CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞与肿瘤免疫治疗

CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞（Tregs）于1995年由Sakaguehi等首次报道，将去除了CD25^＋细胞的CD4^＋单阳细胞过继转移给裸鼠，则裸鼠发生多种自身免疫疾病；而将CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞CD4^＋T细胞共同转移，则不发生自身免疫疾病。此研究揭示CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞具有维持自身免疫耐受的功能。肿瘤的形成和进展与机体的免疫功能密切相关，CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞在肿瘤免疫逃逸中起重要作用。本文就调节性T细胞在肿瘤免疫调节中的研究进展进行综述。     

CD28/CTLA-4与CD4+CD25+Treg相关研究进展

调节性T细胞是一类表型和功能特异的T细胞亚群,其中CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞是近年来被研究得较为深入的一个亚类,也最值得引起人们的关注。虽然有研究已经证实CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞能够抑制CD4 CD25-T细胞和CD8 T细胞的活化和增殖,但其具体的作用机制还不清楚,有研究表明CD28/CTLA-4对CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞的产生,维持和免疫抑制作用的发挥起重要作用,因此进一步明确CD28/CTLA-4与CD4 CD25 T细胞的关系有助于人们在临床免疫治疗中更好地了解和应用CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞。     

CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞在特发性血小板减少性紫癜发病中的研究新进展

CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞是一群具有免疫抑制功能的T细胞亚群，在小鼠和健康人体中约占外周CD4^＋T细胞的5％-10％，占人体外周单个核细胞的1％-2％，其通过多种途径对免疫反应具有抑制效应，能维持内环境的稳定。特发性血小板减少性紫癜（idiopathic thrombocytopcnic purpura，ITP）是一种自身免疫性疾病，以皮肤、黏膜或内脏出血为主要表现。近年来研究发现，CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞与ITP的发病有一定的联系，本文对CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞的特征和作用，特发性血小板减少性紫癜发病机制及CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞在特发性血小板减少性紫癜发病中的作用等的研究新进展作一综述。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的研究进展

CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞（regulatory T cell,Treg）具有维持自身免疫耐受和调节免疫应答的功能,其功能紊乱或数目下降是导致自身免疫性疾病的重要原因之一。近年来,研究发现Foxp3在调控CD4^＋CD25^＋Treg细胞的发育和功能上起着重要作用。本文就CD4^＋CD25^＋Treg细胞的免疫抑制机制、Foxp3在其发育和功能上的作用、IL-2和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（CTLA-4）等对其产生、维持及活化的作用等方面作一综述。     

CD4+CD25+T调节细胞与血液系统疾病

CD4＋CD25＋T调节细胞具有低反应性和免疫抑制性两大特点，分为天然CD4＋CD25＋T调节细胞和诱导CD4＋CD25＋T调节细胞两群，除表达CD25外，还表达胞浆细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4和糖皮质激素诱导肿瘤坏死因子受体，Foxp3是它的特异性转录因子。CD4＋CD25high T细胞是CD4＋CD25＋T细胞中发挥调节功能的亚群，与多种免疫细胞有复杂的相互关系。近年来发现CD4＋CD25＋T调节细胞在多种血液系统疾病中，存在数量变化和功能异常。骨髓移植后，输注供体CD4＋CD25＋T细胞，能够抑制GVHD，同时保留GVL作用。本文对此作文献综述。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞扩增方法的研究进展

CD^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞是具有免疫无能性和免疫抑制性两大功能特征的抑制性T细胞亚群，是维持机体外周免疫耐受的重要组成部分。其在防止自身免疫性疾病发生、诱导移植免疫耐受、维持母胎免疫耐受及调节肿瘤免疫等方面都起着重要作用。由于CD^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞在体内含量较少，且在体外扩增困难，使得对其特征与功能的研究以及其在临床上的应用潜力都受到极大限制。本文对近年来体内和体外实验诱导CD^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞扩增的研究进展作一综述。     

CD4+CD25+和CD8+调节性T细胞的作用机制

调节性T细胞（Treg）主要在机体免疫系统中发挥负向调节作用,既能抑制不恰当的免疫反应,又能限定免疫应答的范围、程度及作用时间,对CD4^＋和CD8^＋效应性T淋巴细胞的增殖起抑制作用,因此在移植物抗宿主病、自身免疫病、过敏性疾病等的发病机制和临床治疗中有潜在的应用价值.本文重点介绍CD4^＋CD25^＋Treg和CD8^＋Treg的作用机制,并简述调节性T细胞研究面临的挑战与展望.     

CD4+CD25+调控T细胞及其在移植耐受中的作用

CD4^ CD25^ 调控T细胞是一群表型和功能特异的T细胞亚群,能抑制CD4^ CD25^-和CD8^ T细胞的活化和增殖,以及IL-2和IFN-γ的产生,在移植免疫耐受中发挥着重要的作用,其免疫调控机理仍不明确。CD4^ CD25^ 在体外能有效地被分离、活化和扩增,并能保持其免疫调控能力,其活化后的免疫抑制功能是抗原非特异性的。体外活化和扩增的CD4^ CD25^ 调控T细胞有广阔的应用前景。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞参与肿瘤免疫的分子机制及临床应用展望

恶性肿瘤是严重威胁人类健康的疾病,其发病率呈逐年上升趋势。肿瘤的发生、发展与机体的免疫状态密切相关。长期以来,国内外研究均表明在T细胞中存在抑制亚群,能显著下调免疫应答,并在肿瘤位点产生免疫耐受。1995年,Sakaguchi等首次分离获得具有免疫调节作用的CD4^＋ CD25^＋ T细胞,称之为调节性T（regulatory T,Treg）细胞,在自身免疫疾病、肿瘤免疫以及移植耐受免疫等方面均显示巨大应用前景。Treg细胞占外周血CD4^＋ T细胞的5％～10％,     

异基因造血干细胞移植中CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞与急性移植物抗宿主病的相关性

背景：CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞是调节性T细胞的一个重要亚群,在诱导移植耐受方面起着重要作用。目的：综述CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞的特性、免疫调节作用机制及其与急性移植物抗宿主病的相关性。方法：应用计算机检索PubMed、Medline数据库1990-01/2010-02,维普数据库2000-01/2010-02以及运用Google网络数据库有关CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞及其他与急性移植物抗宿主病相关性研究的文献。结果与结论：CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞在异基因造血干细胞移植后产生的急性移植物抗宿主病中起着重要作用,不仅能有效预防和治疗急性移植物抗宿主病,同时还能保留移植物抗白血病效应作用。随着研究的深入,发现CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞很有希望成为急性移植物抗宿主病早期风险预测的一项重要实验诊断指标,并且有可能通过调控移植后患者体内CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞水平来预防和控制急性移植物抗宿主病的发生。但是,要将CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞应用于临床尚有问题有待解决,例如CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞细胞表面特异性标志物是什么,如何提高CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞在人体内的活性以及怎样充分发挥其免疫抑制功能等。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞减轻大鼠移植物抗宿主反应中的作用

本研究探讨间充质干细胞(MSC)对GVHD的作用及其机制.建立大鼠同种异体骨髓移植模型,同时输入供者的T淋巴细胞诱导出移植物抗宿主反应,联合或不联合移植供体来源的MSC,观察受鼠的GVHD的发生情况;利用双荧光标记抗体标记受鼠脾脏和胸腺单个淋巴细胞,通过流式细胞术分析CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞亚群比例的变化,分析MSC的作用机制.结果显示实验组的GVHD的发生程度减轻,存活率提高,而CD4/CD8比值在GVHD组出现不同程度的减少,CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞在实验组中的脾淋巴细胞和胸腺淋巴细胞的比例分别为31.55±7.58%、93.20±2.69%,在GVHD组中的比例分别为20.90±1.90%、57.17±6.79%,实验组中CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞比例比GVHD组中增多,具有显著性差异.结论MSC能有效抑制HSC移植后致死性GVHD的发生,提高生存率,同时MSC可能通过作用于体内调节性T淋巴细胞而间接发挥了抑制GVHD的作用.     

Recipient-type specific CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells favor immune reconstitution and control graft-versus-host disease while maintaining graft-versus-leukemia

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg's) play a pivotal role in preventing organ-specific autoimmune diseases and in inducing tolerance to allogeneic organ transplants. We and others recently demonstrated that high numbers of Treg's can also modulate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) if administered in conjunction with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in mice. In a clinical setting, it would be impossible to obtain enough freshly purified Treg's from a single donor to have a therapeutic effect. Thus, we performed regulatory T cell expansion ex vivo by stimulation with allogeneic APCs, which has the additional effect of producing alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells. Here we show that regulatory T cells specific for recipient-type alloantigens control GVHD while favoring immune reconstitution. Irrelevant regulatory T cells only mediate a partial protection from GVHD. Preferential survival of specific regulatory T cells, but not of irrelevant regulatory T cells, was observed in grafted animals. Additionally, the use of specific regulatory T cells was compatible with some form of graft-versus-tumor activity. These data suggest that recipient-type specific Treg's could be preferentially used in the control of GVHD in future clinical trials.     

CD4(+)CD25(+) immunoregulatory T Cells: new therapeutics for graft-versus-host disease

CD4(+)CD25(+) immunoregulatory T cells play a pivotal role in preventing organ-specific autoimmune diseases and in tolerance induction to allogeneic organ transplants. We investigated whether these cells could also control graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the main complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Here, we show that the few CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells naturally present in the transplant regulate GVHD because their removal from the graft dramatically accelerates this disease. Furthermore, the addition of freshly isolated CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells at time of grafting significantly delays or even prevents GVHD. Ex vivo-expanded CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells obtained after stimulation by allogeneic recipient-type antigen-presenting cells can also modulate GVHD. Thus, CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells represent a new therapeutic tool for controlling GVHD in allogeneic HSCT. More generally, these results outline the tremendous potential of regulatory T cells as therapeutics.     

Memory CD4+ T cells do not induce graft-versus-host disease

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). Donor T cells that accompany stem cell grafts cause GVHD by attacking recipient tissues; therefore, all patients receive GVHD prophylaxis by depletion of T cells from the allograft or through immunosuppressant drugs. In addition to providing a graft-versus-leukemia effect, donor T cells are critical for reconstituting T cell-mediated immunity. Ideally, immunity to infectious agents would be transferred from donor to host without GVHD. Most donors have been exposed to common pathogens and have an increased precursor frequency of memory T cells against pathogenic antigens. We therefore asked whether memory CD62L-CD44+ CD4+ T cells would induce less GVHD than unfractionated or naive CD4+ T cells. Strikingly, we found that memory CD4 cells induced neither clinical nor histologic GVHD. This effect was not due to the increased number of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells found in the CD62L-CD44+ fraction because memory T cells depletion of these cells did not cause GVHD. Memory CD4 cells engrafted and responded to antigen both in vivo and in vitro. If these murine results are applicable to human alloSCT, selective administration of memory T cells could greatly improve post-transplant immune reconstitution.     

CD4+CD25+ T cells regulate virus-specific primary and memory CD8+ T cell responses

Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells appear important to prevent activation of autoreactive T cells. This article demonstrates that the magnitude of a CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response to an acute viral infection is also subject to control by CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Treg). Accordingly, if natural Treg were depleted with specific anti-CD25 antibody before infection with HSV, the resultant CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant peptide SSIEFARL was significantly enhanced. This was shown by several in vitro measures of CD8+ T cell reactivity and by assays that directly determine CD8+ T cell function, such as proliferation and cytotoxicity in vivo. The enhanced responsiveness in CD25-depleted animals was between three- and fourfold with the effect evident both in the acute and memory phases of the immune response. Surprisingly, HSV infection resulted in enhanced Treg function with such cells able to suppress CD8+ T cell responses to both viral and unrelated antigens. Our results are discussed both in term of how viral infection might temporarily diminish immunity to other infectious agents and their application to vaccines. Thus, controlling suppressor effects at the time of vaccination could result in more effective immunity.     

Conversion of CD4+ CD25- cells into CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in vivo requires B7 costimulation, but not the thymus

The CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells play a critical role in controlling autoimmunity, but little is known about their development and maintenance. In this study, we investigated whether CD4+ CD25- cells can convert to CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in vivo under natural conditions. CD4+ CD25- cells from CD45.1+ mice were sorted and transferred into congenic CD45.2+ mice. Converted CD4+ CD25+ cells could be detected in lymphoid organs as early as 1 wk after transfer and by 6 wk after transfer, 5-12% of transferred CD4+ cells expressed CD25. Converted CD4+ CD25+ cells themselves failed to proliferate after stimulation, but could suppress proliferation of responder cells in vitro, and also expressed high levels of Foxp3 mRNA. In addition, CD4+ CD25- cells transferred into thymectomized congenic mice converted to CD4+ CD25+ cells that also suppressed responder cell proliferation in vitro, and expressed high levels of Foxp3 mRNA. Finally, CD4+ CD25- cells transferred into B7-/- mice failed to convert into CD4+ CD25+ cells that exhibit the regulatory phenotype. These data indicate that CD4+ CD25- cells convert into CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells spontaneously in vivo and suggest that this conversion process could contribute significantly to the maintenance of the peripheral CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cell population.     

Loss of functional suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells contribute to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance by active suppression because their deletion causes spontaneous autoimmune diseases in mice. Human CD4+ regulatory T cells expressing high levels of CD25 are suppressive in vitro and mimic the activity of murine CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease thought to be mediated by T cells recognizing myelin protein peptides. We hypothesized that altered functions of CD4+CD25hi regulatory T cells play a role in the breakdown of immunologic self-tolerance in patients with MS. Here, we report a significant decrease in the effector function of CD4+CD25hi regulatory T cells from peripheral blood of patients with MS as compared with healthy donors. Differences were also apparent in single cell cloning experiments in which the cloning frequency of CD4+CD25hi T cells was significantly reduced in patients as compared with normal controls. These data are the first to demonstrate alterations of CD4+CD25hi regulatory T cell function in patients with MS.     

单倍体相合骨髓移植后CD4~+CD25~+ T细胞免疫恢复的临床研究

本研究探讨单倍体相合骨髓移植后CD4+CD25+T细胞免疫恢复及其与移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)和复发的关系。采集27例单倍体相合骨髓移植患者在移植后不同时间内的外周血标本,用流式细胞仪检测分析CD4+CD25+T细胞百分比和绝对数,同时比较该细胞亚群恢复与GVHD和白血病复发的关系。结果表明:经过G-CSF动员后供者外周血中CD4+CD25+细胞百分比明显增高(p0.05)。移植后30天CD4+CD25+细胞恢复到正常水平的20%,但在移植后3个月内恢复颇为缓慢,直到180天才恢复到正常水平的50%。CD4+CD25+细胞恢复与急性GVHD的发生无关,但是在慢性GVHD组CD4+CD25+显著增高。移植后1年内未发现复发与CD4+CD25+细胞绝对计数有关。结论:在骨髓移植后给予抗CD25抗体预防GVHD的治疗模式下,CD4+CD25+细胞恢复与急性GVHD的发生无关,但与慢性GVHD的发生似乎有关,而与白血病的复发的关系不明确。     

CD4~+CD25~+FOXP3~+调节性T细胞在结核病发生中的作用研究

目的:探讨CD4+CD25+FOXP3+调节性T细胞在结核病发生中的作用。方法:采用回顾性分析的方法,分析我院收治的60例结核病患者(观察组)和60例健康体检者(对照组)的临床资料。结果:观察组治疗前CD4+CD25+FOXP3+调节性T细胞比例明显高于对照组,治疗2、6个月末观察组患者CD4+CD25+FOXP3+调节性T细胞比例明显降低,观察组CD4+CD25+FOXP3+调节性T细胞比例与CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、IFN-γ和IL-4呈现明显的负相关(P<0.05)。结论:针对CD4+CD25+FOXP3+调节性T细胞在结核病发生机制中的作用,开展从免疫治疗和结核病疫苗设计提供新的作用靶点和诊疗依据,值得临床推广应用。