胎龄对人小肠黏膜内促性腺激素释放激素免疫反应细胞的影响

目的:探讨人胚胎小肠黏膜内促性腺激素释放激素免疫反应(GnRH-IR)细胞的分布与数量变化.方法:用免疫组织化学 SABC 法,对44例胎龄在第9～38周新鲜人胚胎小肠的 GnRH-IR 细胞的出现时间、分布部位及其形态进行观察;用体视学方法测量十二指肠、空肠、回肠上皮和固有层内 GnRH-IR 细胞的数密度.结果:GnRH-IR 细胞最早出现在人胎第11周的十二指肠上皮内,12周以后开始出现在十二指肠、空肠的固有层;从十二指肠、空肠到同肠的上皮和同有层内 GnRH-IR 细胞的数密度依次减小;在第21～24周以前,上皮内的 GnRH-IR 细胞的数密度随胎龄的增加而增大,而后则随胎龄的增加而减小;固有层其数密度随胎龄增加而增大,但在21～24周前增长较明显,以后增长缓慢.各段小肠上皮与固有层 GnRH-IR 细胞数密度比较,21周以前上皮内其数密度比固有层大,以后逐渐比固有层小.结论:人胚胎小肠内的 GnRH-IR 细胞形态多样,在人胚胎第11周开始出现,并广泛分布于小肠黏膜上皮和固有层,其数密度从十二指肠、空肠到回肠依次减少,在上皮和同有层内 GnRH-IR 细胞的数密度随胎龄增加而出现不同的变化.     

人胚胎发育中胰腺细胞的增殖变化

目的：探索人胚胎发育过程中胰腺细胞增殖水平。方法：应用免疫组织化学EnVision法，检测30例人胚胎胰腺组织PCNA的表达。结果：各胎龄段胰腺外分泌细胞PCNA的阳性表达均显著高于内分泌细胞，胚胎发育早期阶段(9-14w)外分泌细胞PCNA的阳性表达明显高于其它胎龄，胚胎发育晚期阶段(29-37w)内分泌部PCNA阳性率高于其它胎龄组。结论：在胚胎发育过程中胰腺外分泌部细胞增殖水平高于内分泌部，随着胎龄的变化，胰腺内、外分泌细胞的增殖水平也发生了变化。     

卵泡刺激素在大鼠胰腺中的定位及其与促性腺激素释放激素受体共存关系

目的：研究卵泡刺激素在大鼠胰腺中的分布及其与促性腺激素释放激素受体的共存关系。方法：采用免疫组织化学法和邻片双标记方法。结果：大鼠胰腺外分泌部腺泡内的部分腺细胞和胰岛中的部分内分泌细胞呈现FSH免疫阳性反应,阳性产物分布于胞质,胞核阴性。卵泡刺激素与促性腺激素释放激素受体在大鼠胰岛细胞中有重叠分布。结论：大鼠胰腺外分泌部的腺泡细胞和胰岛的细胞能表达卵泡刺激素。卵泡刺激素和促性腺激素释放激素受体共存于大鼠胰岛细胞中。表达卵泡刺激素的胰岛细胞可能受促性腺激素释放激素调节。     

人胚胎期胰腺的形态学研究

本研究收集胎龄5～41周的人胚胎53例,取胰腺,Bouin液固定,按常规制石蜡切片。部分切片经阿利新蓝-焰红、硝酸银-醛复红-铅苏木精等方法染色,部分切片作免疫组织化学PAP反应,观察胰岛A、B和D细胞。取不同胎龄的胰尾组织14例,戊二醛固定,Epon812包埋,透射电镜观察。本文的结果表明,胰腺内分泌部主要是由胰管2级以下分支的管壁上皮细胞,向周围的间充质内增生和分化而成。胎龄12周时,即可在光镜下辨认A、B及D细胞;电镜下观察,胰腺外分泌细胞在胎龄14周以后,才能见到分泌颗粒,证明胰岛细胞的分化早于外分泌细胞。测量16～36周胎儿胰腺内胰岛所占的比例,证明胚胎期胰腺内分泌部所占比例远高于成年人。本实验为临床使用人胎胰岛移植提供了参考资料。     

39 人胚胎胰岛发生的研究

<正>本文系用新鲜人胚胎标本58例,通过HE染色,嗜银染色、改良Gomori法染色.组织化学方法以及透射电镜技术对胰岛的发生及分化进行研究,结果表明:胰腺原基在第8周时融合成多分支的管状结构,第13周在胰管中分化出胰岛细胞团,其中可见嗜银细胞;第14周发现含醛复红颗粒的B细胞,散在存在,且随胎龄增加而增多.胚胎期胰尾的胰岛数多于胰头,胰腺内、外分泌部及间质比例随胎龄变化,其中内分泌部比例一直增加,到新生儿最高.电镜观察第15周时胰岛细胞中可见特征性的分泌颗粒,A、B、D三种细胞可识别;在高尔基复合体附近可见有电子密度低的颗粒;整个胚胎期可见一种无颗粒、细胞器少的细胞存在于内、外分泌部;第16周时A、B二种细胞出现分泌活动,主要以胞吐的方式进行;但在毛细血管内皮中发现的分泌颗粒,表明其分泌方式尚可以另外的途径进行.胚胎期胰腺中还可见内分泌细胞夹杂于外分泌细胞之间,外分泌细胞中出现内分泌细胞的颗粒.     

人胎结肠及直肠内胃泌素、血管活性肠肽、胰多肽、生长抑素免疫反应阳性细胞的个体发生

目的：探讨人胎结肠及直肠胃泌素(Gas)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)、胰多肽(PP)和生长抑素(SS)免疫反应阳性(IR)细胞的个体发生及其相互关系。方法：免疫组织化学SABC法及细胞计数。结果：结肠内Gas-、PP-、SS-IR细胞始见于第9w，VIP-IR细胞于第18w出现。直肠内未见Gas-IR细胞，PP-IR细胞始见于第9w，SS-、VIP-IR细胞于第11w出现。结肠内Gas-IR细胞随胎龄增长数量减少，于第26w未见。PP-IR细胞数量在结肠内随胎龄增长先少后多，直肠内未见明显变化。VIP-IR细胞在胎期结肠、直肠少，而SS-IR细胞较多，整个胎期VIP-、SS-IR细胞数量无明显增减。结论：VIP、PP和SS存在于人胎结肠、直肠的内分泌细胞，Gas仅在结肠内分泌细胞中有表达，提示各种内分泌激素对胎儿结肠及直肠的发育起调节作用。     

胰腺发育学研究进展

1胰腺的解剖学特征 两种不同的组织构成：一是分泌酶类进入消化道的外分泌腺；二是分泌激素进入血液循环的内分泌腺。胰腺的外分泌部为小叶状多分支的复管泡状腺，成群分泌细胞组成腺泡。大部分消化酶类，包括蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和核酸酶，都是以无活性酶原的形式分泌，进入十二指肠后再被激活成为有活性的酶。胰腺的内分泌细胞分布于郎格汉斯胰岛内，胰岛为紧密的球团状组织，嵌于外分泌腺中。     

胰岛的引流系统与胰腺的整体机能

目的研究胰岛引流系统与胰腺外分泌的联系及胰腺门脉循环的意义。方法用微血管树脂／墨汁灌注扫描电镜／光镜观察、ＦＩＴＣ标记红细胞（ＦＩＴＣ－ＲＢＣ）荧光活体显微镜观察，对人、猴、狗、兔、鼠的胰岛血液引流通道进行了系统研究。结果胰岛的血液主要经胰岛的输出血管引流至外分泌腺泡区域，胰岛的引流系统存在对不同腺泡区域产生影响的三种类型。研究者根据胰岛引流系统的特征对其进行了分类及命名：①连续型：行程短、管径细，引流至胰岛周围的腺泡毛细血管区域；②聚合型：管径粗、行程长，引流至远离胰岛的腺泡毛细血管区域；③跨越型：越过小叶间隔引流至另一胰腺小叶的腺泡毛细血管区域，而这一小叶往往没有胰岛存在；胰岛的引流系统构成了胰岛－腺泡的门脉循环。结论胰岛有如此完善的联系外分泌腺泡的引流系统，提示；含有高浓度胰岛内分泌激素的胰岛血液，通过连续、聚合、跨越三种类型的引流系统，到达胰岛周围的腺泡区、远离胰岛的腺泡区以及无胰岛小叶，将对腺泡的机能产生影响，胰腺外分泌的机能有赖于胰岛内分泌激素的支持。结合亚热带地区糖尿病胰腺广泛纤维化病理损伤的特征，研究者推测：胰岛－外分泌微循环的损伤是糖尿病胰腺外分泌病理改变的基础。     

大鸨(Otis tarda limaells)胰腺超微结构研究

目的　观察大鸨胰腺超微结构 ,探讨大鸨胰腺功能。　方法　透射电镜观察 3例大鸨胰腺。　结果　大鸨的胰外分泌部为管泡状腺 ,腺小叶由于缺乏叶间结缔组织而界限不如哺乳动物的明显。叶间隙似导管 ,小叶间导管管壁简化以至由胰腺分泌细胞代替。仅在 3个小叶间能见到单个长梭状结缔组织细胞 ,其胞质变细伸展进入两叶间隙中间构成 1条中等密度线。外分泌细胞可分为明暗两种。胰的内分泌细胞呈岛状或单个散布于胰外分泌腺中。胰岛分A和B两种 ;A胰岛仅由A细胞构成。B胰岛主要由B和D两种细胞构成 ,其中B细胞数量多 ;D细胞含量少。　结论　大鸨胰腺具有一些不同于其他动物及适应于飞翔的结构特点     

胎儿胰腺的显微形态学观察

目的观察胎儿胰腺的结构特点,为胎胰临床应用提供资料.方法取30例21～41W胎儿胰腺,利用超薄切片及透射电镜观察和石蜡包埋切片HE染色、SP免疫组化方法进行染色.结果胎儿胰腺内分泌部随胎龄增加而相对减少;外分泌部逐渐增加.A、B细胞超微结构在21～41W无明显变化.结论 25～35w胎儿更适合临床应用.     

Fetal antigen 1 (FA1) in the human pancreas: cell type expression, topological and quantitative variations during development

Monospecific rabbit anti-human fetal antigen 1 (FA1), was used to examine the distribution of FA1 during the development of the human fetal pancreas and liver using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. FA1 was expressed by 94% of the glandular epithelial cells of the branching ducts in the pancreatic anlage at week 7 of gestation. This pattern changed during the development of the human pancreas, 64% of the glandular cells being FA1 positive at week 17 of gestation, decreasing to 11% in the infant (4 months after birth). In the infant and adults the FA1 expression was restricted to a subpopulation of -cells within the islets of Langerhans. Insulin immunoreactive cells were scattered throughout the epithelium of primitive branching pancreatic ducts at week 7 of gestation, well before the formation of islets. From the 7th through to the 17th week of gestation, FA1 was found in the cytoplasm of fetal hepatocytes, whereas no staining was observed in the liver from a 4-month-old infant. No FA1 expression was found in the epithelium of the developing gut. The present findings indicate that the glandular epithelial cells in the developing pancreas may serve as stem cells, which, if appropriately induced, may differentiate into endocrine cells. Fetal antigen 1 (FA1) may take part in or be a result of this differentiation.     

Distribution of somatostatin in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remodels the normal pattern of the protein during foetal pancreatic development: an immunohistochemical analysis

AIM: To determine the immunoreactivity of somatostatin during the development of the human fetal pancreas and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, given that, somatostatin-positive cells were demonstrated either into its embryonic anlage or into pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Tissue sections from 15 pancreatic fetal specimens, and an equal number of ductal adenocarcinoma specimens were assessed. RESULTS: The density of positive cells in the primitive exocrine ductal epithelium and endocrine epithelium was significantly different from the relevant density in the neoplastic pancreatic tissue of mixed (ductal-endocrine) and pure ductal type (P1=0.021 P2=0.001, P3<0.0001, P4=0.003 respectively). The above values were estimated from the 8th to 10th week. There was no significant difference in the density of positive cells in the mantle zone of the islets from the 13th to the 24th week, and the neoplastic tissue of mixed (P5=0.16) and pure ductal type (P6=0.65). CONCLUSION: The immunostaining for somatostatin identifies a subgroup of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with a neuroendocrine component, (initially considered as pure ductal tumors), and mixed ductal and neuroendocrine tumors. This pattern of expression in neoplasms recapitulates the normal pattern during the embryonal development of the organ, raising the question of therapeutic efficacy of somatostatin and analogues as monotherapy in pancreatic cancer management.     

胰抑素在人,猪和豚鼠胰腺分布的免疫组织化学研究

胰抑素(pancreastatin,PS)是一种具有抑制胰岛分泌作用的新肽。本研究用ABC免疫染色法,在Bouin液固定的常规石蜡切片上,研究了胰抑素在豚鼠,猪和人胰腺内的定位和分布,并用相邻切片双标记法,观察了它与胰岛素的共存关系。结果发现,在人胰腺胰抑素样免疫反应(PLI)细胞主要分布于胰岛的周边部。在猪和豚鼠,大部分胰岛细胞呈阳性胰抑素样免疫反应。用相邻薄切片免疫染色技术证明,猪和豚鼠的PLI细胞主要是B细胞。在3个种属胰腺外分泌部的导管和腺泡等处,也均见有PLI细胞分布,在豚鼠胰腺尤为多见。本文对胰抑素在3个种属胰腺不同分布方式的意义进行了讨论。     

An immunohistochemical study on the pancreatic endocrine cells of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus variegatus.

The cellular composition and relative frequency of the occurrence of pancreatic endocrine cells were studied immunohistochemically in a primitive eutherian and arboreal folivore, the three-toed sloth, since previous histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the endocrine pancreas of the sloth have detected only a single islet cell type, the A cell. In the sloth pancreas, four types of endocrine cells immunoreactive for glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) were found as reported in the pancreas of human and common experimental mammals, but pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells were not detected by either avian- or bovine-pancreatic polypeptide antiserum. The endocrine cells were distributed mainly in the islets and partly also in the exocrine tissue including the pancreatic ducts. Larger or smaller clusters consisting of glucagon- and insulin-immunoreactive cells were also found frequently in the interlobular connective tissue. In the islets, glucagon- and insulin-immunoreactive cells were the most prominent cell type, while somatostatin- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells were sparse. The most striking feature in the sloth pancreas is the high frequency of glucagon-immunoreactive cells, because these cells are by far less in number than insulin-immunoreactive cells in the islets of human and common experimental mammals. This appears to be an intriguing characteristic of the sloth pancreas in a possible relation to the animal's unique metabolic system and the phylogenetical position.     

Ontogenetic appearance of immunoreactive endocrine cells in rat pancreatic islets

Summary Chronological development of immunoreactive, pancreatic endocrine cells was immunohistochemically studied in rats. The first immunoreaction occurs for glucagon on day 11.5 and for insulin on day 12.5 of gestation, respectively, in the cells located within the cap-like or tubular pancreatic primordium derived from the gut wall. Immunoreactive somatostatin cells appear first at the periphery of primitive islets on day 15.5. On day 18.5, the cells of the primitive islets obtain their definitive arrangement and the islets are now separated from the tissue of the exocrine pancreas. Decapitation or encephalectomy performed on day 16.5 embryos fails to influence the ensuing further development of endocrine pancreas. This suggests that the hypothalamus or pituitary does not play an essential role in the histogenesis of the pancreatic islets.     

胎儿胰腺S100蛋白表达的发育

目的：探索人胚胎发育过程中胰腺S100蛋白表达的发生和分布。方法：采用免疫组织化学EnVision法,选用S100蛋白抗体对30例人胚胎胰腺进行标记。结果：S100蛋白免疫反应性纤维沿腺泡、导管和血管分布。胎龄14周胰腺内开始出现S100蛋白免疫反应性纤维样结构,并随胎龄逐渐增加,至胚胎发育后期（胎龄24-28周）达到高峰,至35周后开始减少。结论：胰腺神经系统的发育有明显的阶段性。     

Ontogeny, postnatal development and ageing of endocrine pancreas in Bubalus bubalis

The ontogenesis, postnatal development and ageing of the endocrine pancreas in mammals have not been extensively studied. In order to improve understanding of this organ, we studied the buffalo pancreas during fetal and postnatal development. Glucagon, insulin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells (i.c.) were first seen in 2-mo-old embryos. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) i.c. were observed during the 3rd month of gestation. The early embryo pancreas was almost totally composed of endocrine tissue. The endocrine portion only slightly increased in mass with animal growth, whereas the exocrine portion noticeably increased in mass during the late fetal and postnatal periods. In adults, therefore, the exocrine portion was more evident than the endocrine portion. Three types of islet were observed in fetal and young buffalos: small, large and PP-islets. The small islets were composed of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and PP i.c. The large islets were primarily composed of insulin i.c. and a few glucagon, somatostatin and PP i.c. The PP islets were mostly composed of PP i.c. with a few somatostatin, insulin and glucagon i.c. The number of large islets greatly diminished by adulthood. Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and PP i.c. were also seen scattered in the exocrine parenchyma and along the duct epithelium. In the duct epithelium, these cells were either single or grouped, and they sometimes formed a protrusion projecting towards the connective tissue. These morphological features were primarily observed in fetuses and young buffalos.     

Distribution of somatostatin in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remodels the normal pattern of the protein during foetal pancreatic development: an immunohistochemical analysis

Abstract Aim: To determine the immunoreactivity of somatostatin during the development of the human fetal pancreas and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, given that, somatostatin-positive cells were demonstrated either into its embryonic anlage or into pancreatic cancer. Methods: Tissue sections from 15 pancreatic fetal specimens, and an equal number of ductal adenocarcinoma specimens were assessed. Results: The density of positive cells in the primitive exocrine ductal epithelium and endocrine epithelium was significantly different from the relevant density in the neoplastic pancreatic tissue of mixed (ductal-endocrine) and pure ductal type (P1=0.021 P2=0.001, P3<0.0001, P4=0.003 respectively). The above values were estimated from the 8th to 10th week. There was no significant difference in the density of positive cells in the mantle zone of the islets from the 13th to the 24th week, and the neoplastic tissue of mixed (P5=0.16) and pure ductal type (P6=0.65). Conclusion: The immunostaining for somatostatin identifies a subgroup of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with a neuroendocrine component, (initially considered as pure ductal tumors), and mixed ductal and neuroendocrine tumors. This pattern of expression in neoplasms recapitulates the normal pattern during the embryonal development of the organ, raising the question of therapeutic efficacy of somatostatin and analogues as monotherapy in pancreatic cancer management.     

Duck hepatitis B virus is tropic for exocrine cells of the pancreas

Earlier observations had established that duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is tropic for pancreatic endocrine cells, including cells localized to islets and to acini. Because cells identifiable as endocrine represented only a minor fraction of the total acinar-associated, infected subpopulation, the possibility was addressed in the present study that this subpopulation also comprises exocrine cells. Fixed preparations of cells from pancreas of congenitally DHBV-infected young ducks were reacted in double immunofluorescence assay with anti-virus serum and either anti-avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) serum, a probe for a major subclass of acinar-associated endocrine cells, or anti-chymotrypsin serum, a probe for exocrine cells. Approximately 2-5% of the cells in these preparations were viral antigen-positive, comprising a minor fraction positive for APP and a much larger fraction positive for chymotrypsinogen. The detection of the latter establishes that DHBV is tropic for exocrine cells.     

Immunohistochemical studies of endocrine cells in heterotopic pancreas

Summary Twenty-one specimens of heterotopic pancreas were investigated using the indirect immunoperoxidase method for insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and gastrin. Ten specimens showed ducts, acini and islets, seven showed ducts and acini, and four showed a ductal component alone. Pyloric gland-like mucous glands were occasionally identified in association with the ductal component. In eight of ten lesions containing islets, the islets were round and had a clearly defined outline with many glucagon cells and either none or a modest number of PP cells (dorsal type). In the remaining two lesions, the islets showed varying sizes and irregular outline with many PP cells and a few or no glucagon cells (ventral type). In either type of islets, insulin and somatostatin were detected, but gastrin cells were absent. Some isolated endocrine cells were also present among the acinar and ductal components. Their occurrence in ducts was more frequent in lesions or areas mainly composed of the ductal compoment than in those with less prominent ductal tissue. In eight lesions a few gastrin cells were found in the ductal component which showed goblet cell metaplasia and pyloric gland metaplasia. An intimate relationship between goblet cell metaplasia and appearance of G cells is noteworthy.