例患者(22.71%)PKP术后发生再发骨折,66.7%的原位组和54.5%的相邻组椎体再发骨折发生在术后半年内;(2)体重指数低、基础陈旧椎体骨折数目多、骨密度t值低是三种类型再发骨折共同的危险因素;(3)椎体内骨水泥的形态学分布是原位组和相邻组再骨折的影响因素,原位组下终板骨水泥越局限骨小梁水平,原位再骨折的风险越大(OR值,0.311;P=0.016);相邻组上终板骨水泥越接近终板和椎间盘分布,相邻椎体再骨折的风险越大(OR值,4.831;P=0.018);(4)术后支具佩戴时间短是相邻椎体再骨折和间隔椎体再骨折的危险因素。[结论]椎体后凸成形术后三种类型的再发骨折均与严重骨质疏松有关,椎体内骨水泥的形态学分布特点是引起术后再骨折的重要因素,规范佩戴支具和抗骨质疏松治疗能降低再骨折风险。     

骨质疏松性压缩骨折椎体成形术后再发椎体骨折

目的研究椎体骨质疏松性压缩骨折行椎体成形术后再发骨折的规律及相关危险因素。方法 2005年12月至2009年8月,收治外伤所致胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折行PVP治疗并资料完整的病例218例,其中男44例,女174例;年龄48～82岁,平均72.1岁。收集术前、术后1d、末次随访（至少18个月）时影像资料,对新发骨折情况进行统计分析。结果 218例（286个椎体）患者中,有22例患者进行2次以上PVP治疗,60.7%的新发椎体骨折为相邻椎体骨折;相邻椎体新发骨折较非相邻椎体新发骨折发生更快（P〈0.001）;在椎体骨折2次以上的病例,高龄、低骨密度的病例再发椎体骨折比例较大（P〈0.005）;将单次及多次骨折（2次以上）两组病例比较,性别和骨水泥注入量无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论椎体成形术后数年内易新发椎体骨折,其中相邻椎体骨折所占比例更大,且发生更快;高龄、低骨密度的患者再发骨折可能性更大。椎间盘骨水泥渗漏亦对相邻椎体骨折的发生起重要影响。     

椎体成形术后再发骨折的危险因素

[目的]探讨骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折行椎体成形术后相邻椎体再发骨折的危险因素。[方法]自2001年10月～2006年5月，分别对88例骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折患者采用椎体成形术治疗46例（PVP手术组），保守方法治疗42例（保守组），并进行1年的随访比较。[结果]手术组术后1年内有9例相邻椎体骨折；保守组术后1年内有3例相邻椎体骨折。统计学方法采用生存分析并通过Kaplan-Meier法计算结果，椎体成形术后相邻椎体未再发骨折率为80．4％，与保守组差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。[结论]椎体压缩后楔形变，导致脊柱生理曲度改变，伤椎骨水泥强化后强度过大，尤其在发生灌注剂渗漏时，椎间盘功能下降，伤椎对其相邻椎体产生的不良应力导致了椎体成形术后相邻椎体再发骨折率的增高。     

椎体成形术后相邻椎体再骨折

近年来椎体成形术后相邻椎体再骨折的发生已引起临床医生的广泛关注。椎体成形术后相邻椎体再发骨折的可能原因有力学和临床两方面因素，前者主要是指相邻椎体刚度和强度的改变而后者主要是指骨水泥的外渗及相邻椎体自身骨质疏松的严重程度。是否采取预防措施防止相邻椎体发生骨折目前尚无定论，成为今后的研究方向：主要包括预防性应用椎体成形术和寻找理想骨水泥替代物。笔者对上述观点作一综述。     

椎体后凸成形术与邻近椎体继发骨折的关系

[目的]探讨椎体后凸成形术后临近(相邻或间隔)椎体继发骨折的危险因素.[方法]对2006年2月～2009年3月进行椎体后凸成形术的391例单椎体骨折患者进行回顾性分析.对于新发骨折的研究限于治疗椎体上下3个椎体.患者分为3组:相邻椎体骨折组、间隔椎体骨折组和没有继发骨折的对照组.对临床资料、影像学资料以及手术相关因素进行分析.研究各因素与椎体后凸成形术后继发临近椎体骨折的关系,并比较相邻椎体和间隔椎体继发骨折影响因素的不同.[结果]临床表现、影像学资料表明45例患者48个椎体继发骨折.其中29例患者,32个继发椎体骨折为相邻椎体组;16例患者、16个继发椎体骨折为间隔椎体组;346例患者为对照组.局部后凸角度、椎体压缩程度和术后骨折高度恢复情况是相邻及间隔椎体继发骨折的共同危险因素.在前者,低体重指数和骨水泥椎间隙的渗漏是危险因素.在后者,局部节段活动范围减小是危险因素.但前者较后者更早发生.[结论]相邻或间隔椎体继发骨折的机理可能不同,有不同的高危因素.椎体后凸成形术可能加速了新发椎体的骨折.     

预防性经皮椎体成形术可减少邻近椎体再发骨折

目的探讨预防性经皮椎体成形术(PVP)是否可减少PVP术后邻近椎体再发骨折发生。方法将68例行PVP治疗的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)患者随机分为两组:A组33例,对骨折椎体行PVP; B组35例,对骨折椎体及上、下邻近椎体行PVP。术后定期行胸腰椎正、侧位X线检查,若再次出现疼痛,及时行胸腰椎MRI检查。统计PVP术后邻近椎体再发骨折的发生率。结果两组患者均随访24个月。A组随访至6个月时有12例(36. 36%)邻近椎体再发骨折;随访至12个月时,新增1例;合计有13例(39. 39%)邻近椎体再发骨折。B组随访至6个月时有2例(5. 71%)发生邻近椎体再发骨折;随访至12个月时,新增1例;合计有3例(8. 57%)发生邻近椎体再发骨折。两组随访至24个月均未见新增病例。邻近椎体再发骨折发生率B组明显少于A组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论预防性PVP能够减少PVP术后邻近椎体再发骨折的发生。     

骨质疏松椎体骨折椎体内囊变成形术后下位椎体再骨折

骨质疏松椎体骨折并椎体内囊性是老年骨质疏松椎体骨折的一种特殊现象.临床上并不多见.椎体成形术治疗效果满意.但是治疗后因为其特殊性可以出现相邻椎体再骨折,笔者于2007年9月收治1例.现报告如下:     

骨质疏松性骨折椎体成形术后再骨折的治疗

骨质疏松性椎体骨折是由于骨强度下降并遭受轻微创伤或其他原因而导致的骨折.以前骨科治疗这种骨折以止痛、卧床、佩带支具等保守治疗为主,但长期卧床对老年人容易产生深静脉栓塞、肺部及泌尿系感染等并发症.椎体成形术（PVP）能短期内加强椎体的强度、止痛,便于早期下床活动,提高了生活质量,是比较好的治疗方法,但远期可能增加邻近节段椎体骨折的风险.我科从2002年6月至2005年3月,用椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性骨折256例共306个椎体,收到了良好的治疗效果,但术后2个月～1.5年相邻椎体再次骨折21例,占8.2%,再骨折患者行椎体成形术后也取得良好治疗效果,总结报告如下.     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折后非手术椎体骨折的原因分析

目的 探讨骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture,OVCF)行经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)后非手术椎体骨折的相关影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2015年12月于深圳市第二人民医院行PKP治疗OVCF的133例(174椎)病人的临床资料,根据有无椎体新发骨折,分为再骨折组与对照组.随访时间为12~18个月,平均为(15.48±2.28)个月,统计分析病人的性别、年龄、身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、腰椎骨密度、受伤椎体个数、骨水泥用量、手术入路、骨水泥是否渗透至椎间盘、术后伤椎前缘高度恢复率以及Cobb角恢复率等因素.结果 术后28例(21.05%,28/133)病人再发骨折,再骨折组的平均年龄为(76.32±7.59)岁,5例发生骨水泥渗透至椎间盘(17.86%,5/28),腰椎骨密度T值为(-3.60±0.79)SD,椎体前缘高度恢复率为(50.39±1.87)%,Cobb角恢复率为(53.07±3.91)%,以上指标与未再发骨折的病人比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).对以上指标进行多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示仅骨密度与再骨折的发生存在显著相关性(P=0.031).结论 骨密度、年龄、骨水泥向椎间盘渗漏、椎体前缘高度恢复率及Cobb角恢复率是PKP术后出现非手术椎体骨折的相关因素,但术前骨密度是其独立危险因素.     

PKP术后相邻椎体再骨折的相关因素分析

目的探讨骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折经皮椎体后凸成形(PKP)术后相邻椎体再骨折的相关因素。方法回顾性分析自2010-06—2015-06行PKP的单节段骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折254例,其中36例相邻椎体再骨折(骨折组),218例纳入未骨折组。采用单因素Logistic回归分析年龄、性别、骨密度、术前责任节段、责任节段终板情况、骨水泥注入方式、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥渗漏至椎间盘、术后责任椎高度恢复率、术后正规抗骨质疏松治疗与PKP术后相邻椎体再骨折的相关性。结果 254例获得平均13.4(12~18)个月随访。36例出现相邻椎体骨折,再骨折率14.2%。单因素Logistic回归分析提示,年龄、性别、术前责任节段、责任节段终板情况、骨水泥注入方式、骨水泥渗漏至椎间盘与术后相邻椎体再骨折无明显相关性(P0.05),而骨密度、骨水泥注入量、椎体高度恢复率、术后是否正规抗骨质疏松治疗与PKP术后相邻椎体再骨折可能相关(P0.05)。结论骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折PKP术后相邻椎体再骨折可能与患者骨质疏松严重程度、术中骨水泥注入量、术后责任椎高度恢复率以及是否正规抗骨质疏松治疗密切相关。     

经皮椎体成形术结合体位复位治疗严重老年性脊柱压缩性骨折

目的探讨在体位复位辅助下椎体成形术治疗严重老年性脊柱压缩性骨折的疗效。方法36例老年性脊柱压缩性骨折患者，通过体位复位后，根据骨折椎体的形态，经双侧或单侧椎弓根穿刺充填自固化磷酸钙人工骨（CPC）。测量术前和术后侧位X线片椎体高度变化，记录分析视觉模拟评分（VAS）及骨折椎体形态变化。结果术后骨折处疼痛获得快速显著缓解，VAS评分改变从（7．8±2．5）分降至（1．8±1．4）分，椎体前缘高度和中间高度恢复明显。随访8—22（15±7）个月，短中期疗效满意，骨折椎体高度无明显丢失。结论经皮椎体成形术结合体位复位治疗严重老年性脊柱压缩性骨折是安全有效的。     

经皮椎体成形术在骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折治疗中的应用

目的 评估经皮椎体成形术在治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折中的疗效。方法 对19例22个骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患行经皮椎体成形术。结果 所有患经3～12个月的随访，疗效满意，其中优4例(21％)，良12例(63％)，可3例(19％)。术后5例患需阶段性口服药物缓解疼痛，2例骨水泥外溢，但未造成不良后果。结论 经皮椎体成形术是一种微创治疗方法，用于治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折有明显疗效，可在短时间内解除患痛苦，恢复正常活动。     

四步法单侧入路椎体成形术在胸椎骨质疏松性骨折中的应用

目的探讨四步法单侧入路的经皮椎体成形术(PVP)在胸椎骨质疏松性骨折中的应用。方法运用四步法,对胸椎骨质疏松性骨折椎体进行单侧入路的经皮椎体成形术,计录手术时间,观察骨水泥弥散分布情况,在术前、术后3 d、术后12个月随访时进行疼痛视觉类比评分(VAS)。结果18例21个椎体操作均成功,手术时间10~25 min,平均(16±2.2)min,骨水泥在椎体内弥散分布均越过椎体中线,VAS评分由术前(8.5±1.2)分降低至(2.5±1.4)分,术后效果良好。结论四步法单侧入路椎体成形术治疗胸椎骨质疏松性骨折简单快速、安全有效。     

Percutaneous vertebroplasty for symptomatic osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture adjacent to lumbar instrumented circumferential fusion

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous vertebroplasty for patients with symptomatic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures adjacent to lumbar instrumented circumferential fusion. Between January 2005 and June 2010, eighteen patients in the authors' institution with lumbar instrumented circumferential fusion had adjacent symptomatic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. The patients received percutaneous vertebroplasty using polymethylmethacrylate bone cement augmentation. Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging were used. The visual analog pain scale and modified Brodsky's criteria were used to compare clinical outcomes pre- and postoperatively. Minimum follow-up was 18 months. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan confirmed osteoporosis in all patients. The average interval between fusion surgery and sustaining osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures was 24.8 months. The average interval between sustaining osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures and undergoing percutaneous vertebroplasty was 49.3 days. One-level percutaneous vertebroplasty was performed in 13 patients, and 2 levels were performed in 5 patients. The patients' visual analog pain scale scores improved by an average of 53 points postoperatively. Fifteen patients returned to preinjury activities of daily living. The average restoration of the fractured vertebral body height was 12.1%. No major surgery-related complications, occurred except asymptomatic cement leakage in 3 patients. Elderly patients undergoing lumbar instrumented fusion surgery should be aware of the possibility of adjacent vertebral compression fractures. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive and effective procedure to treat such adjacent segment disease.     

渐进性经皮椎体成形术预防骨水泥外渗的研究

目的探讨渐进性经皮椎体成形术预防骨水泥外渗的原理与效果。方法15例椎体肿瘤，其中转移性肿瘤13例、椎体血管瘤2例，44例骨质疏松性压缩性骨折，8例外伤性压缩性骨折，共67例80个椎体采用渐进性经皮椎体成形术。经皮椎弓根穿刺注入造影剂，无造影剂外渗进人椎管的共52例61个椎体，显示造影剂外渗进入椎管的共15例19个椎体。将骨水泥（PMMA）搅拌至凝胶状后，在C形臂X线机透视下缓慢逐渐注入，对有骨水泥渗入椎体后缘者暂停推注，并调整注射针的深度至椎体前份再逐渐注入造影剂。结果19个造影剂外渗进入椎管的椎体通过渐进性注入骨水泥，未发现渗入椎管内。结论用渐进性经皮椎体成形术预防骨水泥外渗进入椎管具有可行性。     

Percutaneous vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fracture

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous vertebroplasty has become an option for the treatment of painful osteoporotic compression fractures in patients in whom conservative medical management has failed. AIM: This paper assessed the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with focal pain caused by compression vertebral body fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a twenty-five-month period 63 patients underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty, and ten of these patients were subsequently retreated, for a total of 73 operations on 93 vertebrae. The patients were affected by osteoporotic compression fractures (n=57) or by benign or malignant infiltrative processes (n=6). All patients were examined at discharge and thereafter to assess the level of pain and investigate possible changes in the quality of life. The mean length of follow-up was 15.2 months. RESULTS: After treatment, almost 90% of patients reported complete disappearance or significant alleviation of the pain. In 7 of 63 of the patient (11%) there were small asymptomatic leakages of cement outside the vertebral body. A substantial number of patients with osteoporosis, 19% of the study population, experienced new fractures following treatment with vertebroplasty. DISCUSSION: Our experience confirms the effectiveness of vertebroplasty to pain caused by vertebral fractures. If the indications are strictly followed, improvement of symptoms is often immediate, allowing the return of mobility, and patient satisfaction with surgery is higher. The use of appropriate systems limits the number of complications.     

改良法经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体重度压缩骨折

目的探讨改良法经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体重度压缩骨折的可行性、疗效及椎体高度的变化。方法回顾性分析应用改良法PVP治疗的36例骨质疏松症患者并46节重度压缩骨折椎体的临床及影像学资料。患者术前接受二维CT及MR检查。术中采用单侧跨中线穿刺,注射骨水泥前摒弃椎体骨静脉造影。术后1日复查二维CT。于CT矢状面图像测量椎体高度,并比较PVP术前及术后椎体前缘、中央和后缘的高度变化。结果 36例患者采用单侧跨中线穿刺治疗全部成功,椎体前缘、中央、后缘恢复高度分别为(2.37±2.10)mm、(2.61±2.21)mm、(0.23±0.44)mm。随访1～29个月,完全缓解(CR)、部分缓解(PR)和无效(NR)例数分别为27例、8例、1例,总有效率为97.22%。结论改良法PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体重度压缩骨折可行、有效,可提高压缩椎体的高度。     

An ex vivo biomechanical evaluation of an inflatable bone tamp used in the treatment of compression fracture

STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo biomechanical study using osteoporotic cadaveric vertebral bodies. OBJECTIVES: To determine if the inflatable bone tamp (tamp) restores height to compressed vertebral bodies and to compare the biomechanical properties of isolated, fractured osteoporotic vertebral bodies treated by kyphoplasty (tamp) or vertebroplasty. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Previous biomechanical studies have shown that vertebroplasty increases vertebral body strength and restores vertebral body stiffness, but does not restore vertebral body height lost as a result of compression fracture. METHODS: Compression fractures were experimentally created in 16 osteoporotic VBs assigned to either the tamp or percutaneous vertebroplasty group. The tamp treatment consisted of inserting balloon-like devices into the vertebral body, inflating the bone tamp, and filling the void with Simplex P (Howmedica, Rutherford, NJ) bone cement. The percutaneous vertebroplasty treatment consisted of directly injecting Cranioplastic bone cement (CMW, Blackpool, UK) into the vertebral body. Pre- and posttreatment heights were measured, and the repaired vertebral bodies were recompressed to determine posttreatment strength and stiffness values. RESULTS: The tamp treatment resulted in significant restoration (97%) of vertebral body height lost after compression, whereas percutaneous vertebroplasty treatment resulted in a significantly lower restoration of lost height (30%) (P < 0.05). Both treatments resulted in significantly stronger vertebral bodies relative to their initial state (P < 0.05). The tamp treatment restored vertebral body stiffness to initial values, but the percutaneous vertebroplasty treatment did not (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Tamp treatment resulted in significantly greater height restoration than did percutaneous vertebroplasty, without loss of vertebral body strength or stiffness.