冬季取暖及燃煤对农村不同类型住宅室内空气质量影响的研究

对使用不同燃料且不同类型的住宅进行了室内空气质量状况的调查，结果表明：采暖期室内空气污染物浓度高于非采暖期；各污染物中ＳＯ２、ＣＯ、ＩＰ等超标严重；燃煤且分散式取暖住宅室内空气污染较燃气且集中式采暖住宅严重；非彩暖期，燃煤住宅室内空气污染较燃气住宅严重；室内污染较室外严重。     

燃煤对儿童免疫功能的影响研究

目的：探讨不同生活燃料对儿童免疫功能的影响。方法：配对选择燃煤和燃气各41名小学生作为研究对象,监测不同燃料导致的室内空气污染水平,同时对研究对象进行了免疫功能7项指标包括IgA、IgG、IgM、补体C3、血清溶菌酶和CD4、CD8的检测.结果：燃煤家庭的室内SO2、CO2、NO2及IP均显著高于燃气家庭,但两组儿童的各项免疫指标未见显著性差异。结论：南方由于住房结构尤其是通风状况,导致燃料所产生的室内空气污染物扩散稀释速度快,在室内停留时间短,儿童实际暴露水平低,因此未见明显的免疫功能损害。     

室内空气污染与儿童肺功能

对我国四个城市1343名儿童冬季肺功能测定的结果表明,室内RP和SO_2污染比较严重的承德、上海燃煤家庭中儿童FVC、FEV_1、PEF、V_(75)、V_(50)和V_(25)较燃气家庭降低1.5～10.7％。上海燃煤组儿童FVC异常率比燃气组高。其中父母吸烟的女孩肺功能比不吸烟者低。居住在沈阳大气SO_2污染较重的工业区的燃煤组儿童FEV_1和V_(50)异常率比居民区儿童高,这与室内空气中RP和SO_2等污染物浓度有关,部分还有被动吸烟或室外污染因素的参与。     

燃气热水器对室内空气污染的研究

为了探讨燃气热水器对室内空气污染的状况 ,我们对直排式、普通烟道式这两种燃气热水器在不同通风状态、不同燃烧时间室内一氧化碳 (CO)、二氧化碳 (CO2 )、二氧化氮 (NO2 )及甲醛的浓度进行了测定。结果发现 ,在不同通风状态下 ,直排式和普通烟道式燃气热水器燃烧后不同时间室内各污染物浓度均较燃烧前明显增高 ,并有递增趋势 ;室内各污染物除甲醛外均严重超标 ;直排式燃气热水器在关窗状态下使用室内污染物浓度最高 ,超标最严重 ;普通烟道式燃气热水器造成的污染明显低于直排式燃气热水器 ;通风能降低污染物浓度。上述结果表明 ,直排式和普通烟道式燃气热水器都能造成室内空气污染。     

通气换气对石油液化气燃烧时室内NO2和CO浓度的影响

为减轻石油化气燃烧对室内空气造成的污染，以ＮＯ２及ＣＯ为检测指标，研究机械通风与自然通风对室内污染物浓度的影响。结果显示，石油液化气燃烧可使室内ＮＯ２和ＣＯ浓度升高，污染物浓度与火焰大小及燃烧时间有关。点火的同时进行自然通风或机械通风均可降低污染物的浓度。二者同时进行即在开启抽烟机基础上进行自然通风，其降低污染物浓度的效果最好。说明在使用石油液化气时进行通风换气，可有效地改善室内空气质量，保护居民健康     

室内空气污染的研究

本文报道了在中国四个城市(上海、武汉、承德和沈阳)进行冬夏两季室内污染水平的调查。结果表明,当以煤为家庭燃料时,RP、SO_2和CO的污染是严重的,尤其在冬季更是如此,甚至其污染物浓度高达燃气家庭室内浓度的十几倍。厨房比卧室污染物浓度高,是污染物产生的来源。在冬季燃煤家庭厨房内RP浓度可达665μg/m~3,SO_2860μg/~3,CO14.07mg/m~3。在卧室内可达RP270μg/m~3,SO_2502μg/m~3,CO13.67mg/m~3。     

深圳市某区室内空气污染调查分析与控制

目的 室内空气污染与每个人的健康密切相关,室内也是人类活动的主要场所。因此,调查研究室内空气污染物的污染状况很有必要。方法 对深圳市某区35户家庭室内空气污染物进行调查分析,调查的污染物包括甲醛、二氧化氮和苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯),参考室内空气质量标准(GB/T 18883—2002)中的标准值进行判断。结果 通过研究发现,这5种室内污染物的浓度均未超过国家室内空气质量标准,表明深圳市宝安区家庭室内空气质量良好,不会对居民健康产生威胁和危害。结论 深圳市某区室内二氧化氮、甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯的整体污染情况较轻,对居民的居室环境影响较小。     

居室装修后不同时间室内空气污染状况调查

目的探讨居室装修后不同时间室内空气污染状况。方法选择新装修居室63户，分别于装修结束后1、2、4、8w，检测室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯的浓度。结果室内装修可导致室内空气中甲醛、苯及其同系物的污染，装修结束后1w，室内4种污染物的均数均超过国家标准；随着时间的推移，室内4种污染物浓度逐渐下降，装修结束后4w，室内4种污染物含量的均数均低于国家标准。控制时间后，室内4种污染物的含量可能与室温呈正相关关系。结论室内装修可导致室内空气中甲醛、苯及其同系物的污染，污染物的含量随时间和室温的变化而变化。     

十堰市家具市场室内空气污染及从业人员健康状况调查

为了解家具市场室内空气污染及从业人员的健康状况,于2011年夏季和冬季对十堰市8个家具市场的室内微小气候和常见污染物浓度进行检测,并自行设计问卷调查185名家具市场从业人员的自觉健康症状.结果显示,该市家具市场室内空气的主要污染物为甲醛,其冬季和夏季的检测合格率分别为23.81％和7.53％,且夏季室内甲醛浓度高于冬季(P＜0.05);室内空气污染对从业人员健康存在一定危害,主要以神经系统、呼吸系统症状及皮肤刺激为主.提示家具市场室内空气污染严重,以甲醛污染为主,并危害从业人员健康.     

自贡市室内空气污染现状研究

采用现场调查方法,对自贡市不同燃料及建筑类型室内空气污染现状进行研究。结果表明燃煤户室内各污染物浓度高于燃气户,两者比值比二氧化硫（１４．８０）及硫化氢（７．６０）高。苯并（ａ）芘最大日平均值燃气户（６．９０μｇ／１００ｍ＾３）接近燃煤户（７．２５μｇ／１００ｍ＾３）的污染水平。由于受建筑类型的影响,楼房户厨房与卧室的浓度比值大于平房户,其中二氧化硫（３．８３）、苯并（ａ）芘（３．７１）、一氧化碳     

探讨农村改炉改灶的途径

目的通过模拟实验，提出农村改进炉灶的途径。方法在模拟房间测定了室内空气污染物浓度和回风炉热工性能，室内空气污染物浓度、换气次数、炉灶热工性能测试分别按国家标准规定进行。结果①炉灶烟囱从下到上全部为负压，居室内安装有烟囱的炉灶可使室内空气质量达到卫生标准；②提高烟囱高度可造成较大负压，提高排烟量，促进燃烧，但排烟热损失和燃料消耗也随之增加；③实验的炊事、取暖回风炉的平均火力强度、炊事热效率、取暖热效率、烟气热损失等数据表明其结构较合理；④砖砌燃煤燃柴台灶的烟气热损失、取暖热效率表明燃烧热量没有得到较好利用，木柴燃烧速度快，需要空气量大，应选用较大断面烟囱。结论居室内安装有烟囱的炉灶可有效控制燃煤燃柴造成的室内空气污染；提出了包括合理的炉灶结构、适宜的烟囱高度和断面、增设炕烟道取暖、热水器等多种控制污染和节能的改进炉灶途径。     

室内燃煤污染对家庭妇女细胞免疫功能的影响

选择上海市大气质量相似，以煤制品和煤气作燃料的两个居委会各６户居民，测定了室内ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ、ＣＯ、ＴＰ浓度，同时测试了上述地区１８０名家庭妇女的细胞免疫功能。结果表明，燃煤组的各项监测指标高于燃煤气组，燃煤组家庭妇女外周血中淋巴细胞总数及活性Ｅ花环百分率及自然杀伤细胞的活性均低于燃煤气组（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ｔ淋巴细胞ＩＬ－２诱导活性两组之间无差别。提示燃煤能引起居室内空气严重污染，造成接触人群细胞免疫功能的降低。     

Indoor air pollution in rural China: cooking fuels, stoves, and health status

Solid fuels are a major source of indoor air pollution, but in less developed countries the short-term health effects of indoor air pollution are poorly understood. The authors conducted a large cross-sectional study of rural Chinese households to determine associations between individual health status and domestic cooking as a source of indoor air pollution. The study included measures of health status as well as measures of indoor air-pollution sources, such as solid cooking fuels and cooking stoves. Compared with other fuel types, coal was associated with a lower health status, including negative impacts on exhaled carbon monoxide level, forced vital capacity, lifetime prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, and health care utilization. Decreasing household coal use, increasing use of improved stove technology, and increasing kitchen ventilation may decrease the short-term health effects of indoor air pollution.     

皖西南农村地区空气污染水平调查

目的 初步了解农村室内外空气污染水平。方法 1999年1－4月在安徽省西南部农村地区随机抽取324农村居民家庭,对室内外空气中PM10与SO2的污染水平进行监测调查,同时以家庭使用燃料情况等进行问卷调查。结果 室内外空气中PM10平均浓度高于150mg/m^3;但是SO2室内外平均污染水平低于150mg/m^3。PM10和SO2污染水平没有显著性相关关系。结论 被调查农村地区冬季存在比较严重的空气颗粒物污染,这种污染主要由于农村居民生活燃柴引起。     

Indoor air pollution and acute lower respiratory infections in the first two years of life

The relationship between outdoor air pollution and acute respiratory infections (ARI) was previously documented. There are recent indications for connection between indoor air pollution and ARI in infants and young children. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship of indoor air pollutants to acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in children (< 2 years). The indoor air pollutants concentrations were measured in the homes of the sample. The sample consisted of 115 children (< 2 years) representing the control group (24), ALRI but no pneumonia (24), pneumonia (30), severe pneumonia or very severe disease (37). Air sampling was performed to measure the concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP), SO2 and CO. These pollutants were found in higher concentrations in cases' homes (52.46 +/- 19.68 microg/m3, 298.15 +/- 669.37 microg/m3, and 1.92 +/- 3.60 ppm) than in controls' homes (31.92 +/- 8.76 microg/m3, not detected, and 0.33 +/- 1.63 ppm respectively). Whereas SO2 was detected only in houses using kerosene, TSP and CO were detected with the different types of cooking fuels. Their mean concentrations were highest for biomass (88.86 +/- 13.30 microg/m3 and 9.29 +/- 2.50 ppm) and lowest for gas (40.78 +/- 15.25 microg/m3 and 0.76 +/- 2.19 ppm). Measures to improve indoor air quality are highly required.     

Health effects of indoor fluoride pollution from coal burning in China.

The combustion of high fluoride-content coal as an energy resource for heating, cooking, and food drying is a major exhaust emission source of suspended particulate matter and fluoride. High concentrations of these pollutants have been observed in indoor air of coal-burning families in some rural areas in China. Because airborne fluoride has serious toxicological properties, fluoride pollution in indoor air and the prevalence of fluorosis have been analyzed in a fluorosis area and a healthy nonfluorosis area in China and in a rural area in Japan. For human health, fluoride in indoor air has not only been directly inhaled by residents but also has been absorbed in stored food such as corn, chilies, and potatoes. In the fluorosis area in China, concentrations of urinary fluoride in the residents have been much higher than in the nonfluorosis area in China and in the rural area in Japan. In the fluorosis area, almost all elementary and junior high school students 10-15 years of age had dental fluorosis. Osteosclerosis in the skeletal fluorosis patients was very serious. Urinary deoxypyridinoline in rural residents in China was much higher than in rural residents in Japan. Data suggest that bone resorption was extremely stimulated in the residents in China and that fluoride may stimulate both bone resorption and bone formation. Because indoor fluoride from combustion of coal is easily absorbed in stored food and because food consumption is a main source of fluoride exposure, it is necessary to reduce airborne fluoride and food contamination to prevent serious fluorosis in China.     

室内空气主要污染物及其健康效应

室内空气质量与人体健康紧密相关。室内空气污染物的种类众多、来源广泛 ,对人体健康造成的危害十分复杂 ,可累及呼吸、免疫和血液等多个系统。目前 ,室内空气中存在的污染物以燃料燃烧产物、建筑装饰材料产生的挥发性有机化合物和生物性污染物等为主。本文就这几类主要污染物的来源及其健康效应进行综述     

六个国家室内空气污染和吸烟对≥50岁人群哮喘的交互作用研究

目的 探讨室内空气污染和吸烟之间的交互作用对≥50岁人群哮喘的影响,为哮喘的防控提供科学依据。方法 随机抽取中国、加纳、印度、墨西哥、俄罗斯和南非6个中低收入国家的居民家庭户进行家庭问卷调查和对所有≥50岁的成员进行个人问卷调查。运用logistic回归模型分别分析室内空气污染（做饭燃料、烟囱设施）和吸烟（是否吸烟、吸烟频率、烟龄）与人群哮喘患病的关系,利用乘法模型和加法模型评价空气污染和吸烟对人群哮喘的交互作用影响。结果 共有33 327名调查对象纳入分析,≥50岁人群哮喘的总患病率为3.89%（1 296/33 327）。调整国家、年龄、性别、婚姻状况、居住地、教育程度、体力活动、家庭收入等混杂因素后,吸烟人群相对于从不吸烟人群患哮喘风险增加（OR=1.18,95% CI：1.01~1.45）;在不同吸烟频率的人群中,偶尔吸烟人群患哮喘的风险最高（OR=1.75,95% CI：1.33~2.30）。交互作用分析结果显示,除烟龄和做饭燃料外,室内空气污染和吸烟之间对≥50岁人群哮喘存在相加交互作用;是否吸烟（交互项OR=1.60,95% CI：1.26~2.02）、吸烟频率（交互项OR=1.61,95% CI：1.28~2.04）、吸烟烟龄（交互项OR=1.69,95% CI：1.39~2.21）均与做饭燃料之间在≥50岁人群哮喘患病风险中存在相乘交互作用。当2种危险因素同时存在时,患哮喘的风险最高。吸烟和做饭燃料为柴/煤/炭人群患哮喘的风险是不吸烟和燃料为电/燃气的1.43倍（95% CI：1.17~1.75）。结论 室内空气污染和吸烟均与≥50岁人群哮喘患病有关,并对≥50岁人群哮喘患病存在交互作用。     

Household air pollution from coal and biomass fuels in China: measurements, health impacts, and interventions

OBJECTIVE: Nearly all China's rural residents and a shrinking fraction of urban residents use solid fuels (biomass and coal) for household cooking and/or heating. Consequently, global meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies indicate that indoor air pollution from solid fuel use in China is responsible for approximately 420,000 premature deaths annually, more than the approximately 300,000 attributed to urban outdoor air pollution in the country. Our objective in this review was to help elucidate the extent of this indoor air pollution health hazard. DATA SOURCES: We reviewed approximately 200 publications in both Chinese- and English-language journals that reported health effects, exposure characteristics, and fuel/stove intervention options. CONCLUSIONS: Observed health effects include respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, weakening of the immune system, and reduction in lung function. Arsenic poisoning and fluorosis resulting from the use of "poisonous" coal have been observed in certain regions of China. Although attempts have been made in a few studies to identify specific coal smoke constituents responsible for specific adverse health effects, the majority of indoor air measurements include those of only particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and/or nitrogen dioxide. These measurements indicate that pollution levels in households using solid fuel generally exceed China's indoor air quality standards. Intervention technologies ranging from simply adding a chimney to the more complex modernized bioenergy program are available, but they can be viable only with coordinated support from the government and the commercial sector.