早期口腔鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移的研究进展

口腔鳞癌具有较高的隐匿性颈淋巴结转移率,然而,临床上对早期患者颈部淋巴结的处理还存在较大争议.从肿瘤原发灶浸润厚度、影像学方面探讨早期口腔鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移的因素.对肿瘤原发灶浸润厚度>4 mm的患者,结合肿瘤影像学检查,建议行选择性颈部淋巴结清扫术.     

鳞状细胞癌颈部淋巴结转移CT表现

目的　分析 Ｃ Ｔ 图像,评价鳞状细胞癌颈部淋巴结转移的 Ｃ Ｔ 表现。方法　对９４ 例原发肿瘤为鳞状细胞癌的病人行颈部 Ｃ Ｔ 检查并与病理对照。结果　以最小径＞ １０ ｍ ｍ 为诊断标准,敏感性８３．８％ ,特异性８９．５％ ,准确性 ８７．２％ ,环状强化和中心坏死出现占 ２７．０％ ,周围边缘不清脂肪间隙闭塞占 ８３．８％ ,中心坏死增强前后 Ｃ Ｔ值增加２～１５ Ｈ Ｕ。结论　鳞状细胞癌颈部淋巴结转移 Ｃ Ｔ 评价准确性较高,其 Ｃ Ｔ 表现多种多样,以均匀密度为主,可出现环状强化及中心坏死。包膜外侵犯机会较多。     

宫颈鳞癌脉管侵袭断与盆腔淋巴结转移的相关性

为探讨子宫颈鳞癌小脉管侵袭 (ＶＳＩ)数目与盆腔淋巴结转移之间的关系 ,我们采用免疫组化第 8因子内皮染色等技术对其进行了研究 ,现将结果报告如下。一、材料与方法1.材料 :1996年 1月～ 1999年 1月我院住院的 180例宫颈鳞癌患者。年龄 2 1～ 6 8岁 ,平均 48 5岁。根据ＦＩＧＯ 1995年宫颈癌分期 ,Ｉｂ1期 88例 ,Ｉｂ2 期 5 8例 ,ＩＩａ 期 34例。病理分级 :高分化 16例 ,中分化 15 4例 ,低分化 10例。组织学分类全部为鳞癌。2 .方法 :将宫颈癌术后标本送检 ,确定肿瘤大小及侵袭基质深度 ,宫旁有无转移及盆腔淋巴结转移情况。于宫颈及宫旁…     

颈部转移淋巴结的CT、B超扫描与临床触诊对比分析

目的评价ＣＴ、Ｂ超扫描与临床触诊诊断颈部淋巴结转移的准确性,分析ＣＴ、Ｂ超诊断颈部隐匿性淋巴结转移的价值。方法对６０例７４侧颈淋巴结清扫术的患者做术前前瞻性ＣＴ、Ｂ超检查,术后与病理对照,双盲法观察及分析影像所见,将其结果做统计学处理。结果在７４侧颈部淋巴结清扫术病理检查中５６侧有转移淋巴结,临床触诊检出其中４６侧（敏感性８２．１％,特异性８３．３％,准确性８２．４％）。ＣＴ扫描确诊其中的５３侧（敏感性９４．６％,特异性９４．４％,准确性９４．６％）;ＣＴ可以确诊７０％由临床漏诊的隐匿性转移淋巴结。Ｂ超扫描确诊其中５１侧（敏感性９１．１％,特异性９４．４％,准确性９１．９％）;可以检出５０％由临床漏诊的隐匿性转移淋巴结。结论ＣＴ、Ｂ超扫描评价颈部淋巴结的准确性明显优于临床触诊,可以检出５０％～７０％由临床漏诊的隐匿性转移淋巴结。     

胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移特点及临床意义

目的 了解胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移特点及对预后的影响,探讨合理的淋巴结清扫范围。方法 对２４３例单纯技术切除胸段食管鳞癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 淋巴结转移率４５．３％,转移度１０．５％,表现为沿食管周上的上下“双向性”转移。影响淋巴结转移的因素为肿瘤浸润深度和肿瘤分化,肿瘤长度则影响不大。有淋巴结转移的患者５年生存率为１６．４％,明显低于无淋巴结转移患者的５１．９％（Ｐ〈０．０１）,。淋     

头颈部鳞癌的颈淋巴结评估

头颈部鳞癌的颈淋巴结评估樊晋川熊英刘瑛＊综述廖文满审校（四川省肿瘤医院，成都６１００４１；＊珠海市红旗医院，珠海５１９０９０）头颈部鳞癌常发生颈淋巴结转移，也是影响治疗效果和判断预后的重要指标。颈淋巴结一旦受到侵犯，则治愈率下降约一半。因此，欲取得头...     

T1、T2No舌活动部鳞癌隐匿性颈淋巴结转移的规律及治疗

目的：探讨T1、T2舌鳞癌隐匿性颈淋巴结转移的分布特点和治疗方式。方法：回顾性分析中山大学肿瘤医院133例T1，T2No舌活动部鳞癌病例，根据隐匿性颈淋巴结转移分布探讨早期舌鳞癌的转移规律；分析选择性全颈淋巴结清扫术和区域性颈淋巴清扫术的预后。结果：133例早期舌鳞癌中32例发生隐匿性颈淋巴结转移，转移率是24．1％，隐匿性颈淋巴结主要分布在leveⅡ（52．6％），其次是LeveII（36．8）％，再次是leveⅢ（7．9％），以及对侧leveII(2.6%),leveIV和V无隐匿性转移淋巴结存在。本组选择性全颈清扫组，区域性颈清扫组（leveII-Ⅲ）和未颈清扫组的5年生存率分别是83．5％，76．9％和71．0％，三组两两间无统计学差异（P＞0．05），T1舌鳞癌中颈淋巴结清扫组与未行颈淋巴结清扫组的生存率分别为87．6％和80．0％，两组间无统计学差异（P＞0．05），T2舌鳞癌全颈清扫组，区域性清扫组和未行颈清扫组患的5年生存率为80．6％，74．1％和61．1％，全颈清扫和区域性清扫组间存在着统计学差异（P＜0．05），所有患的5年生存率是78．2％。结论：T1、T2No舌鳞癌隐匿性颈淋巴结转移主要分布在leveI,II和Ⅲ，T1舌鳞癌颈部以观察为主，T2宜施行leveI,II和Ⅲ（上半颈）选择性颈淋巴清扫术。     

舌体鳞癌隐匿性颈淋巴结转移的外科治疗探讨

背景与目的:对于临床颈淋巴结阴性(cN0)的舌癌颈部的处理一直存在争议,本研究旨在探讨cN0舌体鳞癌颈部的合理治疗方案。方法:回顾性分析187例手术前后未行放、化疗的cN0舌体鳞癌初诊患者的临床资料;分析颈部隐匿性淋巴结转移规律和隐匿性淋巴结转移及预后的影响因素,以及颈部不同处理方式的控制情况。结果:隐匿性淋巴结转移率为23.0%,其最常见的位置在同侧颈Ⅱ区,83.0%的隐匿性淋巴结转移分布在同侧颈Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ区;病理分级是影响隐匿性淋巴结转移的独立因素;隐匿性淋巴结转移为影响cN0舌癌患者预后的独立因素;肩胛舌骨肌上清扫术的颈部复发率为6.7%。结论:肩胛舌骨肌上颈清扫术是cN0舌体鳞癌患者有效而安全的治疗措施。     

头颈部鳞癌肿瘤间质液压的检测

为了检测头颈部鳞鳞癌病人的肿瘤间质液压。方法：采用国产ＺＹＨ－３型组织液压测量仪，检测了１６例头颈部鳞癌原发灶及４例转移灶的ＴＩＦＰ。结果；发现头颈部鳞癌原发灶和转移灶的ＴＩＦＰ都增高，测得的ＴＩＦＰ值与肿瘤体积具有良好的相关关系。结论：ＴＩＦＰ增高是恶性肿瘤的一项重要病理生理学特征。ＴＩＦＰ增高是抗癌药和免疫因子进入肿瘤的病理学障碍，因此，设法降低了ＴＩＦＰ具有重要意义。     

双能量CT成像在诊断甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移中的临床应用价值

背景与目的：术前影像学检查指导甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC）手术方式选择。该研究探讨双能量CT成像在术前诊断PTC颈部淋巴结转移中的临床应用价值。方法：前瞻性收集2016年8月—2017年5月55例临床可疑甲状腺癌拟手术治疗的患者,进行颈部双能量增强CT扫描及定量分析,并与常规CT征象对比。测量及计算短径≥5 mm的淋巴结感兴趣区动脉期、静脉期标准化碘浓度（normalized iodine concentration,NIC）及能谱曲线斜率（λ_HU）。对比分析经手术病理证实的转移组及未转移组淋巴结的常规CT表现和双能量CT中动脉期、静脉期NIC及λ_HU差异是否有统计学意义。采用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线分析NIC及λ_HU的最佳诊断阈值,评价诊断效能。结果：以术后病理学检查结果为金标准,与术前CT准确配对淋巴结212枚,包括转移淋巴结124枚（58.5%）和未转移淋巴结88枚（41.5%）。通过常规CT形态学征象包括淋巴结短径（＞10 mm）、明显强化、不均匀强化、淋巴结坏死（囊变）、淋巴结内钙化及侵犯周围组织等对PTC转移淋巴结进行诊断的灵敏度为4.0%~79.0%,特异度为63.6%~100.0%。PTC颈部淋巴结转移组和未转移组的动脉期NIC、静脉期NIC、动脉期λHU及静脉期λ_HU差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。其中动脉期NIC对PTC颈部转移淋巴结诊断效能最高,以25.8%为最佳诊断阈值,其灵敏度为90.3%,特异度为96.6%,曲线下面积（area under curve,AUC）为0.986。动脉期NIC及λ_HU的诊断效能均高于静脉期（P＜0.001）。结论：双能量CT成像的定量参数NIC及λ_HU较常规CT形态学征象在诊断PTC颈部淋巴结转移中具有更高的准确性。     

Upregulation of sialidase NEU3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma associated with lymph node metastasis

Regional lymph node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a crucial event for its progression, associated with a high rate of mortality. Sialidase, a key enzyme for the regulation of cellular sialic acids through catalyzing the initial step of degradation of glycoproteins and glycolipids, has been implicated in cancer progression. To facilitate the development of novel treatments for HNSCC, we have investigated whether sialidase is involved in the progression of this cancer. We found plasma membrane‐associated sialidase (NEU3) to be significantly upregulated in tumor compared to non‐tumor tissues; particularly, an increase in its mRNA levels was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. To understand the mechanisms, we analyzed the NEU3‐mediated effects on the malignant phenotype using squamous carcinoma HSC‐2 and SAS cells. NEU3 promoted cell motility and invasion, accompanied by the increased expression of MMP‐9, whereas NEU3 silencing or the activity‐null mutant did not. NEU3 enhanced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and an EGFR inhibitor, AG1478, abrogated the NEU3‐induced MMP9 augmentation. These findings identify NEU3 as a participant in HNSCC progression through the regulation of EGFR signaling and thus as a potential target for inhibiting EGFR‐mediated tumor progression.     

Role of miRNA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. Evidence suggests that miRNAs play an important role in progression, recurrence, metastasis and postoperative survival of HNSCC. Studies have investigated the utility of miRNAs as diagnostic/prognostic tools and as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers that may improve the management and outcomes of HNSCC. The aim of this article is to review the current literature on aberrant expression profiles of miRNAs in biopsy samples of HNSCC and their role in cancer development, metastasis, prognosis and survival of these patients. This review gives an overview that miRNAs deregulation play major role in the development of HNSCC. They offer the potential to be used as biomarkers or novel therapeutic targets. Future research is required to test their use in both of these fields.     

Iressa治疗复发或转移性头颈鳞状细胞癌的临床研究

目的：探讨Iressa治疗复发或转移性头颈鳞状细胞癌的疗效和安全性。方法：对接受过二线化疗方案（至少一个化疗方案包括铂类）失败的复发或转移性头颈鳞状细胞癌患者,给予Iressa每日250mg口服,持续到患者出现不可接受的不良反应或疾病进展。结果：15例患者入组,Iressa 250mg日/口服治疗能够很好耐受,只出现1级和2级不良反应,但全组无1例患者获得部分反应或全消,中位疾病进展时间为4个月,中位总生存时间为16个月。结论：Iressa能够很好耐受,但是该组患者有效率很低,它在头颈鳞状细胞癌的使用除临床研究外不推荐使用。     

HSP27在头颈鳞癌中的研究进展

HSP27是小分子量热休克蛋白(small heat stress proteirs,sHSP)家族中的重要一员,其重要的生物学功能是保护细胞免受各种应激因素的损伤.此外,HSP27也可参与细胞的增殖、分化及细胞凋亡的信号转导通路调节等.近年来,HSP27与临床疾病尤其是与肿瘤的关系日益受到重视,本文就HSP27在头颈鳞癌中的研究进展作一综述.     

Adjuvant radiotherapy improves overall survival for patients with lymph node-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Although adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) is often recommended for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), its effect on overall or cancer-specific survival has not been clearly demonstrated. In the current study, the frequency and effect of adjuvant RT on overall survival was investigated in patients with resected lymph node-positive head and neck cancer. METHODS: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, patients were selected with lymph node-positive HNSCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer and SEER stage 3/4) who were treated either with surgery alone or surgery and RT and were diagnosed between 1988 and 2001. A total of 8795 patients who met the inclusion criteria for analysis comprised the study population, with a median follow-up of 4.3 years for patients still alive at the time of last follow-up. RESULTS: Adjuvant RT was utilized in 84% of patients. Adjuvant RT improved the 5-year overall survival (43.2% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 41.9-44.4%] for surgery + RT vs 33.4% [95% CI, 30.7-36.0%] for surgery alone; P < .001) and cancer-specific survival (50.9% for surgery + RT vs 42.1% for surgery) on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, adjuvant RT (hazards ratio [HR] of 0.78; 95% CI, 0.71-0.86 [P < .001]) remained a significant predictor of improved survival. The significant benefit of radiation on overall survival was noted for lymph node-positive patients with both primary tumors localized to the involved organ (HR of 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.94 [P = .007]) and more locally invasive primary tumors (HR of 0.77; 95% CI, 0.68-0.87 [P < .001]). CONCLUSIONS: In what to the authors' knowledge is the largest reported analysis of adjuvant RT in patients with locally advanced HNSCC published to date, adjuvant RT resulted in an approximately 10% absolute increase in 5-year cancer-specific survival and overall survival for patients with lymph node-positive HNSCC compared with surgery alone. Despite combined surgery and adjuvant RT, outcomes in this high-risk population remain suboptimal, emphasizing the need for continued investigation of innovative treatment approaches.     

The interplay between HPV and host immunity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 is a major risk factor for the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), in particular oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). The oropharyngeal epithelium differs from the mucosal epithelium at other commonly HPV16‐infected sites (i.e., cervix and anogenital region) in that it is juxtaposed with the underlying lymphatic tissue, serving a key immunologic function in the surveillance of inhaled and ingested pathogens. Therefore, the natural history of infection and immune response to HPV at this site may differ from that at other anatomic locations. This review summarizes the literature concerning the adaptive immune response against HPV in the context of HNSCC, with a focus on the T‐cell response. Recent studies have shown that a broad repertoire of tumor‐infiltrating HPV‐specific T‐cells are found in nearly all patients with HPV‐positive tumors. A systemic response is found in only a proportion of these. Furthermore, the local response is more frequent in OPSCC patients than in cervical cancer patients and HPV‐negative OPSCC patients. Despite this, tumor persistence may be facilitated by abnormalities in antigen processing, a skewed T‐helper cell response, and an increased local prevalence of T‐regulatory cells. Nonetheless, the immunologic profile of HPV‐positive vs. HPV‐negative HNSCC is associated with a significantly better outcome, and the HPV‐specific immune response is suggested to play a role in the significantly better response to therapy of HPV‐positive patients. Immunoprofiling may prove a valuable prognostic tool, and immunotherapy trials targeting HPV are underway, providing hope for decreasing treatment‐related toxicity.     

Differential diagnosis between primary lung squamous cell carcinoma and pulmonary metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Differentiation between lung squamous cell carcinoma and pulmonary metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is clinically important because the prognoses and therapeutic options are considerably different. However, the clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical diagnostic methods have not yet been fully established. Although various molecular methods have been developed, they have not yet been practically applied. A combined approach involving molecular and immunohistochemical analysis, such as one that uses antibodies selected on the basis of comprehensive genetic analysis results, may be effective. We suggest a new diagnostic criteria using the clinical characteristics and the result of immunohistochemical analysis. However, there are two underlying problems in the development of new diagnostic methods: tumor heterogeneity and determination of the diagnostic accuracy.