经食管三维超声心动图临床应用的新进展

经食管三维超声心动图（three-dimensional transesophageal echocar diography,3D—TEE）于上世纪90年代初期问世并应用于实验室及临床检查。由于探头位置的改变,它能由后向前,近距离扫查心脏深部结构,有效排除肺气干扰、肥胖、胸廓畸形和肋间隙狭窄的影响,明显改善超声图像的清晰度及分辨率。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图应用的对比分析

目的 :为获取高质量的心脏及大血管超声心动图像。方法 :对比分析北京协和医院 5年来 363例在经胸超声心动图 ( TTE)检查的基础上行经食管超声心动图 ( TEE)的检查结果。结果 :363例检查指征分为心腔内血栓、主动脉夹层、感染性心内膜炎、主动脉瓣膜病变及主动脉粥样硬化等。 TTE仅有 2 2 .3%的病例获得诊断 ,而有 TEE76%的病例可获得明确诊断 ,增加信息量5 3.7%。结论 :TEE检查结果对改进或决定临床处理对策产生了不同程度的影响。     

心脏手术中经食道超声心动图检查的老年患者术后吞咽痛研究

目的 探讨老年患者心脏手术中经食道超声心动图检查(TEE)后吞咽痛的影响因素.方法 将2010年11月至2012年8月我院96例心脏手术中经食道超声心动图检查的患者分为两组,其中≥65岁组60例,＜65岁组36例,收集患者的临床资料并随访,使用疼痛数字等级定量表评估术后吞咽痛.比较两组患者术后吞咽痛的特点,并运用Logistic回归分析方法探讨老年患者心脏手术后吞咽痛的影响因素. 结果 与＜65岁组相比,≥65岁组术后吞咽痛发生率高(88.3％对66.7％,P＜0.025)、疼痛评分高(2.6±1.7)分和(1.4±0.9)分(P＜0.01).Logistic回归分析显示,全麻前口服利多卡因胶浆、口咽黏膜损伤、TEE留置时间是老年患者术后吞咽痛的影响因素(P＜0.01). 结论 老年患者心脏手术中TEE后吞咽痛发生率高,疼痛程度重.应在全麻前口服利多卡因胶浆,减少口咽黏膜损伤,缩短TEE留置时间以缓解患者术后吞咽痛.     

经食管超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病手术中的应用

目的:对比应用经食管超声心动图(TEE)对患者麻醉和手术转归的影响,阐述TEE在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病左心室流出道疏通术中的作用。方法:回顾性调查31例成人肥厚型梗阻性心肌病左心室流出道疏通术患者,分为GTEE和Gn2组,比较手术后2组患者左心室流出道压差、术后转归和并发症。结果:2组的体外循环时间和主动脉阻断时间无差异,GTEE组术后左心室流出道压差[(26±10)mmHg,1mmHg=0.133kPa]明显低于Gn组[(59±28)mmHg,P<0.01];GTEE组术中并发症和术后转归好于Gn组。结论:术中TEE对麻醉监测和手术处理有积极的指导意义。     

经食管超声心动图在微创室间隔缺损封堵治疗中的应用

目的 评价经食管超声心动图(transoesophageal echocardiography,TEE)在微创外科室间隔缺损封堵治疗中的临床价值.方法 经胸超声心动图检查粗筛27例室间隔缺损(VSD)患者,拟行微创外科非体外循环下封堵治疗.术前行TEE,根据VSD位置、类型、大小选择合适的封堵器;术中TEE引导封堵器放置,评价即刻封堵效果;术后1周内复查.结果 3例患者术前TEE剔除,20例患者封堵成功,TEE显示19例无残余分流,1例微量残余分流;4例患者转体外循环进行VSD修补,其中2例有残余分流,2例出现主动脉瓣反流;20例微创封堵成功患者术后1周内超声随访,均见封堵器位置正常,无残余分流,左心室重构改善,三尖瓣反流程度减轻,肺动脉压力下降.结论 TEE对选择适合行微创封堵的VSD患者、选择封堵器大小、协助封堵器的释放、评价疗效均有重要作用.微创VSD封堵安全、有效.     

侵入性超声心动图检查的概况

侵入性途径扩大了常规超声心动描记方法的临床应用范围。对比超声心动图已广泛用于临床,各种新型对比剂和心肌对比超声心动检查的研究目前相当活跃。经食管超声心动描记术提供了不受胸壁和肺组织干扰的探查途径,并能较好地评价左右心房、房间隔和左室前壁等结构。经静脉心腔内超声心动图和手术过程中心外膜超声心动图检查也均有一定价值。     

超声心动图发展概要

影像学检查通过人体脏器的扫查,提供重要的解剖学信息,而超声心动图能够实时评价心脏解剖结构、功能以及血流动力学信息。三维超声心动图、应变成像等定量评估方法以及超声增强显影不再是纸上谈兵,已经广泛应用于临床并且为患者的诊断和预后提供了丰富信息。本文主要通过超声心动图新技术在心脏移植等新领域的应用来阐述其重要性,从而指导治疗。     

经食管实时三维超声心动图在先天性心脏病中的应用

目的探讨经食管实时三维超声心动图（RT3D-TEE）在先天性心脏病中的作用，比较其与经食管二维超声心动图（2D-TEE）和经胸实时三维超声心动图（RT3D-TTE）的诊断价值。方法总结了2007年6月共12例接受RT3D—TEE、2D—TEE、RT3D-TTE检查的先天性心脏病患者，其中大部分患者经手术证实检查结果的准确性。将各项检查影像资料进行对比分析。结果对于先天性心脏病异常结构的显示，2D-TEE图像清晰，但仅能提供平面信息；RT3D-TTE受患者声窗影响较大，图像质量欠佳；RT3D-TEE不受胸骨及肺的影响，可以提供心脏及毗邻结构清晰的三维立体影像，精确判断病变细节。结论RT3D-TEE在先天性心脏病的诊断中可提供全面、清晰、立体的影像资料，具有广泛且重要的应用前景。     

经食管超声心动图测定冠状窦血流对冠状动脉血流储备的评估

目的 :采用经食管超声心动图检查 ,以冠状窦血流测值评估冠心病患者的冠状动脉血流储备 ( CFR) ,探讨其可行性及对冠心病的诊断价值。方法 :先后对 15例冠心病患者及 10例正常人 ,在静脉注射潘生丁前后分别记录其冠状窦血流频谱 ,并测定最大前向血流速度 ( Va- max)、最大逆向血流速度 ( Vr- max)、前向流速时间积分 ( VTIa)及逆向流速时间积分 ( VTIr) ,并以净前向流速时间积分 ( VTIa- VTIr)× HR代表冠状窦实际前向血流 ( CSF) ,再分别以注射潘生丁前后的 Va- max及 CSF比值作为 CFR值。结果 :所有受检者均获得满意的冠状窦血流频谱 ,不论以何种方法计算CFR值 ,所得结果在冠心病者与正常人之间均有极显著性差异 ( P <0 .0 1) ,且以注药前后 CSF比值评估 CFR,对冠心病诊断具有较高的准确性。结论 :经食管超声心动图测定冠状窦血流评估 CFR具有很好的可行性及较高的诊断价值。     

经食管超声心动图在小婴儿经胸微创室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的评价经食管超声心动图（TEE）在小婴儿经胸微创室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用价值。方法经胸超声心动图诊断为室间隔缺损（VSD）患儿79例,拟行微创非体外循环下封堵治疗。术前行TEE检查,明确室间隔缺损的位置、类型、大小及边缘情况。选择合适的封堵器,术中TEE引导封堵器释放,评价即刻效果。术后1周内复查超声心动图。结果6例患者术前TEE剔除,69例患者封堵成功,4例封堵失败,转体外循环行室间隔缺损修补术。术中TEE显示,64例无残余分流,5例有微量残余分流。术后1周内超声随访,均见封堵器位置良好,1例有微量残余分流。结论TEE对选择适合行封堵的VSD患者、选择合适的封堵器、引导封堵器的释放及疗效评价均具有重要的作用。     

Transnasal transesophageal echocardiography: A new approach for the PFO occlusion in awake patients

Objectives : To reduce risks, discomfort, cost, and operative time for percutaneous patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure, we propose to perform this procedure under transesophageal echo‐guidance using a 10 Fr. catheter introduced through nasal way (TEENW). Background : Transesophageal or intracardiac echocardiography is commonly used to guide percutaneous PFO closure. Sedation needed quite frequently during transesophageal echocardiography, increased patients' discomfort, procedure prolongation, costs, use of both femoral veins, and additional intracardiac manipulations are the main limitations of standard techniques. Methods : We enrolled 20 consecutive patients with a history of cerebral ischemia and PFO with right‐to‐left shunt. In 15 patients Amplatzer® PFO occluder was used, whereas in five patients with longer PFO tunnel (>10 mm) Cardia Intrasept® was selected. Without sedation, a multifrequency monoplane probe, developed for intracardiac echocardiography, was introduced into the nostril and advanced forward the esophagus. Then under echo guidance, the closing device was presented, opened and released. Results : Procedure lasted for an average of 33.3 min, and no complications were seen. At procedure's completion, six patients showed persistence of reduced shunt during Valsalva manoeuvre. At six‐month follow‐up, shunts disappeared in all patients. Conclusion : TEENW is safe and well tolerated, and images' quality is high enough to deserve widespread adoption of this technique for PFO closure. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Interatrial defect sizing by intracardiac and transesophageal echocardiography compared with fluoroscopic measurements in patients undergoing percutaneous transcatheter closure.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the feasibility and accuracy of using echocardiographic measurements by transesophageal and intracardiac echocardiography (TEE and ICE, respectively) for interatrial septal defect sizing during percutaneous transcatheter closure. Forty-two patients underwent balloon sizing of interatrial septal defects using TEE in 21 of them and ICE in the other half. These measurements were correlated with quantitative fluoroscopic analysis and evaluated for bias and agreement between methods using a Bland-Altman analysis. Echocardiographic measurements were obtained by ICE and TEE in all patients. An excellent correlation was found between TEE and quantitative fluoroscopy (r = 0.898; P < 0.001) and between ICE and quantitative fluoroscopy (r = 0.876; P < 0.001), with a significant agreement (P < 0.001) and minimal positive bias toward the echocardiographic measurements. Both TEE and ICE are excellent methods of interatrial defect sizing when compared with quantitative fluoroscopic measurements.     

卵圆孔未闭患者缺血性脑血管病复发情况的分析

目的 观察伴有卵圆孔未闭（PFO）的缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者的复发情况,以了解PFO在脑缺血发生过程中的作用。方法 连续选取2008年3月-2009年3月, 首都医科大学宣武医院神经内科住院的,15-55岁缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者71例进行研究,均行经食管超声心动图检查,其中PFO组49例,非PFO组22例,比较12个月内两组缺血性脑血管病复发情况。结果 随访12个月时PFO组共有8例复发脑缺血,而非PFO组仅有1例复发。（1）PFO组与非PFO组3、6、12个月时复发率分别为6.12%,0;10.20%,4.55%和16.33%,4.55%,差异均无统计学意义（P=0.322,P=0.428,P=0.168）。（2）PFO组患者缺血性脑血管病累计复发率较非PFO组患者具有增高趋势,但差异尚未达到统计学意义（P=0.065）,其OR值为3.76（95%CI：0.834-16.946）,亦未达到统计学意义（P=0.085）。结论 存在PFO的缺血性脑血管病患者的复发率有增高趋势,但尚不能够确定PFO可以增加再发脑缺血的概率。     

Routine transesophageal echocardiography for the evaluation of cerebral emboli in elderly patients

BACKGROUND: Approximately 20% of cerebral infarctions are cardioembolic in nature. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is widely regarded as the initial study of choice for evaluating cardiac source of embolism. Although the majority of cerebrovascular accidents occur in elderly patients, the value of TEE in this population is poorly defined. METHODS: We compared 491 patients older than 65 years with suspected embolic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) who had undergone TEE evaluation between April 2000 and February 2004 to an age-, sex-, and time-matched control group that consisted of 252 patients. Studies were reviewed for abnormalities associated with thromboembolic disease. RESULTS: The overall incidence of stroke risk factors was significantly higher in the study than in the control group. However, the four patients with left atrial thrombi had a history of atrial fibrillation. Although ascending and aortic arch sessile atheromata were observed more frequently in the study than control group, there were no significant differences in the incidence of either complex or mobile aortic atheromata. The incidence of atrial septal aneurysm was higher in the stroke/TIA group, but not in association with patent foramen ovale. Finally, there were also no differences in the incidence of spontaneous echocontrast, and/or patent foramen ovale between study and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude: (1) There is a higher incidence of abnormalities implicated as sources of thromboembolic disease on TEE in elderly patients with cerebral infarctions, but (2) this incidence is driven by the presence of sessile aortic atheroma and atrial septal aneurysm. Until the benefits of specific therapies for these conditions are known, routine TEE in elderly patients with suspected embolic neurological events appears to be unwarranted.     

Intracardiac versus transesophageal echocardiography to guide transcatheter closure of interatrial communications: Nationwide trend and comparative analysis

Objectives

This study aimed to assess current temporal trends in utilization of ICE versus TEE guided closure of interatrial communications, and to compare periprocedural complications and resource utilization between the two imaging modalities.

Background

While transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has historically been used to guide percutaneous structural heart interventions, intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is being increasingly utilized to guide many of these procedures such as closure of interatrial communications.

Methods

Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, all patients aged >18 years, who underwent ASD or PFO closure with either ICE or TEE guidance between 2003 and 2014 were included. Comparative analysis of outcomes and resource utilization was performed using a propensity score‐matching model.

Results

ICE guidance for interatrial communication closure increased from 9.7% in 2003 to 50.6% in 2014. In the matched model, the primary endpoint of major adverse cardiovascular events occurred less frequently in the ICE group versus the TEE group (11.1% vs 14.3%, respectively, P = 0.008), mainly driven by less vascular complications in the ICE group (0.5% vs 1.3%, P = 0.045). Length of stay was shorter in the ICE group (3 ± 4 vs 4 ± 4 days, P < 0.0001). Cost was similar in the two groups 18 454 ± 17 035$ in the TEE group vs 18 278 ± 15 780$ in the ICE group (P = 0.75).

Conclusions

Intracardiac echocardiogram utilization to guide closure of interatrial communications has plateaued after a rapid rise throughout the 2000s. When utilized to guide interatrial communication closure procedure, ICE is as safe as TEE and does not increase cost or prolonged hospitalizations.

     

The use of transesophageal echocardiography to evaluate the effectiveness of patent ductus arteriosus ligation

The ligation of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a comparatively easy operation, but some complications are possible. The most common complication is incomplete ligation of the PDA; others include inadvertent ligation of the descending aorta or left pulmonary artery, transient rise in systemic blood pressure and increased left ventricular afterload, and acute right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension. The completeness of the PDA ligation is usually determined only by the operating physician's experience, including the use of an esophageal stethoscope or a finger on the lesion to feel for vibration. These methods sometimes fail to detect an incomplete ligation. With transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), we have monitored the entire course of the PDA ligation directly without interrupting the surgical procedure, and precisely determined the completeness of the ligation. We also expect that TEE will enable us to avoid other complications as well.