弓形虫复合粘膜疫苗滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导的Peyer’s patches持续性细胞免疫应答

目的以可溶性速殖子抗原（soluble tachyzoite antigen，STAg）和霍乱毒素（choleratoxin，CT）佐剂制备的弓形虫复合粘膜疫苗滴鼻免疫小鼠，观察肠粘膜诱导部位Peyer’s patches（PP）的细胞免疫应答及持续时间，探讨其免疫机制。方法BALB／c小鼠96只，随机分为实验组和对照组，实验组以STAg（20μg／只）为抗原，CT（1／μg／只）为佐剂滴鼻免疫，对照组PBS滴鼻。滴鼻2次（间隔2周）后，每组6只小鼠分别于第1、2、3、4、6、8、10、12周处死。计数PP个数，制备PP淋巴细胞悬液，计数并涂片；免疫细胞化学法检测CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞亚群。结果实验期间两组小鼠PP数目均无明显变化；实验组免疫后PP淋巴细胞数量明显增生，第2周达高峰，第1、2、3周显著高于对照组（P〈0.05），其中以CD4^＋T细胞增生为主，第1周～第8周高于对照组（P〈0.01），CD8^＋T细胞第1周～第4周显著增高（P〈0.01），CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值无显著变化（P〉0．05）。结论弓形虫复合粘膜疫苗滴鼻免疫BALB／c小鼠可有效诱导肠PP部位持续性的免疫应答，从而激活肠粘膜效应部位淋巴细胞的抗弓形虫感染作用。     

弓形虫STAg联合IFN-γ佐剂滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导不同黏膜部位抗体水平动态观察

目的观察弓形虫可溶性速殖子抗原（soluble tachyzoite antigen,STAg）联合IFN-γ佐剂滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠后不同黏膜部位抗体水平及其持续时间,为黏膜疫苗研制提供实验依据。方法 84只5~6周龄BALB/c小鼠随机分为免疫组和对照组,每组42只。免疫组以STAg（20μg/只）为抗原加IFN-γ（1 000 U/只）为佐剂滴鼻免疫,对照组以PBS 20μl滴鼻。共滴鼻2次,间隔2周。首次免疫后第0、2、4、6、8、10、12周每组处死6只小鼠,ELISA法测定鼻咽、肺和小肠冲洗液sIgA、IgG水平。结果小鼠用弓形虫STAg联合IFN-γ首次免疫后鼻咽冲洗液sIgA和IgG水平均增高,其中第2、4、6、8周sIgA水平显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,第2、4、6周IgG水平高于对照组（P〈0.05）;首次免疫后第6、8周小鼠肺冲洗液sIgA水平显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,第4、6、8周IgG水平高于对照组（P〈0.05）;首次免疫后第2、4、6周小肠冲洗液sIgA水平高于对照组（P〈0.05）,第2、4、6、8周IgG水平高于对照组（P〈0.05）。免疫后不同黏膜部位抗体均以sIgA为主,且以肠道冲洗液最高。结论 STAg联合IFN-γ佐剂滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠可诱导鼻咽、肺和小肠黏膜部位产生高水平sIgA和IgG抗体应答,并可持续6~8周。表明滴鼻免疫是弓形虫疫苗的适宜接种途径。     

重组人IL-2联合STAg鼻内免疫BALB/c小鼠诱导的免疫应答

目的观察重组人白细胞介素-2（rhuIL-2）联合弓形虫可溶性速殖子抗原（STAg）滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导的免疫应答,探讨rhuIL-2的佐剂效应及适宜剂量。方法5～6周龄BALB/c小鼠60只,随机分为6组,每组10只。实验组以STAg20μg或分别加rhuIL-2250、500、1000、2000 IU滴鼻免疫,抗原与佐剂溶于20μlPBS中,对照组以PBS滴鼻,免疫2次,间隔2周。末次免疫后30d,颈椎脱臼处死全部小鼠,ELISA法检测血清IgG和粪便sIgA水平;分离脾淋巴细胞、肠上皮内淋巴细胞（iIEL）,并计数。结果与PBS组相比,各佐剂组血清IgG水平都有增高,其中STAg＋500 IU IL-2组IgG水平增高最显著（P〈0.01）;STAg＋500 IU IL-2组和STAg＋1000 IU IL-2组粪便sIgA抗体水平显著高于PBS组和STAg组（P〈0.05）。联合IL-2佐剂免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞和产生了增殖性应答,其中STAg＋500 IU IL-2组和STAg＋1000 IU IL-2组脾淋巴细胞数显著高于PBS组和STAg组（P〈0.05）;TAg＋500 IU IL-2组iIEL高于PBS组（P〈0.05）。结论rhuIL-2作为佐剂联合STAg鼻内免疫小鼠可有效诱导粘膜免疫、系统的细胞免疫和体液免疫应答;500 IU IL-2为鼻内免疫小鼠的适宜剂量。     

不同剂量STAg滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导的抗弓形虫感染作用

目的观察不同剂量可溶性速殖子抗原(soluble tachyzoite antigen,STAg)滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导抗弓形虫感染作用,确定STAg滴鼻免疫最佳剂量。方法BALB/c小鼠50只随机分为5组,实验组分别用5μg、10μg、20μg、30μg STAg/只滴鼻免疫小鼠2次,间隔2周,对照组用PBS滴鼻。末次免疫后第14d,用4×104个速殖子/只灌胃攻击全部小鼠,观察小鼠健康和死亡情况,记录体重。攻击后第30d检测粪便IgA和血清IgG,计数脾、脑组织内弓形虫速殖子,分离并计数小肠上皮内淋巴细胞(intraepithelial lymphocyte,IEL)。结果20μg和30μg组小鼠存活率高于5μg、10μg及对照组。攻虫后对照组小鼠体重逐渐降低,而5μg组,10μg组(P<0.05),20μg组(P<0.05)和30μg组(P<0.05)小鼠体重仍呈增高趋势。20μg和30μg组脾、脑组织内虫荷(速殖子数)显著低于5μg、10μg组和对照组(P<0.05),实验组粪便IgA,血清IgG及IEL数量高于对照组。结论不同剂量STAg滴鼻免疫小鼠均可诱导抗弓形虫感染,20μg或30μgSTAg滴鼻免疫可诱导更有效的抗弓形虫感染保护作用     

小鼠腹水中弓形虫排泄分泌抗原鼻内免疫小鼠诱导的免疫应答

目的观察弓形虫感染小鼠腹水中分离的排泄-分泌抗原（excreted/secreted antigens,ESA）鼻内免疫小鼠对不同粘膜部位和系统的免疫效应。方法将5～6周龄BALB/c小鼠随机分为4组,每组10只,实验组分别用从感染弓形虫后24、48、72 h小鼠腹水中提取的ESA 20μg/只鼻内免疫小鼠2次,间隔2周;对照组用20μl/只PBS滴鼻。观察小鼠健康和死亡情况,记录体重。末次免疫后第3周处死小鼠,计数PP（Peyer’s patches）个数;分离PP淋巴细胞、脾淋巴细胞、小肠上皮内淋巴细胞（intraepithelial lymphocyte,IEL）及肠系膜淋巴结细胞（mesenteric lymph node lympho-cyte,MLNL）并计数。眼眶采血和收集直肠内粪便,ELISA检测血清特异性IgG水平及粪便sIgA。结果72 h ESA组小鼠免疫后健康状况较差,体重逐渐降低,死亡4只;其他组小鼠体重仍呈增高趋势。各实验组小鼠IEL、MLNL、脾淋巴细胞以及PP淋巴细胞的增殖活性均高于对照组（P〈0.05）,72 h和48 h ESA组高于24 h ESA组（P〈0.01）。免疫后第3周,各实验组小鼠血清IgG、粪便sIgA水平均高于对照组（P〈0.05）,72 h和48 h ESA组高于24 h ESA组（P〈0.01）。结论感染后不同时间提取的腹水弓形虫ESA鼻内免疫小鼠均可诱导不同粘膜部位及系统特异性的免疫应答,48 h ESA的免疫效果最好。     

可溶性弓形虫速殖子抗原联合蜂胶和IFN-γ鼻内免疫小鼠诱导的细胞免疫应答

目的比较蜂胶、IFN-γ佐剂以及两种佐剂混合鼻内免疫辅助STAg增强机体细胞免疫应答的水平,探讨两种佐剂联合应用的免疫效果。方法将5~6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠60只随机分为4组:20μg STAg组,20μg STAg+40μg蜂胶组,20μg STAg+1 000 U IFN-γ组和20μg STAg+40μg蜂胶+1 000 U IFN-γ组。将抗原和佐剂溶于20μl PBS中,双侧鼻孔(10μl/鼻孔)滴鼻免疫。免疫2次,间隔14 d,末次免疫后第10 d用RH株弓形虫速殖子4×104个/只灌胃攻击。逐日观察小鼠存活情况。攻击后第43 d处死全部存活小鼠,免疫细胞化学(ICC)法检测小鼠PP结、IEL和脾T淋巴细胞亚群水平。结果与STAg组相比,各佐剂组小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群比例有升高的趋势,其中IFN-γ、蜂胶+IFN-γ佐剂组小鼠PP结CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞,IEL、脾CD8+T淋巴细胞数显著高于STAg组,CD4+/CD8+T淋巴细胞比值倒置。结论在抗弓形虫感染中,IFN-γ的佐剂作用优于蜂胶,有效激发机体细胞免疫应答,可用作鼻内免疫抗弓形虫感染的粘膜佐剂。IFN-γ+蜂胶佐剂鼻内免疫效果优于单独蜂胶、IFN-γ佐剂,应用联合佐剂是抗弓形虫感染免疫的一个新思路。     

弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗鼻内免疫小鼠抵抗弓形虫感染作用的观察

目的 观察弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗鼻内免疫小鼠诱导的肠黏膜和系统免疫应答及其抗弓形虫感染作用。方法 BALB/c小鼠52只随机分为两组（每组26只），免疫组小鼠用弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗（每毫升含可溶性速殖子抗原1 mg， 霍乱毒素50 μg） 20 μl/只滴鼻免疫2次，间隔2周；对照组用等剂量PBS滴鼻。末次免疫后14 d，各组处死6只，摘眼球取血（0.5～1 ml）；取直肠内粪便（4～5粒），ELISA测定血清IgG和粪IgA抗体；分别计数脾组织、派伊尔集合淋巴结（PP）和肠上皮淋巴细胞（IEL），免疫细胞化学法检测各组织中CD4⁺、CD8⁺ T细胞亚群水平。用RH株弓形虫速殖子（4×10⁴个/只）灌胃攻击感染各组其余小鼠，30 d后颈椎脱位处死，计数肝、脑组织速殖子虫荷。 结果 免疫后14 d，免疫组小鼠血清IgG和粪IgA抗体水平（分别为0.224和0.371），显著高于对照组（分别为0.041和0.037）（P<0.05），脾、PP和IEL中T淋巴细胞与对照组相比明显增生（P<0.01），其中脾、PP中CD4⁺、CD8⁺ T淋巴细胞增殖显著（P<0.05），IEL中以CD8⁺ T细胞为主，增殖显著（P<0.01），CD4⁺/CD8⁺ 比值降低（P<0.05）。攻击后30 d，免疫组小鼠存活率（85.0%）显著高于对照组（45.0%）（P<0.05）。免疫组肝、脑组织速殖子数比对照组分别减少86.3%、86.7%，两组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗鼻内免疫小鼠，能有效诱导黏膜和系统免疫应答，小鼠存活率显著提高，肝、脑组织虫荷显著降低。     

刚地弓形虫排泄-分泌抗原鼻内免疫小鼠诱导的免疫应答

目的 观察刚地弓形虫排泄-分泌抗原（ESA）鼻内免疫小鼠后对不同黏膜部位和系统的免疫效应。方法 用Vero细胞培养刚地弓形虫,提取ESA抗原;将5—6周龄BALB／c小鼠随机分为6组,每组10只,实验组分别用培养5、7、9、11和14d提取的ESA20μg/只鼻内免疫小鼠2次,间隔为2周;对照组用无攻虫的细胞培养上清液滴鼻。观察小鼠健康和死亡情况,记录体重。在末次免疫后第3周处死小鼠,分别分离派伊尔结（PP）、脾淋巴细胞、肠上皮内淋巴细胞（IEL）、肠系膜淋巴结淋巴细胞（MLNL）,并加以计数。收集粪便和眶血样本,ELISA检测粪内sIgA水平及血清IgG特异抗体。结果 实验期间小鼠健康状况良好,对照组和实验组小鼠体重均不同程度增加;末次免疫后第3周,实验组粪便sIgA、血清IgG、PP细胞、脾淋巴细胞、MLNL、IEL的数量均高于对照组,14d组（P〈0．01）的抗体滴度和各淋巴细胞计数最高。结论 用刚地弓形虫速殖子与Vero细胞共培养5—14d提取的ESA鼻内免疫小鼠均可诱导黏膜及系统特异性的免疫应答,共培养第14天提取的ESA免疫效果优于其他时间组。     

弓形虫表面抗原P30DNA疫苗免疫小鼠诱导细胞免疫应答的研究

目的 观察弓形虫表面抗原P30DNA疫苗诱导小鼠产生的细胞免疫应答。方法 大量制备重组真核表达质粒pBK-P30,用生理盐水（NS）稀释至1μg/μl,1次肌注免疫BALB／c小鼠,分别在免疫后5和10周,通过ConA刺激,MTT法测定免疫鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞转化率;使用间接免疫荧光法,用流式细胞仪对CD4^ 、CD8^ T细胞亚群进行测定。结果 ConA刺激小鼠脾T淋巴细胞发生增殖反应,pBK-P30免疫组与对两对照组及对照组之间的差异均无显著性（P＞0．05）。T细胞亚群CD4^ 、CD8^ 动态分析,CD4^ T细胞在各组增殖均不明显（P＞0．05）,但免疫组CD8^ 细胞数量升高,CD4^ /CD8^ 比率下降,与空质粒pBK-CMV对照组和NS对照组之间差异均有显著性（P＜0．05,P＜0．01）,pBK-CMV对照组与NS对照组之间差异也有显著性（P＜0．01）。免疫后10周,与NS对照组相比较,免疫组和pBK-CMV对照组CD8^ 细胞仍升高（P＜0．01）,但它们之间的差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论 弓形虫表面抗原P30DNA疫苗能诱导BALB／c小鼠产生一定的细胞免疫应答。     

弓形虫亲环蛋白亚单位疫苗的免疫保护性研究

目的研究弓形虫亲环蛋白(Cyclophilin,CyP)亚单位疫苗的免疫保护性。方法 30只BALB/c小鼠随机分为3组:实验组、佐剂组和PBS对照组,分别肌注pET-28a-TgCyP重组蛋白100μg/只、佐剂100 ul/只和PBS 100 ul/只,共免疫3次,每次间隔2周。末次免疫后2周,各组分别取4只小鼠处死,取脾脏,检测CD4+、CD8+及细胞因子。同时,采用阿尔玛蓝细胞增殖与细胞毒性检测试剂测定小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖应答。其余小鼠腹腔攻击感染Rh株弓形虫速殖子500个,观察其存活情况。结果 pET-28a-TgCyP重组蛋白亚单位疫苗能诱发小鼠产生细胞免疫和体液免疫反应,小鼠的CD4+T细胞(62.59±4.17)%、CD8+T细胞(8.53±0.46)%与PBS及佐剂对照组比较显著增殖(P<0.01),其脾细胞培养液白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)显著升高,小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖应答显著增强(P<0.01)。弓形虫攻击感染216 h后,实验组小鼠免疫保护率为33.3%,佐剂对照组及PBS对照组小鼠均全部死亡。结论 pET-28a-TgCyP重组蛋白亚单位疫苗具有较强的免疫原性,能...     

Tissue-specific hemostasis in mice

Blood coagulation is essential to maintain hemostasis in organisms with a vascular network. Formation of a fibrin-rich clot at a site of vessel injury is a highly complex process that is orchestrated by the coagulation protease cascade. This cascade is regulated by 3 major anticoagulant pathways. Removal of a clot is mediated by the fibrinolytic system. Defects in the regulation of clot formation lead to either hemorrhage or thrombosis. Tissue factor, the primary cellular initiator of blood coagulation, is a transmembrane receptor that is expressed in a tissue-specific manner. The 3 major anticoagulants are tissue factor pathway inhibitor, antithrombin, and protein C, the latter requiring a transmembrane receptor called thrombomodulin for its activation. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor and thrombomodulin are expressed by endothelial cells in a tissue-specific manner, whereas antithrombin and protein C circulate in the plasma. Fibrinolysis requires the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, which is mediated by tissue-type plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Interestingly, tissue-type plasminogen activator is expressed by a subset of endothelial cells of discrete size and location. These observations, together with the phenotypes of mice that have defects in the procoagulant, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic pathways, indicate that hemostasis is regulated in a tissue-specific manner.     

Hypertension in beta-adducin-deficient mice

Polymorphic variants of the cytoskeletal protein adducin have been associated with hypertension in humans and rats. However, the direct role of this protein in modulating arterial blood pressure has never been demonstrated. To assess the effect of beta-adducin on blood pressure, a beta-adducin-deficient mouse strain (-/-) was studied and compared with wild-type controls (+/+). Aortic blood pressure was measured in nonanesthetized, freely moving animals with the use of telemetry implants. It is important to note that these mice have at least 98% of C57Bl/6 genetic background, with the only difference from wild-type animals being the beta-adducin mutation. We found statistically significant higher levels of systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (mean+/-SE values: -/-: 126.94+/-1.14, n=5; +/+: 108.06+/-2. 34, n=6; P:相似文献   

Modelling COPD in mice

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by persistent airflow limitation, neutrophilic inflammation, macrophage accumulation, and the production of cytokines, chemokines and proteases. Cigarette smoking is the major cause of COPD and there is currently no satisfactory therapy to help treat individuals with this disease. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular responses triggered by cigarette smoke may provide new molecular targets for the development of therapeutic agents. This brief review highlights some of the mouse models used to define the cellular, molecular and pathological consequences of cigarette smoke exposure.     

Antigen-induced arthritis in mice

Antigen-induced arthritis was established in the mouse by immunization with methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) in complete Freund's adjuvant with B pertussis vaccine. The knee joint was injected after 21 days with mBSA in saline. The arthritis was chronic, antigen-specific, and T-cell dependent in hypothymic nu/nu mice. C57BL and BALB/c mice were susceptible, whereas CBA mice were relatively resistant. Susceptibility was dominant; one gene was loosely linked to the “b” allele of the H-2 complex of C57BL mice.     

Doppler ultrasound in mice

Color, power, spectral, and tissue Doppler have been applied to mice. Due to the noninvasive nature of the technique, serial intraindividual Doppler measurements of cardiovascular function are feasible in wild-type and genetically altered mice before and after microsurgical procedures or to follow age-related changes. Fifty-megahertz ultrasound biomicroscopy allows to record the first beats of the embryonic mouse heart at somite stage 5, and the first Doppler-flow signals can be recorded after the onset of intrauterine cardiovascular function at somite stage 7. Using 10- to 20-MHz ultrasound transducers in the mouse embryo, cardiac, and circulatory function can be studied as early as 7.5 days after postcoital mucous plug. Postnatal Doppler ultrasound examinations in mice are possible from birth to senescent age. Several strain-, age-, and gender-related differences of Doppler ultrasound findings have been reported in mice. Results of Doppler examinations are influenced by the experimental settings as stress testing or different forms of anesthesia. This review summarizes the present status of Doppler ultrasound examinations in mice and animal handling in the framework of a comprehensive phenotype characterization of cardiac contractile and circulatory function.     

Humanizing thrombi in mice

Antiplatelet therapies form the cornerstone of atherothrombosis prevention, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. Despite these benefits, there is still an unmet need for more effective and safer pharmacological agents. To expedite this process, biological platforms that better reflect the intravascular environment in humans will be required in order to shorten drug development time, enable better determination of dosing regimes, and aid in the design of clinical studies. This article focuses on a unique genetically modified animal model that predicts the in vivo response of antiplatelet agents in humans more accurately than is currently possible using conventional murine models of thrombosis.     

Progressive ankylosis in mice

To determine its similarity to human spondylarthropathies, we studied murine progressive ankylosis, a spontaneously occurring disorder of joints in mice. Clinically, peripheral joints were inflamed initially, then became ankylosed in a predictable sequence from distal to proximal. Forefeet were involved before hindfeet. Axial joint involvement produced severe spinal ankylosis. Extraarticular manifestations included balanitis and crusting skin lesions. Radiographically, bony erosions and calcification of articular and periarticular tissues were extensive, and vertebral syndesmophytes produced a “bamboo” spine. We conclude that progressive ankylosis is a systemic disease with many clinical and radiographic similarities to human spondylarthropathies, and it may represent a useful animal model for the study of the human diseases.