Intensive insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Intensive insulin regimens can produce substantial clinical benefits for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but they are associated with an increased incidence of hypoglycaemia. This article discusses such regimens and whether the risk of hypoglycaemia can be reduced by using the new basal insulin analogue, insulin glargine.     

Tablet and insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes in the elderly.

There are a range of therapeutic options available for the management of type 2 diabetes in the elderly. Diet remains the mainstay of treatment although this must be realistic. If diet alone is unsuccessful then, for most patients, short-acting sulphonylurea agents are the treatment of choice. Second line agents include the biguanide, metformin, or an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. A significant proportion of type 2 diabetic patients will, however, eventually require insulin to alleviate symptoms of poor control and improve glycaemia. In this article I discuss the therapeutic options available for diabetic management in the elderly, with particular emphasis on the pros and cons of insulin treatment.     

胰岛素泵治疗重症高龄2型糖尿病患者临床分析

目的 比较胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素与多次皮下注射胰岛素对重症高龄2型糖尿病患者的疗效与安全性.方法 将37例在重症监护室（ICU）住院的重症高龄2型糖尿病患者按随机数字表法分为观察组（19例）和对照组（18例）,观察组用胰岛素泵持续皮下输注赖脯胰岛素,对照组用赖脯胰岛素三餐前及甘精胰岛素晚上睡前常规皮下注射,两组患者及家属均给予糖尿病教育、根据病情合适的糖尿病饮食,比较治疗前后两组患者的血糖变化、胰岛素用量、血糖控制达标时间、低血糖发生率及住院时间.结果 治疗后观察组空腹血糖为（7.2±1.2）mmo1/L,餐后2h血糖为（9.4±1.2） mmol/L,睡前血糖为（9.4±1.3） mmol/L,对照组分别为（8.5±3.0）、（10.0±2.4）、（10.2±2.4）mmol/L,治疗后两组患者空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖及睡前血糖均较治疗前显著下降,且两组治疗后比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.观察组患者血糖控制达标时间为（5.4±2.5）d,胰岛素用量为（43±9）U/d,而对照组分别为（12.8±3.8）d、（55±10）U/d,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.观察组未见低血糖发生.结论 胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素与多次皮下注射胰岛素对重症高龄2型糖尿病均具有较好的疗效与安全性,且胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素更利于此类患者血糖控制及改善病情.     

Restoring post-prandial insulin release in type 2 diabetes

Tight blood glucose control is a primary aim of type 2 diabetes treatment. Combining metformin with the amino acid derivative, nateglinide, tackles both beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance, and produces a greater decrease in haemoglobin A1c levels than treatment with either drug alone.     

胰岛素强化治疗儿童初发2型糖尿病临床观察

目的 采用胰岛素强化治疗儿童2型糖尿病,观察胰岛功能及其他指标变化情况.方法 将42例儿童初发2型糖尿病患者随机分为2组,门冬胰岛素30治疗(甲)组、地特胰岛素联合速效门冬胰岛素皮下注射(乙)组,治疗3个月.比较2组治疗前后的空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、体重指数(BMU、空腹胰岛素(Fins)、空腹C肽(F-CP)及HOMA-3、HOMA-IR.结果 治疗后乙组比甲组胰岛功能有较大改善,差异有统计学意义,两组其他各值均有改善,两组相比较差异无统计学意义.结论 胰岛素强化治疗有助于儿童糖尿病患者胰岛功能恢复.     

2型糖尿病的胰岛素治疗

2型糖尿病占糖尿病总人数的90％以上,是糖尿病防治工作的重点。按以往统计,2型糖尿病人中约20％单纯饮食治疗即可达到血糖控制良好的程度,半数以上2型糖尿病的治疗为饮食控制加口服降糖药,另约20％的患为控制血糖需加用胰岛素治疗：我院统计在住院治疗的2型糖尿病中用     

胰岛素强化治疗新诊断2型糖尿病患者成本-效果分析

目的 分析3种胰岛素强化治疗方案的成本-效果,为选择临床治疗方案提供参考。方法 对新诊断2型糖尿病患者随机分为3组。A组仅给予持续皮下注射胰岛素（CSII）,B组给予CSII联合二甲双胍和吡格列酮,C组给予CSII联合西格列汀。收集治疗前后的空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、血糖达标时间、住院天数、低血糖发生次数及成本,比较3种方案的成本-效果。结果 各组患者经治疗后FPG、2hPG均下降（均P<0.01）,3组的血糖达标时间、住院天数及低血糖发生次数差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.01）。A、B、C组有效率的成本-效果比分别为139.37、134.29、135.66。以A组为对照,B组和C组的增量成本-效果比分别为25.52、53.85。敏感性分析支持基础分析结果。结论 CSII联合二甲双胍和吡格列酮治疗新诊断2型糖尿病患者是最经济、有效的方案;对于低血糖发生危险性高的患者,可选CSII联合西格列汀。     

胰岛素治疗 2 型糖尿病合并初治肺结核疗效观 察简

目的：观察胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病合并初治肺结核的疗效和安全性。方法：2型糖尿病合并初治肺结核患者60例,随机分为两组,各30例,治疗组予甘舒霖30R早晚餐前皮下注射,对照组予格列美脲＋二甲双胍口服,观察12周,比较两组患者5个时点血糖、糖化血红蛋白、低血糖反应、痰菌阴转情况和肺结核病灶X线变化。结果：低血糖发生率两组无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,治疗组血糖和糖化血红蛋白显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,痰菌阴转率治疗组（95%）显著高于对照组（72.2%）（P〈0.05）,病灶吸收情况治疗组（83.3%）显著好于对照组（53.3%）（P〈0.01）,空洞闭合治疗组（84.6%）显著好于对照组（54.5%）（P〈0.01）。结论：胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病合并初治肺结核在控制血糖、痰菌阴转率、病灶吸收及空洞闭合情况均优于口服降糖药。     

2型糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗依从性及相关因素分析

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗的依从性。方法　记录患者年龄、性别、文化程度、病程、糖化血红蛋白水平、注射胰岛素原因、注射前治疗情况、注射方案、注射方法、1年后随访患者是否继续注射胰岛素及注射方法、注射方案、血糖控制情况。结果　糖尿病患者文化程度高、病程长 ,用胰岛素笔注射均有利于患者继续注射 ,而因急性代谢紊乱而注射胰岛素的病人日后可转为口服降糖药治疗。结论　加强病人教育 ,用胰岛素笔注射等措施对提高病人治疗的依从性有利 ,早期应用胰岛素可部分恢复 β细胞功能。     

短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对2型糖尿病患者内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的影响

目的 探讨短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对合并及不合并有大血管并发症的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(FMD)的影响.方法 选择T2DM患者76例(T2DM组),分为两个亚组,合并有大血管并发症者28例(T2DM1组),无大血管并发症者48例(T2DM2组),另选年龄、性别相匹配的健康对照者30例(NC组),所有对象均接受高频超声检测肱动脉血管FMD,T2DM组经胰岛素泵强化治疗后复查.同时检测血糖、血脂、空腹胰岛素及其他代谢指标,并计算稳态模型法胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果 与NC组比较,T2DM组患者FMD显著下降(P＜0.01),而糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)、HOMA-IR、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆同醇(LDL-C)显著增高(P＜0.01或＜0.05).相关分析显示FMD与HbAI1c、FPG、HOMA-IR、TG、LDL-C呈负相关(P＜0.01).与高密度脂蛋白胆同醇(HDL-C)呈正相关(P＜0.01).T2DM组经胰岛素泵强化治疗2周后.两个亚组患者FMD改善效果不同,T2DMl组由治疗前(4.25±1.96)%增至治疗后(4.96±1.36)%(P＞0.05),T2DM2组由治疗前(4.02±2.35)%增至治疗后(7.56±2.34)%(P＜0.01).结论 短期胰岛素泵强化治疗能明显改善不合并有大血管并发症T2DM患者的FMD.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of short term insulin pump intensive therapy on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with and without vascular complications. Methods Seventy-six patients with T2DM (T2DM group) were divided into 2 subgroups: T2DM1 subgroup (28 patients with vascular complications) and T2DM2 subgroup (48 patients without vascular complications). Meanwhile, 30 healthy cases were selected as NC group. All research subjects accepted high-frequency ultrasound detection on brachial artery for FMD. After insulin pump intensive therapy,FMD in T2DM group was reexamined, fasting insulin was detected and HOMA-IR was calculated. Results Compared with that in NC group, FMD in T2DM group was significantly lower(P＜ 0.01). However, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c ), fasting plasma glucose (FPG ),H0MA-IR and blood fat were significantly higher (P＜0.01 or ＜0.05). Correlation analysis showed that FMD had negative correlation with HbA1c, FPG, HOMA-IR, triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)(P＜0.01),and had positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). After 2 weeks of insulin pump therapy, the improvement of FMD between the two groups was different. FMD in T2DM1 subgroup increased from (4.25 ± 1.96)% to (4.96 ± 1.36)%(P＞0.05), and FMD in T2DM2 subgroup increased from (4.02 ± 2.35)% to (7.56 ± 2.34)%(P＜ 0.01). Conclusion Insulin pump intensive therapy can evidently improve FMD in T2DM patients without vascular complications.     

预混胰岛素在2型糖尿病合并肺部感染患者治疗中的临床疗效

目的探讨预混胰岛素在2型糖尿病合并肺部感染治疗中的临床疗效,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法选择医院2015年1月-2016年6月收治的2型糖尿病合并肺部感染患者60例进行研究,按照入院顺序分为研究组和对照组,各30例,所有患者均给予抗感染治疗,对照组采用二甲双胍控制血糖治疗,研究组给予预混胰岛素控制血糖治疗,比较两组临床疗效以及血糖控制情况。结果研究组治疗后C-反应蛋白低于对照组;研究组总有效率为96.7%,高于对照组的70.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后研究组空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病合并肺部感染患者采用预混胰岛素控制血糖治疗能有效控制血糖,有利于提高肺部感染治疗的有效率。     

Recommendations concerning the initial regimen and dose adjustments of insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Although physicians are confronted with an increasing number of insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, guidelines for the initial insulin regimen and dose adjustment are rare. If the fasting blood glucose level is > 10 mmol/l and the postprandial values are not much higher than the fasting ones, then the patient can be started on 8-12 IU of an intermediate-acting insulin before going to sleep. In the case of blood glucose levels which increase during the day or if a single insulin dose has insufficient effect, the patient can be started on a twice-daily administration of a premixed insulin. If more than 40 IU of insulin per injection are needed to regulate the blood glucose levels, it might be necessary to switch to administering insulin 4 times per day. Of this total daily quantity, initially 20% is administered as (ultra)short-acting insulin before the three daily meals and 40% as a bedtime intermediate-acting insulin. Occasionally elevated blood glucose levels do not necessarily have to be a reason for adjusting the insulin dosage.     

胰岛素泵治疗晚期2型糖尿病疗效观察

持续皮下胰岛素输注（continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion，CSII）简称胰岛素泵，是目前最符合生理状态的胰岛素输注方式。采用基础量和餐前量相结合的输注方式模拟正常胰腺的分泌，有利于糖尿病的强化治疗。     

初诊2型糖尿病应用胰岛素强化治疗的护理

胰岛素治疗是对初诊2型糖尿病患者控制高血糖的一个有效手段.通过对21例初诊2型糖尿病患者使用胰岛素治疗及护理的总结,就有关问题进行探索,得出使用胰岛素治疗前病人的心理准备、合理的膳食、胰岛素应用的护理及血糖监测,是初诊2型糖尿病患者控制血糖的关键的结论.