山东沂蒙山区城乡婴儿母乳喂养情况及影响因素调查

目的了解我区母乳喂养率的达标情况。方法随机抽取沂水县21个乡镇,389个自然村和驻地的行政事业人员、县直机关、厂矿企业及省、地驻沂水的企事业人员所出生的4~6个月婴儿,共计2389名,进行了母乳喂养情况及影响因素的调查。结果在4~6个月婴儿中,纯母乳喂养率占82.7%,人工喂养占6.8%,混合喂养占10.5%。母乳喂养率受乳母的年龄、文化程度、职业等多因素影响。结论针对影响因素采取措施,有望提高母乳喂养率。     

贵港市6月龄内婴儿纯母乳喂养现状及影响因素分析

目的了解贵港市6月龄内婴儿的纯母乳喂养现状及影响因素,为提高母乳喂养率提供科学依据。方法采用横断面研究方法,以社区为调查地点,对6个月内婴儿母乳喂养现状进行一对一面对面调查方式,采用Logistic回归分析其影响因素。结果调查的1 694名婴儿中,纯母乳喂养满6个月的婴儿占8.62%(146名)。纯母乳喂养满4个月不足6个月的婴儿占32.88%(48/146),4个月的婴儿占67.12%(98/146)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,开奶时间24h(OR=3.56,95%CI:2.07～6.12)、无带薪产假(OR=1.63,95%CI:1.01～2.65)、住院期间哺乳有困难(OR=1.49,95%CI:1.02～2.18)是影响婴儿纯母乳喂养的危险因素(P 0.05或0.01)。结论贵港市0～6个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率低。     

长沙市母乳喂养现状及主要影响因素研究

目的了解长沙市0~6个月婴儿纯母乳喂养情况及主要影响因素,进一步探索有效的干预措施,提高0~6个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率。方法 2014年3-6月,采用自行设计的母乳喂养状况调查表,通过分层整群抽样法抽取长沙市1 014名婴儿母亲,对其住院期间和出院后纯母乳喂养情况及其主要影响因素进行调查。结果调查1 021名婴儿母亲,其中有效问卷1 014份,问卷有效率为99.31%。0~6个月婴儿住院期间纯母乳喂养率(37.5%),出院后纯母乳喂养率(40%)。在出院后纯母乳喂养情况中,孕期接受过宣教者(57.2%)纯母乳喂养率显著高于未接受宣教者(30.8%)(P0.05);阴道分娩者显著高于(46.7%)剖宫产者(29.9%)(P0.05);产后早接触、早吸吮者(35.3%)显著高于没有早接触、早吸吮者(21.8%)(P0.05);产后接受了母乳喂养指导者(50.1%)显著高于没有接受指导者(31%)(P0.05)。结论长沙市0~6个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率偏低,母乳喂养情况受孕期健康教育、分娩方式、早接触早吸吮、产后指导等多种因素影响。     

重庆城区0～4个月婴儿母乳喂养相关因素分析

目的:探讨影响0~4个月婴儿喂养方式及辅食添加的相关因素。方法:采用随机抽样的方法,对375名儿童家长进行问卷调查。结果:4个月时婴儿纯母乳喂养率为42.1%;影响婴儿母乳喂养的因素包括:父母受教育程度、家庭收入等;健康教育对促进母乳喂养有明显帮助。结论:系统的喂养指导和健康教育是提高母乳喂养率的保证。     

连云港市4个月婴儿喂养现状

目的了解连云港市4个月婴儿纯母乳喂养情况及不能坚持纯母乳喂养的原因。方法选择在院出生的508名婴儿进行调查。结果4个月纯母乳喂养率为44.9%。结论影响纯母乳喂养的最重要因素为产后奶量不足,加强有关母乳喂养的知识教育可大大提高母乳喂养率。     

合肥市6月龄婴儿纯母乳喂养现状及影响因素研究

目的 调查合肥市6月龄婴儿喂养现状并研究纯乳母喂养影响因素,为提高纯母乳喂养行为提供科学依据。方法 以2020年1—10月在合肥某医院产科分娩的单胎活产儿及其母亲为研究对象,在婴儿出生后满6个月时通过医院分娩记录获取其母亲/父亲联系方式对婴儿母亲进行6月龄婴儿喂养现状及影响因素调查,采用描述性流行病学分析方法对6月龄婴儿喂养现状进行分析,并采用单、多因素分析方法对纯母乳喂养影响因素进行分析。结果 共2 537名婴儿纳入研究,纯母乳喂养724例,占28.54%,优势母乳喂养298例,占11.75%,补充喂养356例,占14.03%,母乳喂养819例,占32.28%,奶瓶喂养340例,占13.40%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示婴儿母亲年龄越大（OR=0.441）、婴儿母亲乳头凹陷/扁平（OR=0.360）、婴儿母亲开奶时间≥30 min（OR=0.431）的6月龄婴儿纯母乳喂养可能性较小,婴儿母亲学历越高（OR=2.499）、职业为事业单位工作人员（OR=1.806）、个体经营者（OR=1.730）、农民/无业者（OR=2.018）、婴儿父母支持母乳喂养（OR=2.392）的6月龄婴儿纯母乳喂养可能性较大。结论 合肥市6月龄婴儿纯母乳喂养率低,其受到母亲年龄、学历、职业、乳头凹陷/扁平、开奶时间以及父亲是否支持母乳喂养等多种因素影响,应当针对现状及影响因素加强纯母乳喂养知识宣教及干预措施,改善该地区婴儿母乳喂养情况。     

天津市和平区母乳喂养现状及影响因素分析

目的调查天津市和平区1 334名婴儿母乳喂养的现状,分析母乳喂养的相关影响因素。方法对2014年3月-2016年3月期间在天津市和平区妇女儿童保健和计划生育服务中心筛查乳腺的1 334名产后40~50 d婴儿的母亲进行问卷调查,了解婴儿母亲的母乳喂养情况。结果 1 334名婴儿,母乳喂养率为58.92%,母乳喂养情况与母亲的年龄、自我效能、家庭收入、接受教育程度以及社会多种因素相关。母亲的自我效能越高母乳喂养的持续时间越长、家庭月收入、乳头情况以及乳腺疾病等都可以影响母乳喂养率。结论本区域母乳喂养率低,应加强对产后母乳喂养的宣教工作,提高和平区的纯母乳喂养率。     

四川省泸州市纯母乳喂养现状及其影响因素分析

目的 了解纯母乳喂养现状,分析影响纯母乳喂养的因素,为提高纯母乳喂养率提供理论依据。方法 以2019年4—6月在泸州市某医科大学附属医院、附属中医院和泸州市人民医院分娩活产儿的产妇为研究对象,在产后6个月时进行问卷调查,内容包括基本信息、婴儿6个月内喂养情况及相关信息,采用描述流行病学方法对纯母乳喂养现状进行描述,并采用单、多因素分析方法对纯母乳喂养的影响因素进行分析。结果 本研究共调查泸州市448名产后6个月的新生儿母亲。产妇年龄19~46岁,以26~35岁为主,占56.7%,文化程度以大专及以上为主,占94.8%,所在地以城市为主,占95.8%,以初产妇为主,占58.3%。纯母乳喂养率为61.16%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄大（OR=0.548、0.453）、乳头凹陷或扁平（OR=0.386）、产后抑郁情绪（OR=0.556）、睡眠质量差（OR=0.557）的产妇纯母乳喂养的可能性较低。婴儿出生后1 h内进行了母乳喂养（OR=2.375）、家人尤其是丈夫支持母乳喂养（OR=7.050）、孕期参加产前健康教育等知识讲座（OR=1.578）的产妇纯母乳喂养的可能性较高。结论 泸州市纯母乳喂养现状较好,影响纯母乳喂养的因素较多,可根据当地产妇特点制定相应干预措施,提升纯母乳喂养率。     

常熟市母乳喂养影响因素调查分析

目的:了解常熟市母乳喂养实际状况,探讨影响母乳喂养的相关因素,提出相应的干预措施。方法:在儿保门诊对婴儿的母亲进行母乳喂养影响因素调查及分析。结果:常熟市6个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养率为45.37%,顺产和剖宫产婴儿的纯母乳喂养率比较差异有统计学意义,使用母乳代用品的主要原因为母亲乳汁分泌少。结论:应严格掌握剖宫产指征,提高专业人员对母乳喂养技巧的指导能力,提高母乳喂养率。     

重庆市0~36月龄婴幼儿母乳喂养现状及其影响因素分析

目的 调查重庆市婴幼儿母乳喂养现状,并探讨其影响因素。方法 根据地域差异和经济情况,采用目的性抽样选取重庆市主城4个区和2个周边区县共633名0~36月龄婴幼儿的母亲为研究对象。调查数据录入Epi Data 3.1数据库,采用SPSS 18.0 软件进行统计描述和分析,并运用单因素和多因素logistic回归法分析婴儿4月龄内纯母乳喂养的影响因素。结果 被调查地区婴儿4月龄内纯母乳喂养率为58.5%。多因素分析结果显示,同伴喂养方式为纯母乳喂养、自觉母乳量能满足婴儿、对母乳喂养有信心是纯母乳喂养的有利因素;介意公共场所母乳喂养是纯母乳喂养的不利因素。结论 被调查地区婴儿4月龄内纯母乳喂养率有待提高,亟待采取有针对性的干预措施。     

甘肃省农村地区婴儿母乳喂养及其影响因素的调查研究

目的:了解甘肃省农村地区1岁以下儿童4个月以内喂养方式及其影响因素,为改善该地区儿童的喂养现状提供科学依据。方法:采用分层随机整群抽样方法抽取甘肃省4市县农村地区1岁以下9个年龄组2 691例儿童及其主要抚养人进行喂养方式的问卷调查;用二分类Logistic多元回归筛选儿童喂养方式的影响因素。结果:胎次增加、母亲文化程度较低是4个月内纯母乳喂养的危险因素,产次是纯母乳喂养的保护因素;胎次增加、母亲年龄增加是婴儿母乳喂养的危险因素,产次增加、父母亲职业为农民是母乳喂养的保护因素。部分母乳喂养的4月龄婴儿的低体重率高于完全母乳喂养的婴儿(P=0.003)。结论:母乳喂养受家庭、社会等多方面因素的影响,应有针对性地加强我省农村地区科学喂养方式的健康教育。     

陕西部分农村母亲婴幼儿喂养知信行现况调查

目的:了解农村婴幼儿喂养现状,为进一步干预提供依据。方法:采用定量方法利用自编问卷对陕西泾阳县6个乡的311名儿童母亲进行现况调查;采用定性方法组织12名儿童母亲进行专题小组讨论,了解影响母亲喂养行为的因素。使用中位数、均数、标准差、频数、卡方检验等方法分析定量资料;使用分类归纳法分析定性资料。结果:定量调查显示,88.4%的母亲认为婴儿6个月内纯母乳喂养好,但6个月内纯母乳喂养率为55.3%;44.4%的母亲了解正确添加辅食的时间,但适时添加辅食率为26.1%;分别有92.9%、97.4%、76.2%的母亲认为应该每天给6个月及以上的孩子吃鸡蛋、蔬菜或肉类,但每周给6个月及以上的孩子添加6次及以上鸡蛋的比例为38.9%、蔬菜47.9%;给7个月及以上孩子每周添加1次以上肉类的比例只有21.6%。定性结果表明,没有坚持纯母乳喂养的母亲主要是自认为母乳不足而过早加辅食;过晚添加辅食的母亲主要是认为8个月以下的孩子对乳类以外的食物难以消化;不给孩子添加肉类食物的母亲主要是认为孩子1岁牙长好了才能消化肉类。结论:6个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率和适时添加辅食率低于同期其他农村地区水平,辅食种类单调,动物性食物摄入明显不足。建议加强对妇幼保健人员的培训,更新相关知识,提高健康教育技能;开发适合农村家长的科普书报、杂志等健康教育材料。     

Attitudes toward breast-feeding and infant feeding among Iranian, Afghan, and Southeast Asian immigrant women in the United States: implications for health and nutrition education.

A nutritionist analyzed data on 150 immigrant mothers living in California but from Iran, Afghanistan, Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos who had participated in or were eligible for WIC (Women, Infants, and Children), a US supplemental food program, to examine cultural and socioeconomic factors linked with breast feeding practices. 95% of the mothers had exclusively breast fed their infants in their countries compared to 32% after they arrived in the US In fact, 85% exclusively breast fed for at least 5 months in their countries whereas only 14% did so after coming to the US Further, after immigrating to the US, 38% fed their infants both breast milk and formula. Moreover 30% only offered their infants formula. In the US, 82% of Iranian mothers exclusively breast fed their infants compared to 42% of Afghan mothers, 14% of Vietnamese mothers, 19% of Laotian mothers, and 9% of Cambodian mothers (p.00001). Iranian mothers noted societal support for breast feeding in Iran by the postrevolutionary government, by the Moslem religion, and by support groups they formed in the US Mothers who exclusively breast fed their infants reported breast feeding to be more advantageous than the other groups (p.05). The cited advantages included bonding, best food for infant, protection against infection, and successful breast feeding in the past. Mothers who partially or exclusively used formula were more likely to have returned to school, had problems with the infant's presence, consider bottle feeding to be convenient, received free formula, and state economic reasons. Further those who exclusively breast fed were more likely to 1st breast feed their infant in the delivery room than were the other mothers (p.01). These results indicated that economic reasons were the main reason for not breast feeding. Besides US health care providers in the hospital or those involved in WIC did not provide substantial support for breast feeding. Sound recommendations concluded this report.     

Breast feeding and weaning practices of urban housewives in Srinagar

Researchers interviewed 125 mothers in Srinagar, India about breast feeding and weaning practices. Overall the mothers were generally illiterate (52%), housewives (67.2%), Muslim (76%), and from a nuclear family (56%). 39% were in the low income group. Most of the children (48%) ranged for 6-12 months old. 96% of the children had been breast fed. Some of the reasons for breast feeding included nutritional quality, economical, pleased the mother, and made the infant feel secure. 65.8% breast fed their infants on demand. 65.7% weaned their infants between 7-9 months yet 52% believed breast feeding should continue to 18 months. 96% breast fed their infants while ill with diarrhea. 57% believed colostrum to be unhygienic and did not feed it to their infants. 72% decided to breast feed before becoming pregnant while 36% decided to bottle feed before pregnancy. 89% of illiterate mothers breast fed while only 45% of literate mothers did. Further, only 11.8% of the mothers whose family income was 1500 rupees/month breast fed whereas 47% in the lower and 41.2% in the middle income groups did. At 7-9 months, 69.8% of illiterate and 69.5% of literate mothers had already introduced semi solid foods. 78.3% of literate mothers gave semi solid foods to their infants 2 times/day, but only 11.6% of the illiterate mothers did so. Moreover 81.4% of illiterate mothers only fed their infants semi solid foods once a day. Literate mothers were more likely than literate mothers to feed their infants solid foods (75% vs. 46.2%), introduce them at an earlier age (22.2% vs 10%, 7-9 months), and feed them more often (55.5% vs 16.6%; twice a day). In conclusion, the higher the educational status the more likely mothers were likely to breast feed.     

北京市高碑店地区9月龄婴儿喂养情况分析

目的 了解北京市朝阳区高碑店地区9月龄婴儿喂养现状,分析该地区婴儿喂养中存在的问题。方法 采用横断面调查,使用联合国儿童基金会标准化问卷,对北京市朝阳区高碑店地区529名9月龄婴儿的喂养情况进行调查,分析世界卫生组织(WHO)2008年版《婴幼儿喂养评估指标》中的8个指标。结果 调查地区早开奶率为64.9%,9个月时持续母乳喂养率为92.5%,适龄喂养率(即6个月以下进行纯母乳喂养,6~9月的婴儿在母乳喂养的同时添加辅食)为75.0%,辅食添加种类合格率为64.1%,但9月龄母乳喂养婴儿辅食添加频率合格率仅为17.6%,且辅食合理添加率仅为14.2%。结论 调查地区婴儿中母乳喂养情况较好,但存在适龄喂养率较低及辅食种类和辅食添加频率偏少的问题,应引起重视。     

Breast‐feeding patterns in Saudi Arabia

A survey was conducted on 1019 mothers in 79 primary health care centers in Saudi Arabia to determine the patterns of breast‐feeding. A large percentage of the mothers (98%) had breast‐fed their infants at birth. This rate dropped to 96.5% during the first week of life. There were 635 (64.1%) mothers who started to breast‐feed their babies within six hours of delivery. Over two thirds (68.9%) of mothers gave supplemental liquids to infants during the first 3 days of their life. More than half fed their infants on demand rather than on schedule. A high proportion (94.4%) breast‐fed at night, with 88.1% feeding their infants more than once. There was no significant relationship between the duration of suckling and the mother's age or work status (p > 0.05). However, a significant relationship (p < 0.001) was found between the duration of suckling and the mother's literacy. More than three quarters of mothers slept in the same bed with their infants or in the same room. A large percentage of women initiated breast‐feeding; however, many introduced a supplement too early, a practice that should be discouraged.     

Maternal variables related to potentially high-sodium infant-feeding practices

Infant sodium intakes between 5 and 15 mEq per day for ages 0 to 6 months and between 11 and 33 mEq per day for ages 6 to 12 months are considered appropriate, safe, and adequate. Intakes exceeding these ranges should be avoided as a precautionary measure for infants who may be hereditarily predisposed to hypertension. The concern about high-sodium intakes is based on epidemiological findings of an association between such intakes by adults and hypertension. Feeding practices potentially associated with high-sodium intake were assessed in 87 white and 68 black mothers of a cross section of 1- to 12-month-old infants and were analyzed for associations with epidemiological correlates of hypertension. Lower frequency of breast feeding was reported by black mothers and by less educated mothers. Forward, stepwise regression analyses indicated that less education was also predictive of shorter breast-feeding duration, earlier introduction of solid foods, addition of salt to infant food, and use of salty foods as snacks. Addition of salt to infant food was also predicted by high maternal salt use and by positive family hypertension history; black mothers more often fed salty snacks. Considerable public attention has been drawn to the fact that commercial infant foods no longer contain added salt. This study implies a need for additional public attention to appropriate sodium levels in home-prepared and snack foods fed to infants.     

婴儿不同喂养方式与钙营养状况分析

目的:了解不同喂养方式下婴儿钙及维生素D的营养状况。方法:对在中国人民解放军空军总医院儿保门诊就诊的286例6～12月龄婴儿1日的喂养情况进行调查,计算出钙及维生素D的摄入量,并与膳食营养素参考摄入量(recom-mended nutrients intakes,RNI)进行比较,对不同喂养方式下婴儿骨碱性磷酸酶水平进行测定分析。结果:人工喂养及混合喂养婴儿中钙及维生素D摄入过多比例较母乳喂养婴儿多见。母乳喂养组中维生素D摄入过少的情况较其他两组多见。与人工喂养组及混合喂养组比较,骨碱性磷酸酶升高在母乳喂养组多见。结论:钙及维生素D的补充应根据喂养情况合理摄入。     

The quiet revolution: breastfeeding transformed with the use of breast pumps

A quiet revolution has been taking place in the feeding of US infants in the form of women using electric breast pumps. This revolution in milk expression may be a boon for both mothers and infants if more infants are fed human milk or if they receive human milk for a longer period. Milk expression may also be problematic for mothers, and it may be particularly problematic for infants if they are fed too much, fed milk of an inappropriate composition, or fed milk that is contaminated. As a result, the time has come to determine the prevalence of exclusive and periodic breast milk expression and the consequences of these behaviors for the health of mothers and their infants.